Conservative Behavior Research Articles

Ambassador Animals Do Not Have a Clear Effect on Visitor Conservation Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Exotic Pets at a Zoo Exhibit.

There is relatively little work examining visitor outcomes of ambassador animal programs, such as whether these programs are educationally effective or unintentionally promote exotic pet ownership. We designed a two-way factorial experiment to test whether ambassador animals enhanced or detracted from the educational outcomes of a zoo exhibit. We surveyed 312 visitors at the Oakland Zoo at a static exhibit focused on the illegal wildlife trade. Participants were surveyed either before or after visiting the exhibit, with or without a trainer presenting either an ambassador ball python (Python regius) or yellow-naped Amazon parrot (Amazona auropalliata). The survey assessed attitudes toward conservation, knowledge of conservation behavior, and the suitability of various species, including the ambassador species, as pets. We used an ANOVA to examine 299 complete surveys for differences between experimental groups' mean responses. There were no significant differences in conservation attitudes. Subjects demonstrated more knowledge of conservation behavior after leaving the exhibit, regardless of whether or not an animal was present. While the exhibit reduced favorable attitudes toward parrots as pets, ambassador animal presence neither positively nor negatively impacted on this effect. Participants who viewed a python were more likely to indicate that they viewed a python as a good pet. However, the sample expressed overall negative attitudes toward exotic pet ownership. This study suggests that ambassadors neither enhanced learning nor unintentionally promoted exotic pets. Further research is needed to understand the role of interpretive messaging when using ambassadors in an educational context.

Cybersecurity behaviours of the employees and students at the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the most common characteristics that make Internet users at the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences (SKA) vulnerable to various threats. This includes password management habits, online banking, shopping and payment behaviours, time spent online, use of public Wi-Fi, gaming and watching movies online. Additionally, the study seeks to review the dangers users encounter and how cautious they are, such as which online activities they consider the most dangerous and which they perceive as safe.Design/methodology/approachThe data used in this paper is based on an overview of relevant literature, highlighting previous studies and methodologies and explaining why the human factor is considered the weakest link in cybersecurity. This research aims to help characterise the patrons of the SKA and make suggestions for future training and research. For this purpose, the students, administrative employees and academic staff of the SKA were investigated. A five-point scale questionnaire with 54 questions was used as the methodology of the study, considering the following four scales: risky behaviour, conservative behaviour, risk exposure behaviour and risk perception behaviour. The results are interpreted based on the literature, and data obtained from the completed questionnaires were analysed using Excel’s Data Analysis ToolPak. The results are presented mostly as tables and bar charts.FindingsThe research results show that the cybersecurity behaviour of employees and students is generally at a good level. However, some aspects of conservative behaviour need increased attention, such as the use of USB and other external media, opening links in emails too readily, monitoring the authenticity of visited websites and deleting browsing history before logging out. Cyber training has a noticeable effect on behaviour, particularly in the context of password management.Originality/valueNo previous research on cyber behaviour has been conducted in the context of Estonian higher education, despite the increasing number of cyber-attacks in this sector.

Boron to salinity ratios in the Fram Strait entering the Central Arctic: The role of sea ice formation and future predictions

The Arctic Ocean's sea ice loss dynamically impacts carbon uptake potential, as assessed through measured carbonate parameters, such as total alkalinity. In the open ocean, boron (B) is the third largest contributor to alkalinity via borate and is usually accounted for through the conservative boron to salinity ratio (B/S), and not directly measured. Here, we present findings on non-conservative boron dynamics, that results in significant B/S deviations, observed in ice melt zone waters, snow, slush, brine, and annual sea ice (n = 169) in the Fram Strait entering the Central Arctic. These samples were collected during the onset of the melt season on the 2023 ARTofMELT expedition, covering a wide practical salinity range (2–59). Barring snow, the average B/S ratio across the study was 0.1321 ± 0.0032 mg kg−1 ‰−1, similar to the mean B/S ratio measured amongst several polar water masses near Iceland, as well as the accepted B/S for other ocean regions. Results indicate minor deviations from accepted B/S ratios (indicating conservative behavior) across the sample practical salinity range and reflect an uncertainty in the borate contribution to total alkalinity of less than 2.9 μmol kg−1 at in-situ temperatures. B fractionation appears to occur during sea ice formation, causing greater B in the sea ice reservoir whereas brine, slush, lead, and under-ice water reservoirs are depleted in B. As such, under-ice and lead, brine, and slush samples all had measured B/S ratios (0.1305 ± 0.0011, 0.1305 ± 0.0018, and 0.1304 ± 0.0017 mg kg−1 ‰−1, respectively) lower than the established ratio whereas the average sea ice B/S ratio (0.1331 ± 0.0035 mg kg−1 ‰−1) was closest to accepted values (0.1336 ± 0.0005 mg kg−1 ‰−1). Arctic open ocean samples also had a lower B/S ratio (0.1304 ± 0.0014 mg kg−1 ‰−1). Our findings, together with a previous Arctic B ice study, suggest that B (probably in the form of B(OH)4−) is incorporated into authigenic CaCO3 minerals, replacing CO32− within the mineral lattice during sea ice formation. This process consequentially lowers the B/S ratio in the open Arctic Ocean, compared to the established global ocean ratio. Nevertheless, the incorporation of B into the sea ice reservoir does not fully account for the deficit of B in the Arctic Ocean samples, suggesting further accounting of B Arctic pathways is necessary. In future climate scenarios involving increased sea ice melt, the transition from multiyear to annual sea ice, permafrost thaw, and increased riverine discharge, the behavior of B in the Arctic Ocean is expected to become more dynamic.

Leveraging how animals learn in conservation science: Behavioral responses of reintroduced bison to management interventions

AbstractReintroduction programs have increased amid unprecedented biodiversity loss, yet the success of these programs lag. A prominent reason for program failure is dispersal beyond the planned range of the population. Management techniques, such as hazing, can be used to prevent movement beyond set boundaries, but to be effective long‐term, the animals must learn to avoid the areas where they are hazed. Although concepts of animal learning have been used to improve reintroduction programs, learning is not often explicitly tested or used as an indicator of program success. We used a conservation behavior framework to evaluate how a range of management techniques influenced learning in a reintroduced population of bison in Banff National Park, Canada. We hypothesized exposure to stronger negative stimuli would enhance learning, leading to more pronounced behavioral responses. Specifically, we tested the degree to which management actions (i.e., drift fence encounters, foot, horseback, helicopter, and combined hazing) elicited behavioral responses and how they facilitated learning. Consistent with our predictions, drift fence interactions and foot and horseback hazing elicited fewer behavioral responses of a smaller magnitude than helicopter hazing or combined methods, suggesting these techniques cause less disturbance to the bison. Bison continually returned to locations where they encountered management actions that caused the least disturbance, demonstrating a lack of associative learning. Bison appeared to form negative associations with locations where they were hazed via helicopter or combined methods, however, and rarely returned to these locations. Evaluating management techniques is essential for improving conservation success. We demonstrate that by bridging the fields of conservation biology and animal learning, we can understand how management techniques influence learning and behavior thereby facilitating effective conservation plans that incorporate disruption levels of the animals, financial costs, and overall effectiveness. Effective conservation plans, in turn, improve our likelihood of successfully managing and recovering species.

Changing Human Behavior to Conserve Biodiversity

Conservation of biodiversity is above all else an exercise in human persuasion. Human behavior drives all substantive threats to biodiversity; therefore, influencing it is the only path to mitigating the current extinction crisis. We review the literature across three different axes to highlight current evidence on influencing human behavior for conservation. First, we look at behavioral interventions to mitigate different threats, from pollution and climate change to invasive species and human disturbance. Next, we examine interventions focused on different stakeholders, from voters, investors, and environmental managers to consumers, producers, and extractors. Finally, we review delivery channels, ranging from mass and social media to interventions involving changes to the physical environment or carried out in person. We highlight key gaps, including the lack of scale and robust impact evaluation of most interventions, and the need to prioritize behaviors, overcome the reproducibility crisis, and deal with inequality when designing and implementing behavior change interventions.

Determinants of energy conservation behaviour in small hospitality firms: application of the extended value belief norm theory

The study aims to investigate the energy conservation behaviour of owners and managers of small hospitality firms by incorporating social norms into an extended Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) model. In addition, the study examines the mediating effects of causal chain of the VBN model in the context of energy conservation behaviour. The world faces serious environmental challenges such as loss of biodiversity, pollution, depletion of natural resources and global warming. One of the causes of these environmental challenges is the production and consumption of energy by households and firms. The hospitality sector uses a significant amount of energy in its operation leading to negative environmental impacts. Reducing energy use will improve environmental and financial sustainability of hospitality firms. Energy conservation behaviour is one of the significant ways to reduce energy consumption. The study adopts the survey method for data collection and the respondents are conveniently sampled. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling is used for data analysis. Based on a dataset of 360 respondents, the study finds that the extended VBM model that includes social norms is applicable in explaining the energy conservation behaviour of owners/managers of small hospitality firms. The mediating effects of the causal chain of the VBN model are significant. The theoretical implication is the applicability of an extended VBN model that includes social norms to predict energy conservation behaviour. Recommendations on how to improve energy conservation behaviour include improving the level of awareness of ecological problems caused by energy consumption. The study aims to investigate the energy conservation behaviour of owners and managers of small hospitality firms by incorporating social norms into an extended Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) model. In addition, the study examines the mediating effects of causal chain of the VBN model in the context of energy conservation behaviour. The world faces serious environmental challenges such as loss of biodiversity, pollution, depletion of natural resources and global warming. One of the causes of these environmental challenges is the production and consumption of energy by households and firms. The hospitality sector uses a significant amount of energy in its operation leading to negative environmental impacts. Reducing energy use will improve environmental and financial sustainability of hospitality firms. Energy conservation behaviour is one of the significant ways to reduce energy consumption. The study adopts the survey method for data collection and the respondents are conveniently sampled. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling is used for data analysis. Based on a dataset of 360 respondents, the study finds that the extended VBM model that includes social norms is applicable in explaining the energy conservation behaviour of owners/managers of small hospitality firms. The mediating effects of the causal chain of the VBN model are significant. The theoretical implication is the applicability of an extended VBN model that includes social norms to predict energy conservation behaviour. Recommendations on how to improve energy conservation behaviour include improving the level of awareness of ecological problems caused by energy consumption.

Adaptive use of streams, wells, and tianjing based on riverbanks and drainages in Hakka settlements of Futang Village before access to piped water

ABSTRACT To address the homogenisation of rural water use brought about by the popularity of water appliances, this study attempted to find a solution in the spatial and behavioural correspondence and fitness of environment on water use practice in Hakka settlements, habitats for immigrants. Studies on settlements have focused on landscape features, heritage conservation, and life behaviour. Water use has been analysed based on its relationship and comparison with space composition. Traffic-related studies have detailed planning practices, system functions, and history evolution. Unlike previous studies, this study combines the perspectives of architectural planning and environmental adaptability to examine linkages among riverbanks, drainages, and water use patterns in Futang Village and elucidated 3 of 11 hakka settlements’ adaptive use of streams, wells, and tianjing (courtyards) before piped water is available. Satellite map depictions, field surveys, and chi-square distributions showed that upstream and downstream settlements had distinct yet flexible water use behaviours, depending on their access to clean water bodies and sewage areas, concerns about the distance to water sources to perform household chores, and weather conditions. This demonstrates the practical value of adapting to fluvial landforms for developing water facilities and restoring water use activities.

Convenience orientation, environmental concerns and resource conservation behaviours

There is a concern that convenience orientation, especially lifestyles that prefer convenience to sustainability, could lead to increased resource consumption, posing a challenge to sustainable consumption. This study aims to provide empirical evidence showing that convenience orientation may not necessarily harm the environment but helps conserve resources. We designed our survey to collect data on convenience orientation and environmental concerns from 361 households living in the capital city of Pakistan. Using the structural equation modelling approach, we examine how convenience orientation, environmental concerns and socioeconomic importance affect food, water, and energy conservation behaviours. Our results reveal a positive association between convenience orientation, environmental concerns and conservation behaviours while socioeconomic importance negatively associated with the food, water and energy conservation behaviours. This finding is contradictory to concerns that convenience orientation might undermine sustainability efforts.

Place attachment, spirituality and residential water conservation behaviour in Australia’s Northern Territory: application of an extended protection motivation theory

ABSTRACT Despite warnings of impending water scarcity concerns, most residents persistently engage in excessive water consumption behaviours, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This has spurred interest in understanding why water demand management strategies fail to foster voluntary residential conservation behaviours. Recent literature indicates a lack of consideration of cultural factors that may influence residential water conservation. Thus, this study draws on and extends the protection motivation theory with place attachment and spirituality to examine how cultural and psychological factors influence residential water conservation intention and behaviour. Analysing 346 survey responses, the study reveals that place attachment amplifies vulnerability and severity perceptions regarding water scarcity concerns and significantly drives perceptions of self and response efficacies for water conservation intention and behaviour. In particular, the study reveals that as a resident’s spirituality increases, the intention for water conservation behaviour reduces. The study highlights theoretical and practical implications for scholars and policymakers.

UAV Autonomous Navigation Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning in Highly Dynamic and High-Density Environments

Autonomous navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made great progress. However, most studies assume relatively simple task scenarios and do not consider the impact of complex task scenarios on UAV flight performance. This paper proposes a DRL-based autonomous navigation algorithm for UAVs, which enables autonomous path planning for UAVs in high-density and highly dynamic environments. This algorithm proposes a state space representation method that contains position information and angle information by analyzing the impact of UAV position changes and angle changes on navigation performance in complex environments. In addition, a dynamic reward function is constructed based on a non-sparse reward function to balance the agent’s conservative behavior and exploratory behavior during the model training process. The results of multiple comparative experiments show that the proposed algorithm not only has the best autonomous navigation performance but also has the optimal flight efficiency in complex environments.

Predicting the Conservation Behaviour of Cat Owners: Involvement, Attitudes and Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Predicting the Conservation Behaviour of Cat Owners: Involvement, Attitudes and Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Messaging effects and psychological drivers for conservation behaviors at Mt. Fuji, Japan

AbstractThis study demonstrated the differences in behavioral changes caused by two conservation messages through field experiments in Mount Fuji, Japan. The target behavior was to use a cleaning mat set up on a mountain trail to remove non-native plant seeds from the soles of visitors' shoes. To further understand the drivers of behavioral change, a questionnaire survey was used to examine the influence of different conservation messages and psychological and personal factors, including awe, attitudes, and norms. Knowledge linked to behavior and a sense of perceived behavioral control promoted behavior, whereas positive attitudes toward behavior and higher awe negatively impact behavior. Conservation messages interact with norms, and effective message-promoting behaviors differ depending on the norm level. Conservation messages should be selected based on the characteristics of the target segment. Even short conservation messages such as signboards can enhance the effectiveness of behavioral change, and it is valuable to think strategically about message content.

Combining price and non-price interventions for water conservation

Abstract Marginal pricing has long been the instrument of choice to address water conservation challenges. More recently, non-price behavioral interventions have emerged as an alternative. However, there is limited data on the relative efficacies of price and non-price interventions. We report results from long-term field experiments studying unit-level water conservation responses to both price and non-price interventions in the same group of households (n = 64 186 household-days). Conservation habits, attitude-action gaps, principal-agent incongruities, and billing cycles help account for the heterogeneity in response between households, and across time. A non-price behavior modification intervention before the introduction of marginal pricing resulted in a large and significant effect on treated households (33%). The subsequent introduction of marginal volumetric pricing also reduced water use (8%, for previously untreated households). However, this average price effect masks how a large share (21%) of households increased water use, or how a mere 12% of the households accounted for all the aggregate reduction in water use. We investigated such heterogeneous responses as a systematic conservation maximization design question beyond statistical variance in individual responses. We used daily water consumption measurements across three years alongside a household survey to delineate structural and agentic barriers to conservation behavior. Our analysis reveals how combining price and non-price behavioral interventions could hold the key to achieving conservation effects that are both large and persistent.

Political Polarization Triggers Conservatives’ Misinformation Spread to Attain Ingroup Dominance

Conservatives are often blamed for spreading misinformation, but it is unclear whether certain situations trigger them and, if so, why. The authors examine situations that are politically polarized, meaning the topic and/or its framing conveys conflict, discord, or disagreement between the two main political parties (conservatives and liberals). The authors study whether conservatives react to polarized situations by spreading ingroup-skewed political misinformation that is objectively inaccurate but not necessarily understood to be false and whether liberals are less reactive. Using a multimethod approach, the authors conduct six studies, including analyses of statements by public figures and speeches by U.S. presidents, as well as controlled experiments. The results indicate that in polarized situations, conservatives’ need for ingroup dominance is elevated, so they convey more misinformation than liberals. In less polarized situations, conservatives’ need for ingroup dominance is tempered, reducing their misinformation conveyance. These findings suggest that misinformation should not be blamed solely on the individual trait of conservativism, as polarized situations exaggerate conservative motives and behaviors. While news media, social media, political figures, and others may be incentivized to emphasize political polarization to gain audiences and bolster engagement, the resulting misinformation harms truth, trust, and democracy. Possible remedies include improved fact-checking and media literacy education.

Assessing the suitability of groundwater resources based on farmers’ predicted intentions and human–water feedbacks

In this study, a behavioral −hydrological simulation modeling framework is developed to explore the functioning of human-water systems. The main objective is to identify the psycho-social factors affecting water conservation intentions among farmers, and then realize the interactions and bidirectional feedback between humans and water resources. For this purpose, the agent-based modeling (ABM) and extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) is recruited to reflect on the agents’ behaviors. As the first step, the framework of the extended TPB together with the agent behavior was designed via field researches through the completion of 169 questionnaires upon proportional-to-size (PPS) random sampling. The partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is then implemented, at the second step, to analyze the data and obtain the weights of the extended TPB constructs. The results reveal that the constructs supplemented to the TPB, including moral norms (MNs) and perceived risk (PR), could have significant effects on water conservation intentions and behaviors among farmers. At the last step, the farmers and their decision-making as the dynamic elements by obtaining feedbacks of water resources were modeled using the ABM. To evaluate the proposed framework, the recorded data of groundwater fluctuations and cultivated areas in the Lenjanat plain is utilized and compared with the socio-hydrological simulation modeling outcomes using the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient. Then, five scenarios are defined to shed light on the changes in the agent behavior on the aquifer suitability, including water consumption rate and groundwater levels in the aquifer. The results correspondingly demonstrated that merging the second and third scenarios in an effort to raise the prices of crops with low water need along with the increase in utility costs (here, water and electricity) could lead to a 75% increase of farmers’ income and a 21.5% reduction in the surface and groundwater uses in this region, implying the highest level of water conservation among other scenarios.

WITHDRAWN: Influencing conservation: The role of socio-psychological factors on consumer water-saving intentions and practices

Addressing the pressing issue of water scarcity, this research delves into the multifaceted factors that drive water conservation behaviors, pivotal for the sustainable management of this vital resource. By melding the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory, the study introduces an integrative model that encompasses a range of determinants, including water-saving values, environmental regulations, and the emotional dimensions of water conservation. The study reveals that egocentric values, in tandem with perceived environmental regulations, indirectly shape water-saving intentions through their influence on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The role of positive emotions in bolstering the impact of social norms on water-saving intentions is also emphasized. This research not only enriches the understanding of the complex interplay between cognitive and emotional factors in water conservation but also provides critical guidance for policymakers seeking to foster sustainable water use among the populace. The findings advocate for a holistic approach that leverages both the head and the heart in promoting behaviors that can help secure water resources for future generations.

Crocodiles of the Ouémé lower valley in Southern Benin: Local perceptions, uses and conservation challenges

The Ouémé Lower Valley, located in Southern Benin, is renowned for its rich biodiversity, which includes three species of crocodiles. Despite the presence of the crocodile species, the relation between these species and the local population is not well known. In this study, we aimed to examine local perceptions of crocodiles, document their uses, and identify conservation challenges. Over a period of 10 months, we surveyed the local population to understand their perceptions of crocodiles and the uses they make of these animals. Given the critical role of perceived threats in shaping conservation attitudes and behaviours, our objective also included analyzing perceived threats to crocodiles. From the 420 individuals interviewed, 90 % have a negative perception of crocodiles, perceiving them as harmful. However, 10 % of respondents, mainly from the 'Xwla' ethnic group, have a positive perception, perceiving crocodiles as harmless and beneficial. Local communities attribute various virtues to crocodile by-products, with crocodile teeth being the most cited, valued for their protective qualities. According to them, the decline in crocodile populations in the area is attributed primarily to poaching, agriculture, and sand extraction, as reported by 35 %, 28 %, and 22 % of respondents, respectively. Educational initiatives aimed at raising awareness about the ecological significance of crocodiles should be implemented, particularly targeting ethnic groups with negative perceptions of crocodiles in the region. Future researches are also needed in order to study in deep the impacts of anthropic activities on the crocodile population in the area.

Water conservation by managers at the workplace: Examination of attitudes and behaviour using the theory of planned behaviour

Understanding the behavioural drivers of water conservation in public spaces is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of water resources management and water use especially in water scarce environments. This study used the Theory of Planned Behaviour to determine the contributing factors of water conservation attitude and behaviour among managers at work. Data were collected from 72 managers at North-West University – Mahikeng, South Africa through self-administered survey questionnaire. Results showed that behaviour practices of reporting water leakages and closing taps were prevalent among the managers. Furthermore, positive correlations including length of service (r = 0.791); training on water issues (r = 0.542); gender (r = 0.509) and speaking about water conservation (r = 0.091) emerged as significant predictors of a water conservation attitude and behaviour. Promotion of water conservation attitude and behaviour through education and training would have a greater tendency among managers to conserve water at work.

Who engages in electricity conservation and to what effect after real-world, high-resolution feedback? An empirical analysis of Korean households with smart meters

Engagement with households to fully realize the potential of demand-side solutions has attracted policy attention. The potential of feedback has been understudied, especially regarding who engages more in electricity conservation. Furthermore, most studies have been limited to the Western context, with only a few that explore Asia. This study fills these gaps by investigating changes in household hourly electricity consumption patterns after its members receive high-resolution feedback. After data balancing, we partitioned 63 households into distinct groups using K-means clustering and investigated consumption changes after the provision of high-resolution electricity feedback through a mobile application. The results indicate mixed effectiveness of feedback: some households reduced consumption by about 13 %, while others increased it between 7 % and 20 %. In addition, statistical analysis using survey responses revealed that households with greater awareness of electricity costs and a stronger interest in climate change were more receptive to feedback. Demographic and housing attributes such as age, building type, and floor count also influenced the feedback effect. The findings recommend enhancing awareness of electricity costs and climate change and developing a better understanding of individuals’ challenges with changing conservation behaviors based on their demographic and housing characteristics.

Research on the energy saving behaviors of university students based on TPB in a hot summer–cold winter area in China

Energy saving in higher education institutions holds significant importance in the establishment of environmentally friendly and low-carbon societies, with the energy-saving behaviors of university students playing a pivotal role in the development of sustainable campuses. However, there is a clear need for customized strategies to encourage energy-saving habits among university students in areas of China with extreme weather conditions, such as hot summers and cold winters. This study offers a thorough examination of the literature regarding energy-saving behaviors among college students and presents a new theoretical framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A survey questionnaire is conducted at universities in regions with hot summers and cold winters across China, with the goal of identifying the main factors that influence students' intentions and actions regarding campus energy conservation. From July to August 2022, we collected 512 survey responses from different university campuses in China's hot summer-cold winter weather zone. The survey asked about subjective norms, understanding of energy conservation, and the importance of saving energy. Utilizing the Structural Equation Model (SEM), we examined how influencing factors are associated with energy conservation behaviors. Our findings indicate that (1) both the significance of energy conservation and subjective norms significantly drive energy-saving actions; (2) distinct factors impact different forms of energy-saving practices; and (3) the inclination to save energy partially mediates the relationship between comfort choices and the significance of energy conservation. This study presents a validated behavioral model tailored for regions experiencing hot summers and cold winters, offering valuable insights for college administrators in managing energy usage while also serving as a theoretical reference for establishing environmentally sustainable campuses.