Considerations For Policy Makers Research Articles

Primary school students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence – for good or bad

AbstractSince the end of 2022, global discussions on Artificial Intelligence (AI) have surged, influencing diverse societal groups, such as teachers, students and policymakers. This case study focuses on Swedish primary school students aged 11–12. The aim is to examine their cognitive and affective perceptions of AI and their current usage. Data, comprising a pre-test, focus group interviews, and post-lesson evaluation reports, were analysed using a fusion of Mitcham’s philosophical framework of technology with a behavioural component, and the four basic pillars of AI literacy. Results revealed students’ cognitive perceptions encompassing AI as both a machine and a concept with or without human attributes. Affective perceptions were mixed, with students expressing positive views on AI’s support in studies and practical tasks, alongside concerns about rapid development, job loss, privacy invasion, and potential harm. Regarding AI usage, students initially explored various AI tools, emphasising the need for regulations to slow down and contemplate consequences. This study provides insights into primary school students perceptions and use of AI, serving as a foundation for further exploration of AI literacy in education contexts and considerations for policy makers to take into account, listening to children’s voices.

Addressing loneliness and social isolation in 52 countries: a scoping review of National policies.

Even prior to the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was ample evidence that loneliness and social isolation negatively impacted physical and mental health, employability, and are a financial burden on the state. In response, there has been significant policy-level attention on tackling loneliness. The objective of this scoping review was to conduct a loneliness policy landscape analysis across 52 countries of the UN European country groups. Our policy analysis sought to highlight commonalities and differences between the different national approaches to manage loneliness, with the goal to provide actionable recommendations for the consideration of policymakers wishing to develop, expand or review existing loneliness policies. We searched governmental websites using the Google search engine for publicly available documents related to loneliness and social isolation. Seventy-eight documents were identified in total, from which 23 documents were retained. Exclusion of documents was based on predetermined criteria. A structured content analysis approach was used to capture key information from the policy documents. Contextual data were captured in a configuration matrix to highlight common and unique themes. We could show that most policies describe loneliness as a phenomenon that was addressed to varying degrees in different domains such as social, health, geographical, economic and political. Limited evidence was found regarding funding for suggested interventions. We synthesised actionable recommendations for the consideration of policy makers focusing on the use of language, prioritisation of interventions, revisiting previous campaigns, sharing best practice across borders, setting out a vision, evaluating interventions, and the need for the rapid and sustainable scalability of interventions. Our study provides the first overview of the national loneliness policy landscape, highlighting the increasing prioritisation of loneliness and social isolation as a major public health and societal issue. Our findings suggest that policymakers can sustain this momentum and strengthen their strategies by incorporating rigorous, evidence-based intervention evaluations and fostering international collaborations for knowledge sharing. We believe that policymakers can more effectively address loneliness by directing funds to develop and implement interventions that impact the individual, the community and society.

Identifying the Meaning of Work Factors among Lecturer Profession

Lecturers as the central position of educators have noble duties. In reality, regulations related to lecturer careers management, clarity of the lecturer profession, are starting to erode the essence of an educator in the lecturer profession. This research using a qualitative approach with systematic analysis that aims to identify the value of meaning of work for lecturers in the onslaught of workload, regulations and ambiguity experienced by lecturers today. Based on interviews and data analysis, the three values of meaningful work among lecturers are internalization of the profession, lifelong learning, and personal integrity. This research is expected to be a consideration for policy makers in formulating regulations for the teaching profession.

Mapping of land use change using Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) imagery and Google Earth Engine mapping platform at Dramaga, Bogor Regency, Indonesia

Dramaga District is an urban buffer area in Jabodetabek Metropolitan Megacity and has various types of land use. The land crisis due to population growth in urban areas has implications for the surrounding buffer areas, so land use changes often occur. Mapping of land use change in the period 2017 to 2021 carried out area is a response to the impact of urban activities and the need for fast and accurate. The mapping platform, Google Earth Engine based on cloud computing, was involved in this research. The land use classification process from Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral (MSI) imagery uses the Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm classification method and is assisted by several types of indexes such as vegetation index (NDVI, SLAVI, ARVI, SAVI, and EVI), water index (NDWI, MNDWI, and LSWI), and building index (IBI and NDBI). This study shows that there are changes in several types of land use such as forests, agriculture, built-up areas, plantations, and water bodies. The classification of land use accuracy level reaches 86.00% (Overall Accuracy) and 0.82 (Kappa Statistics) so that this spatial information can be used as consideration for policy makers to determine the allocation and utilization of spatial planning.

Studi Eksplorasi Kinerja Lulusan Program Studi Magister Pendidikan Dasar Universitas Negeri Jakarta

The Master of Basic Education Study Program, State University of Jakarta conducted a tracer study in meeting the demands of the market, especially the workforce and to increase competitiveness in improving the education system so far. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires given to alumni (graduates) from 2012 to 2022. Respondents of the tracer study consisted of 44 alumni of the Master of Basic Education Study Program, State University of Jakarta. Data analysis was carried out descriptively quantitatively in the form of percentages and the meaning of each tracer study finding was carried out qualitatively. The stages of interpreting tracer study data are data collection stages, data reduction stages, data exposure stages and data verification stages. The results of this tracer study are expected to be taken into consideration for policy makers in making improvements and updating educational strategies and orientations, making technical improvements to the implementation of education and teaching, and providing input for curriculum improvement / change so that graduates of the Master of Basic Education Study Program, State University of Jakarta become better in their intellectual capacity, skills and morals and personality.

Agricultural financing risk and ib agricultural financing: A long relationship

Indonesia is destined to be an agrarian country because of its location on the equator, unfortunately not all farmers are able to access capital for their agricultural businesses while the contribution of the agricultural sector to employment is very high. It is also important to consider that Indonesia is also a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, so there should be a financing scheme in the agricultural sector that is in accordance with sharia compliance. Therefore, Islamic banking should be present to provide capital to farmers who need agricultural financing without violating sharia provisions. Identifying variables that affect Islamic bank financing in the agricultural sector in the long run is the aim of this study so that our findings can be one of the considerations for policy makers for future policies. To reveal the purpose of our research, we consider the factors affecting the agricultural financing of Islamic banks which consist of the risk of agricultural financing, farmer welfare, inflation and economic growth with observations for a decade from 2012 to 2021 on a quarterly basis. By using ARDL estimation, our findings find that in the long run relationship the welfare of farmers has no effect, while the other remaining variables have a significant effect. This study offers valuable implications indicating that the presence of Islamic banking can be considered as a viable financial solution within the agricultural sector.

Studi Komparasi Metode Analisis Sentimen Naïve Bayes, SVM, dan Logistic Regression Pada Piala Dunia 2022

The world cup is the most popular sporting event in the world. The 2022 World Cup will be held for the first time in the Middle East, in the country of Qatar to be precise. Its implementation was colored by various controversies ranging from human rights issues, LGBT+ issues, issues of alcoholic beverages, and so on which were so busy in the mainstream media. Various sentiments and opinions have emerged on social media regarding the implementation of the world cup, some have positive opinions and some have negative ones. Sentiment analysis was carried out to find out the main opinions that are developing in society regarding the 2022 world cup, the results can then be used as input and consideration for policy makers. This study uses the snscrape library running on the Python programming language to collect tweets related to the 2022 World Cup on the Twitter social media platform on the first day of the World Cup. The collected data then enters the pre-processing, splitting, TF-IDF stage, before it is ready to be used for modeling. The method used in this research is Bernouli Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression. The evaluation results show that the Bernouli Naïve Bayes method produces a precision parameter value of 71%, a recall parameter of 99%, and an accuracy of 76%. While the Support Vector Classifier method produces precision parameter values of 94%, 93% recall parameters, and 92% accuracy. The Logistic Regression method produces a precision parameter value of 93%, a recall parameter of 93%, and an accuracy of 92%.

The Efforts of the Royal Thai Domestic Bureaucracy in an Effort to Protest against the Haze/Smog from Indonesia

This study aims to explain three determinant factors in influencing a country in making policies, especially the kingdom of Thailand. The three determinants of the considerations above have an interconnected role in influencing every consideration of policy makers to make decisions. Where in the domestic context, which consists of domestic politics, economic and military forces play a role together with the international context in shaping the direction of foreign policy. So that these three considerations do not stand separately because they influence each other in the policy-making process. The existence of deforestation and fires in Indonesia has caused significant problems. Because deforestation and forest fires are directly transboundary haze which makes Indonesia a smoke haze contributing country in the Southeast Asian region. Therefore, in relation to forest fires in Indonesia which have become an environmental issue, the Indonesian government also has a responsibility towards cross-border air pollution. Where in terms of international law, state responsibility is an obligation that must be carried out by a country to other countries. So that the Indonesian government in this case has responsibility for cross-border air pollution that occurs in Southeast Asia. The Indonesian government has also ratified ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary haze pollution (AATHP). Therefore, the Indonesian government is trying to solve this problem in a sustainable manner.

Closing the gaps in tuberculosis detection—considerations for policy makers

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has affected access to tuberculosis diagnostics, resulting in an 18% drop in the reported number of tuberculosis cases to 5·8 million in 2020 (from 7·1 million in 2019). All member states of WHO and the UN have committed to ending the tuberculosis epidemic by adopting the UN Sustainable Development Goals and WHO's End TB Strategy.1

Pembangunan Ekonomi Provinsi Bali Periode 2014-2020 Berdasarkan Peran Perempuan terhadap PDRB

Abstract: Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of the Gender Development Index, Women's Life Expectancy and Average Length of Schooling for Women on the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in the Regency/City of Bali Province in 2014-2020. This research is a quantitative research with documentation data collection method. The type of quantitative data in this study is in the form of secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Methodology: The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative using panel data regression analysis in the Eviews 10 application. The most appropriate approach to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is the Random Effect Model (REM). Results: Based on the effect validity test or t test, it is explained that the variable life expectancy of women (AHH) and the average length of schooling for women (RLS) affect the GRDP of the Regency/City of Bali Province in 2014-2020, while the Gender Development Index (IPG) variable does not. affect the GRDP of the Regency / City of Bali Province in 2014-2020. The government can provide more space for the equal contribution of men and women in the economic, social, educational and political fields. The government also needs to allocate the state budget to achieve gender equality so that men and women have equal access, participation and benefits in promoting development. The limitation of this study lies in the IPG which has no influence on the GRDP of the Province of Bali. While on the other hand, patrilineal culture is still very strong in Bali. The possible predictors of IPG still need to be studied further to be studied so that more comprehensive dimensions of IPG can be obtained. Contribution: The expected contribution in this research is that it can be used as consideration for policy makers in determining the right policies, especially those related to increasing the role of women for economic development in the Regency / City of Bali Province. For researchers and literature, the results of this study are expected to be reference material or literature and reading material on the role of women in economic development. Keywords: 1. PDRB 2. IPG 3. Angka Harapan Hidup Perempuan 4. Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah Perempuan

P.44 Cost-effectiveness of spinal muscular atrophy newborn screening in Belgium

Three new treatments have recently been approved in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). They reduce mortality in the infantile form, but also allow significant motor benefits in all SMA types. This benefit is inversely correlated with disease duration at treatment initiation. In this context, we have implemented a SMA newborn screening (NBS) program in Southern Belgium in 2018. Given the increasing importance of economic considerations for policy makers, this study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of the SMA NBS followed with a disease-modifying treatment compared with disease-modifying treatment without SMA NBS. A previously published Markov model was adapted for this study to compare SMA NBS vs without NBS, with a lifetime horizon, from the Belgian payer perspective. Real life data including quality of life, cost and motor development data collected in 55 SMA patients (43 patients identified by their symptoms and treated at least after 2.5 months of life and 12 patients identified by NBS, treated, and followed up for a minimum of 18 months) were used to populate the model. SMA NBS was associated with lower total healthcare costs (about €2 million/patient) and more quality-adjusted life years (QALY) compared to treated SMA without NBS, leading to the dominance of SMA NBS. Treatments costs were rather similar between SMA NBS and without SMA, but disease costs substantially decreased (by about 75%) with SMA NBS. Total saved costs increased markedly when using a societal perspective and when incorporating caregivers' perspectives (loss of works / QoL). The dominance of SMA NBS was confirmed by various deterministic analyses and by a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. In conclusion, this study reveals that SMA NBS coupled with one of the three available treatments leads to substantial better health outcomes for lower total healthcare costs compared to no screening, making NBS highly beneficial for both patients and society.

Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Burden and Related Risk Factors in China: Estimates and Forecasts from 1990 to 2049.

Simple SummaryChina’s lip and oral cavity cancer burden is rising. The elderly have a relatively heavy disease burden, mainly due to poor oral health awareness, the side effects of other diseases and delayed treatment. Moreover, the incidence of the elderly over 50 years old is predicted to increase further from 2020 to 2049 in China. Males have a heavier disease burden, mainly due to their smoking, drinking and work exposure. Early screening and health intervention policies incorporating key populations and risk factors may deserve the consideration of policy makers to reduce the disease burden.Lip and oral cavity cancer is a common malignancy faced by many developing countries, and the disease burden is high in China. This study explored this cancer burden and its risk factors using data from China in the GBD 2019, along with predicting the incidence trends in 2020–2049. Data on age-standardized rates (ASR), incidence, death and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), by sex, age and risk factors were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Joinpoint regression and Age–Period–Cohort (APC) models were selected to analyze the epidemic trend of this cancer in China, and descriptive analysis was used for the time trend and age distribution of risk factors. The Bayesian APC model was selected to foresee the incidence trend in 2020–2049. This cancer burden was found to be in an upward trend in China in 1990–2019. The upward trend was more pronounced among men than among women. These cancer deaths and DALYs are overwhelmingly attributable to smoking and drinking. On APC analysis, the younger generation in China demonstrated a lower cancer risk. In 2049, the incidence of this cancer is projected to be 3.99/100,000, 6.07/100,000, 7.37/100,000, 10.49/100,000, 14.82/100,000, 19.19/100,000, 20.71/100,000, 23.64/100,000, 16.42/100,000 and 9.91/100,000 among those aged 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, 80–84, 85–89, 85–89 and over 95 years, respectively. Disease control policies and early screening should focus on men and the elderly and target different risk factors.

PERBANDINGAN PEMIKIRAN SISTEM EKONOMI ISLAM ANTARA ABU A’LA AL-MAUDUDI DAN TAQIYUDDIN AN-NABHANI

This research is an alternative explanation of research on a substantial Islamic economic system based on idealism and philosophy. The author would like to present two figures who according to the author are representative in all of that. The reason is that these two figures not only have a complete, ideal, philosophical, and original concept of Islamic economic system thinking, but also these two figures are among the first to write a book related to the Islamic economic system in modern history. The two figures are Abu A'la Al-Maududi and Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani. This research is a qualitative research and the research method used is the study of literature. The research data are books by the two figures related to the Islamic economic system. The results of the study show that their thoughts on Islamic economics are not pragmatic and ideal, substantial, and philosophical and there are two basic differences in their thoughts on the Islamic economic system and three differences that can be tolerated and the similarities between the two are quite a lot of differences and similarities between the two reflect that The thought of the Islamic economic system is both different from the capitalist economic system. This research is expected to be able to provide benefits for various parties in increasing public understanding of the Islamic economic system as well as being a consideration for policy makers' decisions.

Determinants of Adolescent Nutrition Status and Practices in Burkina Faso Using a Pooled Secondary Analysis

ObjectivesAn increasing trend in consumption of fast food and high amounts of added sugars among adolescents has left most lower- and middle-income countries facing a double burden of malnutrition. Since behaviors around food and physical activity are established during adolescence, the aim of the study was to document and disseminate the nutrition practices and status among adolescents in Burkina Faso who represent 23.1% of the nation's population.MethodsThe study used pooled data, of 2,432 non-pregnant adolescent girls, from the Performance Monitoring and Accountability (PMA 2020) nutrition surveys conducted in Burkina Faso in 2017 and 2018. We looked at three nutritional outcomes: dietary diversity, consumption of added sugars on the previous day, and the mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) < 16cm (a proxy indicator for severe malnutrition among adolescents). Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were conducted.ResultsMinimum dietary diversity of 24.9%; consumption of added sugars of 36.7%; and prevalence of MUAC < 16 cm of 15.7% were observed among adolescents. Dietary diversity amongst adolescents was highest in the Centre region (43.5%) and lowest in the regional cluster of Sahel/Centre Nord/Nord (10.8%) and region remained an important predictor in multivariate analysis too. Added sugar consumption was 65% more likely for adolescents from the wealthiest households and almost three times higher for adolescents who had achieved minimum dietary diversity. MUAC < 16cm was lower among the 15–19 age group and 1.7 times more likely among adolescents who consumed an unhealthy food or drink the previous day, but half as likely among adolescents with dietary diversity.ConclusionsOur findings showed a strong association between high dietary diversity and unhealthy food intake namely added sugar consumption. This is an important consideration for policy makers as they design adolescent nutrition programs to reduce malnutrition. Given that nutrition behaviors and habits are developed by early adolescence, designing nutrition interventions for school-age children should be promoted as a public health strategy. Tailored strategies with regional targeting, particularly for urban areas, are recommended.Funding SourcesBill & Melinda Gates Foundation through Alive & Thrive, managed by FHI Solutions.

The Effect of Using Google Classroom and Whatsapp Applications on Learning Activities

This study aims to describe the effect of using google classroom and WhatsApp applications on learning activities. The method in this research is a quantitative approach. The sample in this study were students of class X clinical pharmacy expertise program totaling 31 respondent persons. Data collection instruments: using a questionnaire in the form of a google form with a Likert scale, namely use of google classroom, WhatsApp application, and learning activities. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression. The results of data analysis show that the use of google classroom has a positive and significant effect on learning activities with a significance of 0.000; The WhatsApp application has no positive and significant effect on learning activities with a significance of 0.472, and Simultaneous use of Google Classroom and WhatsApp applications has no significant effect on learning activities as much as 54.5% with a significance of 0.000. This research can be used as consideration for policy makers in using the Google Classroom and WhatsApp applications. The use of google classroom has an effect on learning activities. While the use of the WhatsApp application does not have an effect on learning activities. Novelty in research: researchers want to see the effect of google classroom and WhatsApp application on learning activities at the vocational high school level. By knowing whether or not the influence of Google Classroom and the WhatsApp application on learning activities in vocational high schools can be taken into consideration for state vocational high schools 3, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. In order to advance this research, it is necessary to carry out further research activities.

Kajian Literature: Implementasi Perpustakaan Digital di Perguruan Tnggi

This study aims to describe the implementation of digital libraries in universities. This research is a descriptive study with a literature review method. Five articles were selected that discussed the differences and similarities in user satisfaction between undergraduate and postgraduate students regarding the existence of digital libraries. This study discusses similarities, dissimilarities, provides views, compares and summarizes selected articles. It was found that there are differences and similarities in user perceptions in the use of higher education digital libraries, factors that influence user satisfaction with digital libraries such as system quality, information, and services, digital library affinity, perceived ease and satisfaction felt by users. The five selected articles stated that in a group of academics in which there were undergraduate and postgraduate students had different perceptions of digital libraries. Undergraduate students tend to emphasize speed of access, while postgraduate students prioritize the validity and up-to-date of an information source to meet their needs for information. The results of this study are expected to be a material consideration for policy makers in planning the development of digital libraries so that they are right on target so that their utilization can be maximized

What makes inequality in the area of dental and oral health in developing countries? A scoping review

BackgroundEquity in health is an important consideration for policy makers particularly in low and middle income developing country. The area of oral and dental health is not an exception. This study is conducted to explore the main determinants that make inequality in oral and dental health area in developing countries.MethodsThis was a scoping review applying the framework enhanced by Levac et al. Four databases of Scopus, PubMed, WOS and ProQuest were systematically searched applying to related keywords up to 27.11.2020. There restriction was placed in the English language but not on the study design. All the related studies conducted in the low or middle income developing countries were included. A qualitative thematic analysis was applied for data analysis and a thematic map was presented.ResultsAmong 436 articles after excluding duplications, 73 articles were included that the number of publications from Brazil was greater than other developing countries (33.33%). Thematic analysis of the evidence has led to 11 determinants that may result in inequality in oral and dental health services in developing countries including personal characteristics, health status, health needs and health behaviours, social, economic, cultural and environmental factors, as well as insurance, policies and practices and provided related factors.ConclusionThe policymakers in the low and middle income developing countries should be both aware of the role of inequality determinants and also try to shift the resources to the policies and practises that can improve the condition of population access to oral and dental services the same as comprehensive insurance packages, national surveillance system and fair distribution of dentistry facilities. It is also important to improve the population’s health literacy and health behaviour through social media and other suitable mechanisms according to the countries’ local contexts.

Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with waning immunity in the UK population.

The dynamics of immunity are crucial to understanding the long-term patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been documented 48–142 days after the initial infection and immunity to seasonal circulating coronaviruses is estimated to be shorter than 1 year. Using an age-structured, deterministic model, we explore potential immunity dynamics using contact data from the UK population. In the scenario where immunity to SARS-CoV-2 lasts an average of three months for non-hospitalized individuals, a year for hospitalized individuals, and the effective reproduction number after lockdown ends is 1.2 (our worst-case scenario), we find that the secondary peak occurs in winter 2020 with a daily maximum of 387 000 infectious individuals and 125 000 daily new cases; threefold greater than in a scenario with permanent immunity. Our models suggest that longitudinal serological surveys to determine if immunity in the population is waning will be most informative when sampling takes place from the end of the lockdown in June until autumn 2020. After this period, the proportion of the population with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is expected to increase due to the secondary wave. Overall, our analysis presents considerations for policy makers on the longer-term dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK and suggests that strategies designed to achieve herd immunity may lead to repeated waves of infection as immunity to reinfection is not permanent.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.

Problems of Horizontal and Vertical Political Accountability of Elected Officials in Indonesia

The accountability system for elected officials in Indonesia is inherently linked with the electoral system that is applied to unravel the problem in the context of a symmetrical system of people's sovereignty. This article analyzes the dynamics of the current regulations on the accountability system of elected officials. However, this article would only focus on the accountability system for regional leaders (governor, mayor and regent), regional legislators (DPRD) and the senatorial regional delegates (DPD) in Indonesia and the participation of constituencies in proposing a recall system. The purpose of this research is to construct an accountability mechanism for regional heads, DPRD and DPD to their constituents that are appropriate and in line with the electoral system applied in Indonesia. This research is expected to be a material for consideration for policy makers and the Indonesian people in general in designing an accountability system for elected officials that is appropriate and in line with the applied electoral system. To do such, this article is based on a descriptive study.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: accountability, horizontal and vertical politics, direct democracy, elected officials, recall, Indonesian election

THE PROBLEMS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF ELECTED OFFICIALS IN INDONESIA

The accountability system for elected officials in Indonesia is inherently linked with the electoral system that is applied to unravel the problem in the context of a symmetrical system of people's sovereignty. This article analyzes the dynamics of the current regulations on the accountability system of elected officials. However, this article would only focus on the accountability system for regional leaders (governor, mayor and regent), regional legislators (DPRD) and the senatorial regional delegates (DPD) in Indonesia and the participation of constituencies in proposing a recall system. The purpose of this research is to construct an accountability mechanism for regional heads, DPRD and DPD to their constituents that are appropriate and in line with the electoral system applied in Indonesia. This research is expected to be a material for consideration for policy makers and the Indonesian people in general in designing an accountability system for elected officials that is appropriate and in line with the applied electoral system. To do such, this article is based on a descriptive study.