Individual Consideration Research Articles

Taxation as Theft for Individuals and Corporations

The existence of any government, and thus arguably, of any organized society, would not be possible without one thing. This one thing is money, which, when taken by the government, is called tax. The first recorded taxes date back to ancient Egypt. Taxes must be paid in order to fund the activities of the government, whatever they may be. Without money, governments would have no continued source of revenue by which to operate. Due to the assumed necessity of government and the functions they perform in today’s world, the issue of whether or not tax is a form of theft is generally considered irrelevant, and thus ignored. It is often believed that taxation is simply necessary, so therefore it must not be morally or legally stealing. This paper will examine the critical yet complex issue of whether or not taxation is in fact theft – or something taken without consent – through the dual consideration of both individuals, on the one hand, and multinational corporations, at the other end of the spectrum. The paper will perform an analysis of “consent,” without which taxation must be considered theft, into three elements: whether or not taxation involves choice, whether it is an informed decision, and whether control over the tax exists.

Exploring caring collaborations in academia through feminist reflexive dialogues

AbstractThis study challenges the prevailing collaboration norms within academia, which predominantly adhere to meritocratic principles favoring masculine and individualistic values. These principles often result in a productivity paradigm centered on publications and high research performance. We contend that such collaboration norms perpetuate exclusionary practices, limiting the participation of women and individuals who do not neatly conform to the criteria of high productivity. Drawing inspiration from Long and colleagues' work in 2020, and guided by relational care ethics, we developed the notion that collaboration as a feminist strategy represents a transformative process of reflexive becoming and co‐learning, emphasizing connectedness and generativity through care. Our findings highlight that through the lens of care, we transcended differing viewpoints, transitioning from self‐centeredness to an other‐oriented approach characterized by empathy, mutual understanding, and acceptance. Emotions emerged as embodied forms of knowledge, enriching the process of co‐learning and co‐becoming. Based on this, we propose a new constellation of Feminist Caring Collaboration in the academy, emphasizing the inclusivity of diverse participants and their varied skills and competencies, with full consideration of individuals' needs and future growth opportunities. Furthermore, we advocate for a broader acknowledgment of emotions such as satisfaction, joy, friendship, and pleasure in the knowledge production process, recognizing their significance in individuals' fulfillment in work and various life circumstances.

Diagnosing Preclinical and Prodromal Neurodegenerative Diseases—The Clinical Is Political

This Viewpoint describes clinical and political considerations for individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative conditions during the preclinical or prodromal stage.

Not your average candidate: overqualified job applicants in the eyes of hiring practitioners

PurposeEarly research on overqualification suggested that overqualification is primarily associated with negative attitudes and behavior. As a consequence, hiring practitioners were advised against hiring overqualified job applicants. However, recent studies have revealed that there are several potential positive consequences of overqualification. Given this change in perspective on overqualification, we examine how hiring practitioners nowadays look at overqualified job applicants, and what their considerations are for hiring an overqualified job applicant or not.Design/methodology/approachWe have interviewed 33 hiring practitioners to examine their attitudes and considerations toward hiring overqualified job applicants.FindingsResults show that hiring practitioners are aware of potential positive as well as negative consequences of overqualification and consider a variety of factors to assess how beneficial hiring an overqualified candidate will be. These factors fall under three categories: Individual considerations, interpersonal considerations and contextual considerations.Originality/valueWe show that overqualification is not a stigma anymore and that the decision to hire an overqualified job applicant or not depends on a mixture of factors that are carefully considered. Two of these three considerations transcend the individual level (i.e. the overqualified person), whereas most research and theories on the consequences of overqualification do not go beyond the individual level. As such, our findings call for more theory and research on interpersonal and contextual factors shaping the consequences of overqualification.

How can Women Working in Mining Achieve a Flourishing Life

Mining is a high-risk field of work, especially for women. A work environment that is prone to accidents is the basis for the application of strict work rules. This risk causes concern and has an impact on the individual’s process of achieving a flourishing life. Although, individual personality considerations also play a role in achieving flourishing. This study aims to determine the relationship between the big five personalities and development. This research is nonexperimental quantitative research with a correlational approach. The research respondents were 32 female employees who worked in the mining company. The age of the respondents was in the range of 20–54 years. The majority of respondents had a bachelor’s degree. As many as 68.75% of employees work in the office and 31.25% work in the field. The scale used is the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Flourishing Scale (FS). The analysis was performed with multiple linear regression. The results showed that big five personalities simultaneously does not affect flourishing (R = 0.515; P > 0.05). However, partially agreeableness and conscientiousness influence flourishing (R = 0.493; P < 0.05). That is, women who work in mining with agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to flourish more easily than extraversion, emotional stability, and openness to experience. However, the personalities of the big five were not an important consideration in achieveing a flourish life for women who work in mining company.
 Keywords: big five personalities, flourishing, mining female employees

HARNESSING THE BENEFITS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION SCHEMES IN ECOWAS: THE PLACE OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

The ECOWAS integration schemes envisaged that the place of individuals will require an in-depth consideration of the role individuals play, both as beneficiaries of integration (particularly as it relates to trade liberalisation, free movement, residence and establishment) and also, as potential victims of the rough side of integration, which will necessarily require the examination of how individuals may enforce their rights under the integrative instruments. Although several attempts at creating effective regional integrative arrangements in ECOWAS have been made, it is disheartening to state that economic activities involving individuals within the ECOWAS sub-region remain at its lowest ebb. This study reiterates that despite the efforts made to ensure that the ECOWAS integration agenda is realisable, it is in doubt whether citizens of the Community have actually felt free to move in, live and establish in any part of the sub-region of their choice without any attack either on their persons or their investments. This study reveals that attacks on foreigners and their businesses in the ECOWAS region have become legendary and remain a hindrance to the realisation of the ECOWAS objectives envisaged in its legal instruments. In view of the above, this study therefore, recommends that until these identifiable challenges are curtailed, member States may lean towards adopting a protectionist approach to its economic and citizenry affairs and thus, may not be favourably disposed to ensuring full implementation of the ECOWAS Protocols on the right of movement, residence and establishment.

Abstract HUP4: Can A Remote Telehealth-based Program Support Survivors With Varying Social Needs Post-stroke?

Introduction: There are significant and longstanding inequities in stroke prevalence and care as well as outcomes. Social determinants of health (SDOH) are known to be a risk factor in post-stroke recovery. SDOH also put individuals at higher risk for 90-day mortality. Social determinants are a significant contributor to disparities in health and specifically addressing SDOH needs may improve the health and outcomes of stroke survivors. Methods: An app-based, virtual care model was used to impact survivor quality of life and outcomes for stroke survivors and their care partners. As a part of program onboarding, the clinical navigator utilized the CMS Accountable Health Communities Health-Related Social Needs Screening Tool to assess survivor needs in five core domains including housing instability, food insecurity, transportation problems, utility needs, and interpersonal safety. As needs were identified, they were cross-walked to pre-populated community resource maps to aid the survivor in their recovery and support subsequent stroke prevention. Results: Of the (n=50) stroke survivors (median age of 62) that completed the 12-week survivor-led Navigator support program, 35% had one SDOH need, 16% had 2 SDOH needs, 16% had 3 SDOH needs, 3% had 4 SDOH needs and 28% had 5 or more SDOH needs. The most regularly identified areas of social need in the cohort were mental health (20%), financial strain (15.7%), employment (13.6%) and transportation (12.9%). These SDOH were addressed throughout the 90-day program based on individual access considerations. The 30- and 90-day all-cause readmission rates for survivors were 5% and 10%, respectively, superior to recent publications reporting 30-day unplanned readmission rates after stroke ranging from 8.7%-12.5%, and 90-day readmissions ranging from 18.9% to 20.7%. Conclusion: By assessing SDOH and providing specifically tailored post-acute resources to meet those needs, a tech-enabled platform with clinical navigator support can improve outcomes for stroke survivors with a variety of SDOH needs. Additional post-acute stroke care and targeted programming are needed to address the ongoing inequalities in the healthcare system as they relate to post-stroke care and recovery in populations with high SDOH needs.

Abstract NS4: Can a Remote Telehealth-Based Program Support Survivors With Varying Social Needs Post-Stroke?

Introduction: There are significant and longstanding inequities in stroke prevalence and care as well as outcomes. Social determinants of health (SDOH) are known to be a risk factor in post-stroke recovery. SDOH also put individuals at higher risk for 90-day mortality. Social determinants are a significant contributor to disparities in health and specifically addressing SDOH needs may improve the health and outcomes of stroke survivors. Methods: An app-based, virtual care model was used to impact survivor quality of life and outcomes for stroke survivors and their care partners. As a part of program onboarding, the clinical navigator utilized the CMS Accountable Health Communities Health-Related Social Needs Screening Tool to assess survivor needs in five core domains including housing instability, food insecurity, transportation problems, utility needs, and interpersonal safety. As needs were identified, they were cross-walked to pre-populated community resource maps to aid the survivor in their recovery and support subsequent stroke prevention. Results: Of the (n=50) stroke survivors (median age of 62) that completed the 12-week survivor-led Navigator support program, 35% had one SDOH need, 16% had 2 SDOH needs, 16% had 3 SDOH needs, 3% had 4 SDOH needs and 28% had 5 or more SDOH needs. The most regularly identified areas of social need in the cohort were mental health (20%), financial strain (15.7%), employment (13.6%) and transportation (12.9%). These SDOH were addressed throughout the 90-day program based on individual access considerations. The 30- and 90-day all-cause readmission rates for survivors were 5% and 10%, respectively, superior to recent publications reporting 30-day unplanned readmission rates after stroke ranging from 8.7%-12.5%, and 90-day readmissions ranging from 18.9% to 20.7%. Conclusion: By assessing SDOH and providing specifically tailored post-acute resources to meet those needs, a tech-enabled platform with clinical navigator support can improve outcomes for stroke survivors with a variety of SDOH needs. Additional post-acute stroke care and targeted programming are needed to address the ongoing inequalities in the healthcare system as they relate to post-stroke care and recovery in populations with high SDOH needs.

Life safety in the Reliability-Based design and assessment of structures

We review the developments in life safety and the incorporation thereof in the design and assessment of structures over the last 50 years. Various measures of life safety are presented that have been developed according to the marginal life saving cost principle based on individual, societal and economic considerations. Target probabilities of failure, or target reliabilities, are central to modern structural design and assessment. These are derived either through back-calibration to existing practice or through life cycle cost minimisation, both of which yield comparable safety levels, and are underpinned by lower bounds from life safety. Life cycle cost minimisation is reviewed here, which considers all direct and indirect costs of failure including loss of life and limb, as well as the costs and efficiency of increasing reliability. We discuss the incorporation of life safety into reliability-based design and assessment through the concept of the Life Quality Index, which uses key societal indicators, namely, the GDP and life expectancy, and health economics as a basis for specifying minimum reliabilities for both new and existing structures. The current state of advancement of reliability- and risk-informed design, and recommendations for future developments in life safety are considered.

Considerations for Gender-Affirming Hormonal and Surgical Care Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals and long-term survivors with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) are both growing populations with specialized needs. No studies assess temporal trends or evaluate the care of TGD individuals with ACHD. Meetings between congenital cardiology and gender-affirming care specialists identified unique considerations in TGD individuals with ACHD. A retrospective chart review was then performed to describe patient factors and outpatient trends in those with an ACHD diagnosis undergoing gender-affirming hormonal or surgical care (GAHT/S) at 1 adult and 1 pediatric tertiary care center. Thirty-three TGD individuals with ACHD were identified, 21 with a history of GAHT/S. Fourteen (66%) had moderate or complex ACHD, 8 (38%) identified as transgender male, 9 (43%) transgender female, and 4 (19%) other gender identities. Three had undergone gender-affirming surgery. There were zero occurrences of the composite end point of unplanned hospitalization or thrombotic event over 71.1 person-years of gender-affirming care. Median age at first gender-affirming appointment was 16.8 years [interquartile range 14.8-21.5]. The most common treatment modification was changing estradiol administration from oral to transdermal to reduce thrombotic risk (n=3). An increasing trend was observed from zero TGD patients with ACHD attending a gender diversity appointment in 2012 to 14 patients in 2022. There is a growing population of TGD patients with ACHD and unique medical and psychosocial needs. Future studies must fully evaluate the reassuring safety profile observed in this small cohort. We share 10 actionable care considerations for providers with a goal of overseeing a safe and fulfilling gender transition across all TGD patients with ACHD.

Career Counselling Considerations for Individuals With Mental Disorders

Individuals who have experienced mental disorders face significant career barriers that are not related to their capabilities nor their desire to participate in the workforce. Their unique skills and strengths often go unrecognized. This creates a situation where a population with immense potential and valuable perspective is often overlooked or deemed unemployable. By neglecting to tap into their talents, society not only perpetuates a cycle of stigma and discrimination but also misses out on the opportunity to benefit from their diverse contributions. Through recognizing and drawing out strengths, career counsellors can play a vital role in transforming the narrative surrounding these individuals and fostering a more inclusive and equitable employment environment. It is essential to address the dual challenge of reducing employment barriers while highlighting the invaluable qualities and qualifications that make this population uniquely qualified for various careers. This article discusses key career barriers and career strengths that individuals who have experienced a mental disorder face and presents relevant career counselling considerations aimed at assisting clients in navigating these unique challenges and capitalizing on their unique strengths.

Should leaders “keep the flowers blooming” or just “keep the cogwheels greased?” Estonian soldiers’ perceptions of the role of a military leader

ABSTRACT Using qualitative content analysis, this article focuses on the question of how conscripts in the Estonian Defense Forces perceive a good military leader. We found that interpersonal competency was the most desirable trait, followed by leadership competency, highlighting the value placed on human-centered approaches rather management skills, at least in training situations. The article concludes that the younger generation needs reasoning and individual consideration above all, and value the balance between a demanding and tolerant attitude, which creates a natural followership for leaders.

Creatine Supplements: What the Research Says about How It Can Help Healthy Athletes

Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. This article provides an overview of creatine supplementation, particularly in the context of athletes, focusing on its safety, benefits, dosage, and considerations for young individuals. Research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, and rehabilitation, as well as several potential neurological benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and several patient populations.

Frequency and nature of health issues among horses housed in an active open barn compared to single boxes-A field study.

Keeping horses in open barns has positive effects on social interaction and free movement, which may improve horse welfare. However, many horse owners fear that housing in open barns leads to more injuries. To compare health events among horses housed in an active open barn (AOB) or in single boxes (BOX). A prospective study during 9 months and a 2-year retrospective study. Two housing systems in one farm were investigated: AOB and BOX in pairs or alone in paddock (2-4 h/day) using 66 and 69 horses in the prospective respectively retrospective study. Lameness, wounds, colic and days lost from training were recorded. There were lower prevalences of lameness and colic in AOB than in BOX (18% vs. 26% and 0% vs. 5%; p < 0.001). Overall, there was a larger proportion of individuals with health events in AOB (83%) compared with BOX (52%) (p < 0.01). However, number of days lost to training did not differ between AOB (10 ± 15 days) and BOX (15 ± 34 days) (p = 0.36). There were no significant differences between the housing systems in number of health events/horse in the retrospective study: AOB 1.54 ± 1.51 versus BOX 1.14 ± 1.20 (p = 0.22). The different, not standardised, housing systems varied in size and number of horses with no individual consideration in this descriptive field study with no possibility to cross-over. A convenience sample was used. Lameness and colic were less frequent in the AOB system compared to single boxes, probably because the horses in the open barn could move freely day and night. Horses in AOB had a higher prevalence of wounds due to interactions between horses, but this did not lead to more days lost from training.

Individual Consideration Practices of Principals on Teachers Integrating Information Communication Technology in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya

Leadership behavior is one of the issues that has received a lot of attention internationally, particularly the personal considerations of a transformative leader. A teacher’s confidence grows under the supervision of a good leader who can handle particular requirements, including a lack of ICT competency and the availability of additional technologies. This study sought to determine the extent to which Principals’ individual considerations practices influence teachers’ adoption of technology in classroom instruction. The present inquiry adopted a mixed method approach built on an explanatory sequential design. Data was collected from 62 principals and 186 teachers using interviews and questionnaires. from public secondary schools in Kakamega county Expert judgment was used to validate the instrument, obtaining a Cronbach coefficient Alpha index of 0.75, while the test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of the research instruments. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and Pearson correlations. In contrast, qualitative data were examined by grouping common themes and characterizing participants’ ideas and viewpoints. The findings revealed a significant relationship between principals’ individual consideration and the integration of ICT in teaching and learning (r (108) = 0.584, p&lt;0.001) meaning encouraging the practice of individual consideration would increase use of ICT in Instructions. This paper recommends that principals must prioritize the unique demands of teachers. This will inspire and instill trust in teachers on the utilization of technology.

Applying Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to International Career Transitions: Working With Complexities and Contraindications

The interconnectedness of global economies and workforces have influenced the mobility of people between countries and their career development. Researchers need to consider contextual influences on international career transitions and select a methodology that illuminates peoples’ meaning making of diverse experiences. In this critical review, we reflect on Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), through describing the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications, including the seven indications and six contraindications of the IPA process. Overall, IPA seems to have strong applicability for research with people experiencing international career transitions, particularly because of the solid philosophical and human sciences basis, representation of shifts in meaning-making, and consideration of individuals’ unique transition contexts and diverse experiences. Researchers are invited to consider some hesitations in the IPA process, such as challenges in creating deep interpretations in data analysis and distinguishing whose interpretations are represented in the findings. Future research considerations are suggested to advance theoretical and practical applications, including a summary evaluation of the IPA process to inform researchers’ decision-making.

Socio-ethical challenges and opportunities for advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion in digital medicine.

Digitalization in medicine offers a significant opportunity to transform healthcare systems by providing novel digital tools and services to guide personalized prevention, prediction, diagnosis, treatment and disease management. This transformation raises a number of novel socio-ethical considerations for individuals and society as a whole, which need to be appropriately addressed to ensure that digital medical devices (DMDs) are widely adopted and benefit all patients as well as healthcare service providers. In this narrative review, based on a broad literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, we outline five core socio-ethical considerations in digital medicine that intersect with the notions of equity and digital inclusion: (i) access, use and engagement with DMDs, (ii) inclusiveness in DMD clinical trials, (iii) algorithm fairness, (iv) surveillance and datafication, and (v) data privacy and trust. By integrating literature from multidisciplinary fields, including social, medical, and computer sciences, we shed light on challenges and opportunities related to the development and adoption of DMDs. We begin with an overview of the different types of DMDs, followed by in-depth discussions of five socio-ethical implications associated with their deployment. Concluding our review, we provide evidence-based multilevel recommendations aimed at fostering a more inclusive digital landscape to ensure that the development and integration of DMDs in healthcare mitigate rather than cause, maintain or exacerbate health inequities.

Implementasi Kepemimpinan Transformasional Fauziah Fauzan El-Muhammady di Perguruan Diniyyah Puteri Padang Panjang

This study aims to describe how the implementation of Fauziah Fauzan El-Muhammady's leadership. This research was conducted at the Diniyyah Puteri College, Padang Panjang, West Sumatra. This research is a field research using a qualitative descriptive method. The data analysis technique is using analysis techniques according to Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data display, and data verification. The results of the study explain how Fauziah Fauzan's style of transformational leadership is by giving idealistic influence to all members of the Diniyyah Puteri college, providing inspiration, and intellectual stimulation, giving individual considerations, emphasizing the direction to be aimed by school principals at various levels of education units through vision statements, and a clear mission.

Enhancing Cognitive Abilities and Delaying Cognitive Decline in the Elderly through Exercise-based Health Management Systems

Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical frameworks, empirical evidence, critical analysis, practical implications, and future research directions related to tailored exercise programs and their impact on cognitive health in the elderly. Material and Methods: The study used a systematic literature review approach to evaluate the effectiveness of tailored exercise programs on cognitive abilities and decline in the elderly. Data collection involved searching databases like PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar, along with manual searches of reference lists. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed studies with participants aged 60 and above, involving tailored exercise interventions with measurable cognitive outcomes. Results: The article reviews evidence on the role of exercise in improving cognitive functions in the elderly. It explores theoretical models explaining the impact of exercise on cognition and evaluates different types of exercise, such as aerobic, strength training, and yoga. The article also investigates how these interventions can delay cognitive decline, addresses the quality and limitations of existing studies, and suggests future research directions. Conclusion: The literature emphasizes the need for personalized exercise programs based on individual capabilities and environmental considerations to optimize cognitive benefits.

Kunstwerk und Titel.

At first glance, the relationship between work and title appears to be exhausted: for works of art are unique specimens that exist unchanged over long periods of time, just like their titles. They offer unchanged models for interpretation, and extensive elucidations – in particular of classical – works are available. But experience shows that the view of a work changes during social developments. Linguistic expressions in titles are also subject to constant change of meaning. Any clarification of the relationship between the work and the title must therefore be made subject to modifications in both the interpretation of the work and the interpretive resources of the title. For this purpose, it is not surprising that a semiotic theory is used. With Rudi Keller’s “pragmatic sign theory”, a construct was chosen through which both sign systems, the visual and the textual language, become explicable and which ties the emergence of a sign to the (type of) interpretation (see chapter 2). Individual considerations of both areas of analysis reveal that interpretations of the work and the title proceed semioticaloay on different levels. They interact and merge to form a unit called “impression”. This article is about the formation of such art impressions, more precisely: about the interplay between the interpretations of artworks and their titles. The basic hypothesis is that viewers of artworks use the titles as a resource for interpretation, and furthermore that artists (can) also use this experience to achieve or prevent possible impressions. In the form of selected case studies (see chapters 3 and 4 below), different interrelationships between works and their titles are illustrated to arrive at a synthesis of their manifold interactions.