Effects Of Adiposity Research Articles

The Association between Body Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetic Inpatients With and Without Diabetic Microangiopathy—A Retrospective Cohort

Background: The U-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality has been extensively reported in patients with type 2 diabetes. It has been shown that overweight patients had a lower mortality risk compared to normal-weight individuals, referred as “obesity paradox.” However, limited data reported the relation between on admission BMI and all-cause mortality in diabetic inpatients, and if obesity paradox exist in diabetic inpatients with microangiopathy. Research Design and Methods: A total of 2885 patients had admitted due to a primary diagnosis of type 2 diabetic with poor glucose control were enrolled. BMI was measured when admission. Cox proportional hazards model hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were calculated after adjusting for confounders. Results: During a mean follow-up period of 6.6 years, 1483 deaths occurred. A U-shaped association was observed between admission BMI and all-cause mortality, with BMI between 24 and 27 kg/m2 showing the lowest mortality risk across all BMI category. (BMI category including <18, 18-21.9, 22-23.9, 24-26.9, 27-29.9, ≥30 kg/m2, HR of 1, 0.68 [95% CI: 0.55 to 0.84], 0.54[95% CI: 0.43 to 0.67], 0.50[95% CI: 0.41 to 0.62], 0.52[95% CI: 0.41 to 0.65], 0.52[95% CI: 0.40 to 0.67, respectively]. However, among inpatients with macroalbuminuria, the protective effect of overweight was attenuated (P=0.52) and U-shaped association was not observed. The result was similar in patients with diabetes retinopathy (P=0.053). Conclusions: A U-shaped association existed between admission BMI and all-cause mortality in diabetic inpatients. However, the obesity paradox was not observed in type 2 diabetic inpatients with existing diabetic microangiopathy. Disclosure L.Y. Hsuan: None. I. Lee: None.

Body mass index and prognosis of breast cancer: An analysis by menstruation status when breast cancer diagnosis.

Objective:To examine whether obesity/overweight is a risk predictor for breast cancer recurrence and death by menopausal status in a retrospective study.Methods:We performed a retrospective analysis of 1017 breast cancer patients treated in our hospital from January 2004 to December 2012. Three groups were divided according to body mass index (BMI) when breast cancer diagnosis: normal weight, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2; overweight, 25.0≤BMI < 30.0 kg/m2; and obesity, BMI≥30.0 kg/m2. The clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients within 5 years following breast cancer diagnosed were analyzed. Subgroup analyses of BMI on breast cancer prognosis were analyzed according to the menopausal status when breast cancer diagnosis. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results:Overweight and obesity groups were associated with larger size tumors, older age, increased proportion of postmenopausal patients and less patients choosing anthracycline and/or taxane regimen. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) decreased in overweight and obese patients (P < .001), and both overweight and obesity were independent predictors for increased risks of breast cancer relapse and death (P < .001). When stratified by menopausal status, both overweight and obesity were associated with reduced 5-year DFS and OS in postmenopausal patients (P < .050), and multivariate analysis showed that the risk of relapse and breast cancer mortality in these 2 groups also increased (P < .050). Among premenopausal patients, the risks of relapse and death were significantly increased in obesity group rather than overweight group by multivariate analysis.Conclusion:Overweight and obesity might be independently associated with poorer prognosis for breast cancer patients, and the effects of overweight on the breast cancer prognosis seem to be related to menopausal status.

Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Tissue of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: The Effects of Overweight and Obesity.

Background Obesity is one of the major cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with oxidative stress and myocardial dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity affects cardiac function and morbidity by causing alterations in enzymatic redox patterns. Methods Sixty-one patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included in the study. Excessive right atrial myocardial tissue emerging from the operative connection to the extracorporeal circulation was harvested. Patients were assigned to control (n = 19, body mass index (BMI): <25 kg/m2), overweight (n = 25, 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 30 kg/m2), or obese (n = 17, BMI: >30 kg/m2) groups. Oxidative enzyme systems were studied directly in the cardiac muscles of patients undergoing CABG who were grouped according to BMI. Molecular biological methods and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to detect the expression and activity of oxidative enzymes and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results We found increased levels of ROS and increased expression of ROS-producing enzymes (i.e., p47phox, xanthine oxidase) and decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms (mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, heme oxygenase-1, and eNOS) in line with elevated inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in the right atrial myocardial tissue and by trend also in serum (sVCAM-1 and CCL5/RANTES). Conclusion Increasing BMI in patients undergoing CABG is related to altered myocardial redox patterns, which indicates increased oxidative stress with inadequate antioxidant compensation. These changes suggest that the myocardium of obese patients suffering from coronary artery disease is more susceptible to cardiomyopathy and possible damage by ischemia and reperfusion, for example, during cardiac surgery.

Associação entre obesidade, risco de quedas e medo de cair em mulheres idosas

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between obesity, risk of falls and fear of falling in older women. Two hundred and twenty-six volunteers (68.05 ± 6.22 years, 68.06 ± 11.79 kg, 1.56 ± 0.06 m) were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese, according to the body mass index. Risk of falls and fear of falling were evaluated using QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment and Falls Efficiency Scale – International (FES-I), respectively. Comparisons between groups were conducted using Chi-square and ANOVA One-way tests. The significance level was set at p< 0.05. Obesity was associated with greater probability of falls (p< 0.001), which may be partly explained by decreased muscle strength (p< 0.001) and reaction time (p< 0.001). In addition, significant differences between groups was observed in FES-I score (p< 0.01), with obese women showing more pronounced fear of falling (30.10 ± 8.4) than normal weigh (25. 33 ± 7.11, p< 0.01) and overweight subjects (26.97 ± 7.05, p< 0.05). These findings corroborate previous evidence pointing obesity as a major risk factor for falls. Therefore, health professionals dealing with fall prevention should consider the effects of overweight.

Associação entre obesidade, risco de quedas e medo de cair em mulheres idosas

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n4p450 The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between obesity, risk of falls and fear of falling in older women. Two hundred and twenty-six volunteers (68.05 ± 6.22 years, 68.06 ± 11.79 kg, 1.56 ± 0.06 m) were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese, according to the body mass index. Risk of falls and fear of falling were evaluated using QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment and Falls Efficiency Scale – International (FES-I), respectively. Comparisons between groups were conducted using Chi-square and ANOVA One-way tests. The significance level was set at p&lt; 0.05. Obesity was associated with greater probability of falls (p&lt; 0.001), which may be partly explained by decreased muscle strength (p&lt; 0.001) and reaction time (p&lt; 0.001). In addition, significant differences between groups was observed in FES-I score (p&lt; 0.01), with obese women showing more pronounced fear of falling (30.10 ± 8.4) than normal weigh (25. 33 ± 7.11, p&lt; 0.01) and overweight subjects (26.97 ± 7.05, p&lt; 0.05). These findings corroborate previous evidence pointing obesity as a major risk factor for falls. Therefore, health professionals dealing with fall prevention should consider the effects of overweight.

Association between obesity, risk of falls and fear of falling in older women

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between obesity, risk of falls and fear of falling in older women. Two hundred and twenty-six volunteers (68.05 ± 6.22 years, 68.06 ± 11.79 kg, 1.56 ± 0.06 m) were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese, according to the body mass index. Risk of falls and fear of falling were evaluated using QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment and Falls Efficiency Scale – International (FES-I), respectively. Comparisons between groups were conducted using Chi-square and ANOVA One-way tests. The significance level was set at p< 0.05. Obesity was associated with greater probability of falls (p< 0.001), which may be partly explained by decreased muscle strength (p< 0.001) and reaction time (p< 0.001). In addition, significant differences between groups was observed in FES-I score (p< 0.01), with obese women showing more pronounced fear of falling (30.10 ± 8.4) than normal weigh (25. 33 ± 7.11, p< 0.01) and overweight subjects (26.97 ± 7.05, p< 0.05). These findings corroborate previous evidence pointing obesity as a major risk factor for falls. Therefore, health professionals dealing with fall prevention should consider the effects of overweight.

Improved assessment of arterial stiffness using corrected cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI0) in overweight adolescents with white-coat and essential hypertension

Arterial stiffness is a marker of vascular damage. Although adiposity increases cardiovascular risk, the relationship between paediatric overweight and arterial stiffness is unclear. The study aimed to evaluate the simultaneous effect of hypertension and overweight on arterial stiffness using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and related novel, theoretically blood pressure (BP)-independent, index CAVI0. CAVI and CAVI0 were measured in 140 adolescent boys (16.0 ± 1.9 years) divided into age-matched groups: normal-weight normotensives, overweight normotensives, overweight white-coat hypertensives, and overweight essential hypertensives. Overweight normotensives had significantly lower CAVI and CAVI0 compared to normal-weight normotensives (4.81 ± 0.64 vs. 5.33 ± 0.66, p < .01; 7.10 ± 0.99 vs. 7.81 ± 1.00, p < .01, respectively). CAVI and CAVI0 in overweight essential hypertensives showed no significant difference compared to normal-weight normotensives and were significantly higher compared to overweight normotensives (5.32 ± 0.77 vs. 4.81 ± 0.64, p < .01; 7.77 ± 1.19 vs. 7.10 ± 0.99, p < .01, respectively). CAVI, but not CAVI0, was associated positively with diastolic pressure (0.022 mmHg−1, p = .002) and negatively with pulse pressure (−0.022 mmHg−1, p = .001), and it was significantly higher in overweight white-coat hypertensives compared to overweight normotensives (5.20 ± 0.63 vs. 4.81 ± 0.64, p < .05). The lowering effect of overweight on arterial stiffness indexed by CAVI and CAVI0 in hypertensive adolescents seems to counterbalance the early arteriosclerotic effect of essential hypertension. The increase in CAVI, but not CAVI0, in overweight white-coat hypertensives could be attributable to residual BP dependence of CAVI, which is not present in CAVI0. Under certain conditions, CAVI0 may offer a clinically relevant improved assessment of arterial stiffness superior to CAVI.

Body mass index is an independent predictive factor for kidney function evaluated by glomerular filtration rate in a community-dwelling population.

The effects of overweight and obesity on kidney function have since been identified and become a subject of increased study and concern. But the association between body mass index (BMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is not well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between BMI and eGFR. To better understand the relationship between BMI and kidney function, we investigated the association between BMI and eGFR using both the baseline BMI level and the follow-up eGFR level and investigated the relationship between the change in BMI and the change in eGFR in 1447 patients from a 4.8-year prospective study in Beijing, People's Republic of China. In multiple linear regression analysis, age, antihypertensive treatment, and BMI were negatively associated with the follow-up eGFR levels in all participants (R=-0.622, -0.926, and -0.266, respectively; P<0.05), or in the elderly (R=-0.883, -1.035, and -0.630, respectively; P<0.05); sex was found to be associated with the follow-up eGFR levels independently not only in all participants (R=6.783; P<0.001), but also in the elderly (R=3.518; P<0.05). In addition, the change in eGFR levels was positively related to age, the change in LDL-C, the change in TC, and the change in SBP, but negatively related to the change in BMI and the change in HDL-C (all P<0.05). The present study clearly indicated that BMI is an independent predictive factor for kidney function evaluated by the eGFR level during a median 4.8years of follow-up in Chinese population. Level III, prospective cohort study.

The Mediterranean Diet Reduces the Risk and Mortality of the Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the world among men, and is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among men. The aim of our review was to analyze observational and case–control studies to point out the effects of overweight and diets components on the cancer risk, particularly on risk of prostate cancer, and the effect of the Mediterranean diet (MD) on the reduction of risk and mortality of prostate cancer. It is known that incidence and progression of cancer is multifactorial. Cancer of the large bowel, breast, endometrium, and prostate are due also to a high body mass index and to high consumption of high carcinogenic dietary factors, as red and processed meat or saturated fats rich foods, and to a low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Previous meta-analysis suggested that high adherence to diet model based on the traditional MD pattern gives a significant protection from incidence and mortality of cancer of all types. The main component of the MD is olive oil, consumed in high amount by Mediterranean basin populations. In addition, phenolic compounds exert some strong chemo-preventive effects, which are due to several mechanisms, including both antioxidant effects and actions on cancer cell signaling and cell cycle progression and proliferation. The protective effect of the MD against the prostate cancer is also due to the high consumption of tomato sauce. Lycopene is the most relevant functional component in tomatoes; after activating by the cooking of tomato sauce, it exerts antioxidant properties by acting in the modulation of downregulation mechanisms of the inflammatory response. MD, therefore, represents a healthy dietary pattern in the context of a healthy lifestyle habits. In conclusion, our narrative review allows us to reaffirm how nutritional factors play an important role in cancer initiation and development, and how a healthy dietary pattern represented by MD and its components, especially olive oil, could exert a protective role by the development and progression of prostate cancer.

The effects of overweight and obesity on cognitive functions and psychological well-being

The effects of overweight and obesity on cognitive functions and psychological well-being

Brain changes in overweight/obese and normal-weight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Overweight and obesity may significantly worsen glycaemic and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the effects of overweight and obesity on the brains of people with type 2 diabetes. Here, we investigate whether the presence of overweight or obesity influences the brain and cognitive functions during early stage type 2 diabetes. This study attempted to uncouple the effects of overweight/obesity from those of type 2 diabetes on brain structures and cognition. Overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes had more severe and progressive abnormalities in their brain structures and cognition during early stage type 2 diabetes compared with participants with normal weight. Relationships between each of these measures and disease duration were also examined. Global mean cortical thickness was lower in the overweight/obese type 2 diabetes group than in the normal-weight type 2 diabetes group (z=-2.96, p for group effect = 0.003). A negative correlation was observed between disease duration and global mean white matter integrity (z=2.42, p for interaction = 0.02) in the overweight/obese type 2 diabetes group, but not in the normal-weight type 2 diabetes group. Overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes showed a decrease in psychomotor speed performance related to disease duration (z=-2.12, p for interaction = 0.03), while normal-weight participants did not. The current study attempted to uncouple the effects of overweight/obesity from those of type 2 diabetes on brain structures and cognition. Overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes had more severe and progressive abnormalities in brain structures and cognition during early stage type 2 diabetes compared with normal-weight participants.

Analysis of influence of overweight on appendicitis and laparoscopic appendectomy

Objective To analyze the effect of overweight on appendicitis and laparoscopic surgery. Methods Clinical data of 200 patients with laparoscopic appendectomy were analyzed retrospectively.Overweight and non-overweight patients were compared.The risk factors of appendicitis were analyzed. Results The operation time [(56.19±30.42)min vs.(48.40±21.03)min] and length of stay[(5.35±2.04)d vs.(4.52±1.49)d] between the overweight and non-overweight groups had statistically significant differences(t=2.040, P=0.043, t=3.219, P=0.002). Overweight was correlated with appendix inflammation(OR=0.149, P=0.000). Conclusion Overweight patients are prone to develope into complicated appendicitis.It should take surgeon′s attention for more difficult operation and more complication. Key words: BMI; Overweight; Laparoscopic appendectomy; Appendicitis

Effects of overweight and the PLA2G7 V279F polymorphism on the association of age with systolic blood pressure.

This prospective study aimed to determine the effects of the persistence of overweight for three years and the PLA2G7 V279F polymorphism, as well as the interaction between these factors, on the association of age with blood pressure (BP). Healthy middle-aged subjects with normotensive BP were divided into the normal-weight and overweight groups. The PLA2G7 V279F genotype, BP, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were determined. Lp-PLA2 activity was lower in the F allele subjects (n = 111) than in those with the VV genotype (n = 389). The overweight individuals with the F allele had lower Lp-PLA2 activity and ox-LDL at both baseline and after three years and lower systolic and diastolic BP and LDL cholesterol after three years compared with those with the VV phenotype. After three years, the overweight subjects with the VV phenotype exhibited greater increases in Lp-PLA2 activity, systolic BP, and ox-LDL than those with the F allele and normal-weight subjects with the VV phenotype. A multivariate analysis revealed that the PLA2G7 V279F genotype, baseline BMI, changes in Lp-PLA2 activity and ox-LDL remained independently and positively associated with changes in systolic BP. The simultaneous presence of the PLA2G7 279VV genotype and persistence of overweight synergistically increases the risk for hypertension, whereas lower Lp-PLA2 activity in PLA2G7 279F allele carriers might offer certain protection against hypertension, even in individuals who have been overweight for over three years.

Effect of overweight and obesity on weight loss and length of stay in patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis.

The aim of this study was to assess the association between admission weight, weight loss, and length of stay (LOS) in patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis. We classified the admission body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 to <25kg/m2 as normal weight, 25 to <30kg/m2 as overweight, and ≥30kg/m2 as obesity. The Nutritional Risk Screening score-2002 was calculated to identify patients at risk for undernutrition. We included 38 patients (61% men, 68% with infected necrosis; 40% normal weight; 60% overweight/obesity). Four patients (11%) required treatment at the semi-intensive care unit, 11 (29%) developed pneumonia, and 10 (26%) developed septicemia. One patient died due to respiratory failure and hemorrhage. The remaining patients were discharged after a median of 49d (36-64d). During admission, 14 patients (38%) achieved an energy-protein intake of at least 75% and 17 (46%) achieved ≥70% coverage. The percentage weight loss was different (P<0.01) for patients with normal weight (4%), overweight (9%), and obesity (14%). There was no difference between groups regarding percentage of energy or protein coverage. Patients with overweight/obesity had a longer hospital LOS (P=0.016). In univariable regression analysis, overweight, obesity, energy, and protein coverage predicted weight loss. LOS did not predict weight loss. In multivariable regression analysis, overweight and obesity were the only remaining significant predictors of weight loss. Patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis are at considerable risk for undernutrition. A BMI >25kg/m2 predicts greater weight loss and longer LOS.

Association between dietary intake and 'school-valued' outcomes: a scoping review.

Approximately one in four Australian children aged 5-17 years are overweight or obese. Most of the health effects of overweight and obesity in childhood do not eventuate until into adulthood; therefore, motivation for children to have a healthy diet may be low. This scoping review examined the literature for associations between diet quality in 5-18 year olds and 'school-valued' outcomes including student attendance, academic performance, behaviour at school and mental health. A literature search for studies that assessed dietary intake and at least one 'school-valued' outcome in schoolchildren, in highly developed countries was conducted. After applying selection criteria, 35 studies were included examining academic performance (46%), behaviour (11%), mental health (31%) and 11% examining two of these outcomes each. No relevant studies addressed attendance. In general, dietary factors including consumption of fruit and vegetables, discretionary foods and/or beverages, or overall diet quality, were suggested to be correlates of the 'school-valued' outcomes. However, the evidence is not comprehensive. This review elucidates the extent and nature of available literature, and provides a basis for future research where the potential benefits of diet on 'school-valued' outcomes can be thoroughly explored.

Relationship of Body Mass Index with Diet, Physical Activities, and Lifestyles of Dental Students.

The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight issues and obesity by recording the body mass index (BMI) and explore the dietary habits, physical activities (PAs), and lifestyles of male students at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University. A custom-designed self-administrative form and questionnaire were used in this study for data collection. The first part of the form was used to record the participants' height and weight for the BMI. The participants were grouped as underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (BMI = 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI = 25-29.9), and obese (BMI > 30.0). The second part comprised questions related to the dietary habits, PAs, and lifestyles of the male dental students. Chi-squared test was used to generate the significance of each question at significance <0.05. A total of 211 male students (mean age 22.31 ± 2.10 years) participated in the study (response rate 78.1%). The findings revealed that 29 and 28% of the dental students were overweight and obese respectively. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the groups was found for the questions asked about time spent exercising per day (p = 0.003), time spent sporting per week (p = 0.003), and time spent watching television and internet surfing per day (p = 0.012). The prevalence of overweight issues and obesity is high among the dental students compared with the general population of Saudi Arabia, and there is a need for intervention programs to combat obesity among the dental students. The awareness about PA, healthy diet/lifestyle, consequences of overweight and obesity on their health and profession must be increased among the dental students to avoid future complications. The impact of obesity on individuals' oral health and its influence on dental treatment protocols and postoperative procedures has been well documented. Dental students are more prone to obesity due to their lifestyle with less PA and disordered eating habits and, thereby, are prone to obesity-related health hazards.

Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study in Kashmir, India.

Obesity among children and adolescents is a growing public health problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and metabolic consequences of obesity among schoolchildren from Kashmir, India. The study subjects (n=2024) included 870 boys and 1154 girls, aged between 6 and 18 years. Data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaires. Information was obtained about different lifestyles, anthropometric parameters and dietary habits. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) percentile as per the guidelines of Centers for Disease Control, 2000. For the evaluation of different clinical parameters, blood samples were collected from the subjects in the fasting state at 8 to 9 am after an overnight (10-12 h) fast. The highest representation of subjects was from fee-paying private schools. Out of the total subjects, 6.69% were overweight and 4.64% were obese. The hip circumference, abdominal circumference, BMI, blood pressure (BP), use of ready-made foods as well as the clinical parameters like glucose, phosphorous, cholesterol and triglycerides were found significantly higher among girls than boys (p<0.05). Boys were taller and were physically more active than girls (p<0.01). Compared to the boys (3.33%), the girls were found to be more obese (5.63%). Rural dwelling subjects (4.22%) exhibited a lower percentage of obesity than urban population (5.00%). The difference in obesity among the different age groups was found statistically significant (p<0.05). Additionally, children with active lives in the form of vigorous (10.59%) or moderate (10.34%) exercise decreased their chances of gaining weight substantially. Results from the present study have shown that prevalence of obesity among children was high in our population.

A Numerical Investigation into the Effects of Overweight and Obesity on Total Knee Arthroplasty

Overweight and obesity increase risks of knee osteoarthritis, which is a major cause of disability. Severe knee osteoarthritis can be treated by knee arthroplasty. Total knee arthroplasty has been used in overweight and obese patients; however, clinical reports showed that the outcome of this group of patients was not good as normal-weight patients. Two computer models were created in this paper to simulate the effect of excess loads on the distal femoral bone and contact pressures in total knee arthroplasty during a gait cycle. The numerical results showed increased stress in periprosthetic distal femoral bones and higher contact pressure on tibial polyethylene insert during the stance phase. Based on the computer simulation results and published research work, cementless total knee arthroplasty with thicker tibial polyethylene insert may be a better option for overweight patients.

Gallstone Risk in Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: Possible Effect of Overweight and Obesity.

Adult atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with overweight, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Americans, similarly to psoriasis, but no increased risk of CVD has been shown in European patients with AD. This study investigated the prevalence and risk of gallstones in adults with AD and in those with psoriasis as a proxy for obesity using nationwide data for all Danish citizens ≥ 30 years of age. Outcome was a diagnosis of gallstones. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression (cross-sectional study) and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by Cox regression (cohort study). The study comprised 6,742 patients with AD, 53,810 patients with psoriasis, and 3,534,164 general population subjects. The prevalence of gallstones was 3.8%, 3.5% and 5.0% in the general population, AD and psoriasis patients, respectively. Adjusted ORs were 0.81 (0.71-0.92) for AD and 1.18 (1.14-1.23) for psoriasis. During follow-up, adjusted HRs were 0.72 (0.56-0.90) for AD and 1.10 (1.02-1.18) for psoriasis. The findings highlight important differences in obesity and lifestyle factors among patients with AD and those with psoriasis.

Factors influencing obesity among school-going children in Sambalpur district of Odisha

Background: Overweight and obesity are the resultant of excess consumption and less utilization of calorie resulting in storage of fat in the body. Obesity may have an adverse effect on health, leading to increased health problems and/or reduced life expectancy. It is the precursor of large number of fatal noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancers, and osteoarthritis in later stages of life. Materials and Methods: The objectives were to estimate the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren aged 10–12 years. The study was conducted in the year 2012–2013. It was a cross-sectional study among 300 school-going children of 10–12 years. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select students for the study, and a pretested predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data from the students. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 6.3% and 3.3%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys was 5.6% and 3.4%, respectively, and among girls, the prevalence was 7.4% and 3.3%, respectively. The outdoor activities, cycling, activities after school hours and mode of transportation to school, hours of television viewing, or computer use, all are significantly associated with body mass index status of schoolchildren. Conclusion and Recommendations: The present study shows that overweight and obesity among schoolchildren aged 10–12 years are an emerging health problems in this part of Odisha. The overnutrition problem (overweight/obesity) was reported higher among female students than male students. Health education to students regarding the ill effects of overweight and obesity is the most important step in the prevention of overnutrition. A well-designed, well-implemented school program can effectively promote physical activity and healthy eating behavior among children.