Effects Of Adiposity Research Articles

Obesity Aggravates the Clinical Profile of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the North of Mato Grosso, Brazil: A Cohort Study

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has significantly impacted global health, particularly among patients with obesity. This study evaluates the prevalence and effects of overweight and obesity on the clinical profiles and complications of COVID-19 patients admitted to a hospital in Northern Mato Grosso. We conducted a retrospective cohort study analyzing medical records of COVID-19 patients hospitalized from March 2020 to March 2021. Patients were classified into normal body weight, overweight, and obesity groups. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis’s test and Dunn’s post-test (continuous variables) or by the chi-square test (χ2) (categorical variables). Among 145 ward records, 24.1% were normal body weight, 46.2% were overweight, and 29.7% were obese. In the intensive care unit, data from 243 patients indicated that 17.3% were normal body weight, 37.9% were overweight, and 44.9% were obese, highlighting a concerning prevalence of overweight/obesity. Chest computed tomography revealed that moderate pulmonary involvement (25–50%) was most frequent in the overweight group, while severe involvement (>50%) was predominant in the obesity group. The obesity group experienced more complications, including increased use of mechanical ventilation. Notably, in both settings, mortality rates were higher among patients with overweight and obesity. This study concludes that overweight and obesity significantly worsen COVID-19 outcomes.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their impact on academic performance and psychological well-being among university students in 2024 in Bangladesh.

The prevalence and impact of obesity and overweight is one of the main concerns among researchers worldwide. There are several consequences of overweight and obesity among students in developing countries like Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aims to explore the prevalence and impact of overweight or obesity on individuals' self-esteem and academic performance among university students in Bangladesh. This study is based on primary data that was collected from 600 students of Jahangirnagar University using a well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic information, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-7). The summary statistics, the Fisher exact test, the Chi-square test, and the Pearson correlation matrix were computed. A logistic regression model assessed the relationship between low self-esteem and other variables such as demographic characteristics, BMI status, and physical activities. The findings indicate that 38.2% of the students are overweight or obese, and the prevalence rate is high among males. The lowest academic performance across all disciplines is observed among obese students. A negative correlation is observed between BMI and self-esteem (r = -0.41) and academic performance is negatively linked with overweight or obese (r = -0.26) Results depict that overweight/obese students are 7.11 times more likely to have low self-esteem (AOR: 7.11, 95% CI: 4.59-11.02) compared to normal students. Overweight and obese students are more prone to lower academic performance and low self-esteem, considering physical inactivity and irregular dietary patterns. Therefore, university authorities ought to encourage students to engage in physical activities and should create awareness among students about the beneficial effects of nutritious foods and the importance of physical exercise.

Quality of life of patients with asthma: the effects of overweight, obesity and multimorbidity

BACKGROUND: Despite significant progress in the search for treatable additional features affecting multicomponent control of bronchial asthma, there is currently a paucity of research studies with a comprehensive assessment of the impact of obesity and multimorbidity on quality of life in patients with bronchial asthma. AIM: To assess the effect of personalizing features (obesity and multimorbidity) on the quality of life of patients with different levels of asthma control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with asthma (n = 237) were divided into 3 groups depending on BMI. Multimorbid pathology was analyzed by Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS), asthma control — Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 (ACQ-5), quality of life — Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire with Standardized Activities [AQLQ(S)], anxiety and depression — Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Statistical analysis: Microsoft Excel, Statistica 12.0, Statgraphics XVIII. RESULTS: Patients with obesity and asthma had more comorbidities (p 0.05). Quality of life in patients with high and normal body weight depended on the level of control and the number of diseases (p 0.05), with getting worse disease control these differences became insignificant. In the group with obesity, activity limitation (p = 0.0150) and overall quality of life (p 0.005) increased significantly with increasing number of diseases. Anxiety levels increased with increasing number of illnesses (p 0.0001). Quality of life of patients according to AQLQ(S) has inverse correlation with BMI (r = −0.5135), age (r = −0.2034) with CIRS scores (r = −0.4905) with anxiety (r = −0.5078) and depression (r = −0.4820) level. CONCLUSIONS: Body weight, level of asthma control, depression and anxiety, and the number of comorbid multimorbid conditions affect the quality of life of patients with asthma. Obesity makes a significant negative contribution to worsening asthma control and patients’ quality of life, in this group patients have the highest level of multimorbidity and they have a prevalence of anxiety. To improve asthma control, patients need a complex examination including assessment of quality of life, depression and anxiety, and comorbidities in order to develop personalization of therapeutic approaches to patient management.

Effects of overweight and obesity on lower limb walking characteristics from joint kinematics to muscle activations

BackgroundObesity is a crucial factor that increases the risk of initiating and advancing knee osteoarthritis. However, it remains unclear how obesity directly impacts the biomechanical experience of the lower limb joints, potentially triggering or exacerbating joint degeneration. This study investigated the interactive effects of BMI augmentation on lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activations during walking. MethodologyA group of 60 participants underwent a three-dimensional gait analysis. These individuals were categorized into three groups based on their body mass index (BMI): those with a BMI below 25 were classified as having a healthy weight, those with a BMI between 25 and 30 were categorized as overweight, and those with a BMI exceeding 30 were considered obese. This study analyzed the gait of 60 participants categorized by BMI. During walking trials, they recorded ground reaction forces electromyography of leg muscles like the gastrocnemii, hamstrings, and quadriceps. Lower limb joint angles and net moments were also calculated. Statistical mapping identified variations in kinematic, kinetic, and muscle activation patterns across the stance phase between BMI groups. ResultsThe results displayed distinct biomechanical patterns in obese individuals. Notably, there was a significant increase in flexion observed in the hip and knee joints (P < 0.001) during the initial stance phase and an increase in hip and knee adduction angles and moments throughout the entire stance phase (P < 0.001). Additionally, muscle activations underwent significant changes (P < 0.01), with a positive correlation noted with the BMI factor. This correlation was most pronounced during the early stance phase for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the late stance phase for the gastrocnemius. ConclusionThese findings represent a comprehensive picture that contributes to understanding how excess weight and obesity influence joint biomechanics, highlighting the associated risk of joint osteoarthritis.

The effect of overweight and obesity on the severity of manifestations of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis with an inflammatory component

BACKGROUND: Chronic prostatitis is one of the most common urological diseases of young and middle-aged men. The variety of pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations, the tendency to recurrence necessitates the search for new methods of examination and monitoring of this disease. AIM: To identify the characteristics of the clinical manifestations of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis with an inflammatory component in men of the first period of adulthood, depending on the body mass index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive urological examination was carried out on 150 men with CNVC in the first period of adulthood, aged 22 to 35 years. All patients were assessed for hormonal status, as well as anthropometric parameters. RESULTS: Men with normal body mass index had milder clinical symptoms of prostatitis compared with overweight and obese patients. The results of laboratory studies demonstrated a more pronounced inflammatory process and dysfunction of the prostate in patients with a higher body mass index. Analysis of hormonal status revealed high levels of total and free testosterone and low levels of estradiol in men with normal body mass index. The content of sex hormone-binding globulin was significantly lower in obese patients. Overweight and obese men also had larger prostate volume according to TRUS. CONCLUSIONS: More severe manifestations of prostatitis are associated with an increase in body mass index.

Effects of Overweight on Risk of Thyroid Nodules in Children and Adolescents: The Fukushima Health Management Survey.

Examining how overweight/obesity impacts thyroid nodule development in children and adolescents by sex and age can speculate on the mechanism. We examined whether overweight in children and adolescents are associated with thyroid nodule development by sex and age. Approximately 300,000 participants who underwent thyroid ultrasonography in the Fukushima Health Management Survey after a nuclear accident were enrolled. Those without nodules in the initial two examinations (1-3 and 4-5 years postaccident) were prospectively assessed for nodule development in the third examination (6-7 years postaccident) relative to baseline overweight status, with an average follow-up of 4.2 years. A population-based prospective cohort study. The first and second thyroid examinations involved 299,939 and 237,691 participants, respectively, excluding those with thyroid nodules. After the third examination, 184,519 participants were finalized for analysis. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of new detected thyroid nodules for overweight participants compared with normal-weight participants. New thyroid nodules were detected in 660 participants. Being overweight was positively associated with thyroid nodules. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of thyroid nodules for overweight participants compared with other participants was 1.27 (1.04-1.57). Additionally, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for males and females with overweight were 1.21 and 1.32, respectively, and those for different age groups (0-9, 10-14, and 15-19 years) ranged from 1.17 to 1.75. Being overweight was associated with thyroid nodules in children and adolescents, mostly adolescent females, regardless of their proximity to the nuclear power plant.

Gingival Health and Alveolar Bone Loss Among Iraqi Overweight Primary School - Age Pupils (Radiographic Study)

Many studies have found a strong association between obesity and various clinical and radiographical aspects of periodontal disease, most of these studies were directed toward adult age group only, while younger ages were omitted. To provide radiographic data about the effect of overweight on periodontal health status among Iraqi primary school-age pupils.The sample of this research was consist of 90 pupils of both gender (45 girls and 45 boys) with age range (6-12)years. All were examined clinically for bleeding on probing (BOP) and radiographically for alveolar bone loss (ABL). According to their percentile ranking the pupils in each gender group were divided i nto 3 subgroups (healthy weight, at risk of overweight and overweight). each subgroup was consist of (15 child). Greater mean values for BOP index were recorded for pupils in overweight group (0.8 for girls and 0.66 for boys) in comparison to those in healthy (0.26 for girls and 0.46 for boys) and at risk (0.4 for girls and 0.46 for boys), also greater mean values for ABL radiog raphically were recorded for pupils in overweight groups (1.53 mm for girls and 1.66 mm for boys) in comparison to those he althy (1.00 mm for girls and 0.8 mm for boys) and at risk (1.06 mm for girls and 1.46 mm for boys). According to paired t- tes t most of these differences were found to be statistically significa nt. On the other hand, No significant difference were recor ded between different study groups on gender basis. There is a clear relation between obesity and periodontal health on both clinical and radiographical examinations.

Association between Body Mass Index and Brain Health in Adults: A 16-Year Population-Based Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Study.

Background: The cumulative effect of body mass index (BMI) on brain health remains ill-defined. The effects of overweight on brain health across different age groups need clarification. We analyzed the effect of cumulative BMI on neuroimaging features of brain health in adults of different ages. Methods: This study was based on a multicenter, community-based cohort study. We modeled the trajectories of BMI over 16 years to evaluate cumulative exposure. Multimodality neuroimaging data were collected once for volumetric measurements of the brain macrostructure, white matter hyperintensity (WMH), and brain microstructure. We used a generalized linear model to evaluate the association between cumulative BMI and neuroimaging features. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed using summary level of BMI genetic data from 681,275 individuals and neuroimaging genetic data from 33,224 individuals to analyze the causal relationships. Results: Clinical and neuroimaging data were obtained from 1,074 adults (25 to 83 years). For adults aged under 45 years, brain volume differences in participants with a cumulative BMI of >26.2 kg/m2 corresponded to 12.0 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.0 to 20.0] of brain aging. Differences in WMH were statistically substantial for participants aged over 60 years, with a 6.0-ml (95% CI, 1.5 to 10.5) larger volume. Genetic analysis indicated causal relationships between high BMI and smaller gray matter and higher fractional anisotropy in projection fibers. Conclusion: High cumulative BMI is associated with smaller brain volume, larger volume of white matter lesions, and abnormal microstructural integrity. Adults younger than 45 years are suggested to maintain their BMI below 26.2 kg/m2 for better brain health. Trial Registration: This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Clinical Indicators and Brain Image Data: A Cohort Study Based on Kailuan Cohort; No. NCT05453877; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05453877).

Исход COVID-19 тяжелого течения у ребенка с морбидным ожирением

Obesity is one of the most essential medical and social problems. When it was noted that obese children had higher risks of disease, complications and mortality, the overweight effect on the course and outcome of infectious respiratory diseases became particularly important during the flu pandemic. According to numerous studies, obesity has been considered as a predictor of the adverse and even fatal outcome of COVID-19, participating in the formation of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This article demonstrates a case study of severe COVID-19 complicated by MIS-C, multiple thrombosis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in a 9-year-old child with morbid obesity. The article describes the patient management and the complex of diagnostic and therapeutic measures conducted. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of the inflammatory process explaining the association between obesity and the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus damaging effects are also considered. The need for timely diagnosis and treatment of both obesity itself and comorbid pathology is shown to prevent potentially life-threatening conditions. KEYWORDS: children, obesity, new coronavirus infection, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, premorbid history, thrombosis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. FOR CITATION: Kartashova D.A., Bokova T.A., Razheva I.V., Bevz A.S., Vorontsova S.V. Severe COVID-19 course outcome in a child with morbid obesity. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2024;7(1):79–85 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2024-7-1-12.

The effect of overweight or obesity on osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Osteoporosis and obesity are closely related, and the relationships between different types of obesity and osteoporosis are inconsistent. Our objective was to summarize earlier data concerning the association between osteoporosis and obesity (general and central), and to compare the impacts of these two obesity indicators on osteoporosis. From inception to May 2021, a comprehensive search in electronic bibliographic databases was conducted, and the search was updated in December 2021, July 2022 and June 2023. The data were independently extracted and evaluated by two investigators from epidemiological studies that reported the impact of obesity on the odds of incident osteoporosis. There were 24 studies included in the final analysis when it came to general obesity measured by body mass index (BMI). Individuals with overweight and obesity had decreased odds of osteoporosis (odds ratio (OR), 0.451, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.366-0.557). Sensitivity analyses showed that both overweight and obesity were decreased odds of osteoporosis, with reductions of 48.6% and 70.1%, respectively (OR, 0.514, 95% CI: 0.407-0.649; OR, 0.299, 95% CI: 0.207-0.433). Conversely, individuals classified as underweight were found to have higher odds of osteoporosis (OR, 2.540, 95% CI: 1.483-4.350). In term of central obesity, the final analysis consisted of 7 studies. No significant association was observed between central obesity and osteoporosis (OR, 0.913, 95% CI: 0.761-1.096). General overweight and obesity were associated with lower odds of developing osteoporosis, whereas underweight was associated with higher odds. However, central obesity did not show a significant association with osteoporosis. These findings underscore the importance of considering the impact of obesity on osteoporosis. Further research is necessary to reinforce the evidence and validate our findings.

Effect of overweight and obesity on spirometric parameters in children and adolescent with asthma

Aim: Being overweight and obesity are factors in the negative modification of bronchial asthma (BA). The mechanisms of the aggravating effect of obesity on the course of BA have not yet been fully determined, but include changes in external respiration. The aim of the study was to study the effect of being overweight/obesity on spirometric parameters and on the occurrence of dysanapsis in children and adolescents with BA. Methods: It was a cross-sectional, open, single-center study. The data were obtained from 428 patients with atopic BA aged 7 years to 17 years, 12.0 [9.0; 14.0], and 72.9% (312/428) of them were boys. The children were divided into 3 groups: group 1—normal body weight; group 2—overweight; and group 3—obesity. All participants underwent spirometry, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) was calculated and the diagnosis of dysanapsis was performed. Results: As body weight increases, a progressive decrease in FEV1/FVC is revealed—group 1: 79.55% [71.37; 85.43]; group 2: 76.82% [70.12; 82.03]; and group 3: 76.28% [67.04; 79.89] P = 0.004; as well as a decrease in Z FEV1/FVC: group 1—1.23 [–2.18; –0.28]; group 2—1.54 [–2.19; –0.68]; and group 3—1.75 [–2.63; –0.90] P = 0.02. Dysanapsis was detected in 37.7% (159/428) of patients. The incidence of dysanapsis increased statistically significantly with increasing body mass index (BMI) and amounted to: with normal body weight—31.7% (77/243), with overweight—42.0% (55/131), and with obesity—50% (27/54) P = 0.016. Conclusions: In children and adolescents with BA, as BMI increases, there is a statistically significant decrease in the ratio of FEV1/FVC, and, consequently, bronchial patency; the incidence of dysanapsis also increases statistically significantly. Taken together, this indicates the formation of an obstructive pattern of external respiration under the influence of being overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with BA.

Temporal sweet taste dominance according to adult body mass index classification

Excess adipose tissue is associated with basic tastes perception change, which can negatively affect food choices. However, the effect of overweight and obesity on sensory perception is not clearly explained in the literature yielding heterogeneous results. The present investigation aimed to investigate the temporal dominance of sweet taste according to body mass index (BMI) classification in adults during the ingestion of five passion fruit nectar samples prepared with different sucrose concentrations. The temporal dominance of sensations methodology was applied, which allowed the representation of the stimuli assessed in dominance curves, considering a significant difference in Fisher's exact test (p≤0.05). The attributes evaluated were sweet taste, bitter taste, acidic taste, astringency, passion fruit flavor, metallic taste, or none of the previous options. The sensory analysis was performed with the participation of ninety adult consumers, divided into three groups: EG=eutrophic, WG=overweight, and OG=obesity group, according to the BMI classification. Between the groups a difference in the perception of the attribute "sweet taste" was observed: The EG demonstrated perception of the stimulus in food samples at lower sucrose concentrations, whereas WG and OG showed a higher rate of sweet taste dominance in the food samples with higher concentration of sucrose. Overweight and obese individuals have a lower sensory perception of sweet taste and require a greater amount of sucrose to producing sensory dominance of the attribute "sweet taste" when compared to eutrophic individuals. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Overweight and obese individuals may experience taste perception in foods in a different way. This study investigated the dominance of sweet taste perception in a fruit beverage by adults with adequate weight and overweight. The results of the tests support the hypothesis that obese and nonobese individuals differ in the sweet taste perception, which can help to understand which factors are involved in sensory perception and food consumption, in addition to providing subsidies for the nonalcoholic beverage industry to elaborate products with new alternatives for concentration and/or replacement of sucrose.

Does body mass index influence surgical options and overall survival in breast cancer patients?

Obesity is a relevant risk factor in breast cancer (BC), but little is known about the effects of overweight and obesity in surgical outcomes of BC patients. The aim of this study is to analyse surgical options and associated overall survival (OS) in overweight and obese women with BC. In this study, 2143 women diagnosed between 2012 and 2016 at the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto) were included, and the clinicopathological information was retrieved from the institutional database. Patients were stratified by body mass index (BMI). Statistical analysis included Pearson's chi-squared test with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Multinomial, binary logistic regression and cox proportional-hazards model were also performed to calculate odd ratios and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for adjusted and non-adjusted models. The results revealed no statistical difference in histological type, topographic localization, tumour stage and receptor status and in the number of surgical interventions. Overweight women have increased probability to be subjected to sentinel node biopsy. Obese and overweight women are more likely to be submitted to conservative surgery and contrariwise, less likely to undergo total mastectomy. Patients submitted to conservative surgery and not submitted to total mastectomy had a favourable OS although without statistical significance. No significant differences were observed in OS when stratified by BMI. Our results revealed significant variations regarding the surgical options in overweight and obese patients, but these were not translated in OS difference. More research is recommended to better address treatment options in overweight and obese BC patients.

Predictors and consequences of overweight and obesity in the household: A mixed methods study on rural Ghanaian women and men farmers

Overweight/obesity (OW/OB) rates are increasing in Ghana. This study aims to identify the predictors of OW/OB in women, men, and at the household level (having at least one person as OW/OB in the household) in rural Ghana and examine local perceptions of the consequences of having an OW/OB person in the household. This was a cross-sectional mixed methods study. The quantitative data was a secondary analysis of the baseline data from the LinkINg Up (LU) project; a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention in eight rural communities in the Eastern Region of Ghana (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03869853). The sample included 331 women and 205 men, 19-90 years old; there were 196 households that had both a participating woman and man (spouse, son, brother, or father). Logistic regression was used to assess variables associated with OW/OB in women (n=322), men (n=205), and households (n=196). Exposure variables included age, social support, mental health, self-efficacy, food security, the other family members’ OW/OB status, and others. Qualitative data included six focus group discussions (FGDs) (three with women and three with men, aged 22-69 years and recruited from the comparison arm of the LU project) were conducted in February-March 2022 in three of the eight project communities. A structured guide and a body figure instrument were used. The FGD recordings were translated and transcribed from Krobo to English. The analysis used an inductive thematic approach. Both women and men’s OW/OB were positively associated with age and wealth. Women’s OW/OB was negatively associated with age squared, and the score for mental health symptoms. Men’s OW/OB was negatively associated with being Krobo compared to other ethnicities. Households in the highest wealth tertile were 2.5-fold more likely to have at least one person who is OW/OB as compared to households in a lower wealth tertile. Participants expressed positive social consequences of having an OW/OB person for their families (for example respect). A person’s size was concerning only when it affected one’s ability to farm or make money, which would harm the household unit (for example lead to food insecurity, children dropping out of school). Having money was seen as a modifier for the negative effects. No negative consequences were perceived for OW people. The implications of the interruption of an OB person’s work on their family are worrisome and call for interventions that address poverty and food insecurity along with nutrition. Key words: Africa, farmer, household, social norms, perceptions, body image, overweight, obesity, predictors

The effect of overweight and excess subcutaneous adipose tissue of early teenage boys on the development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results of the 31-year prospective study

The effect of overweight and excess subcutaneous adipose tissue of early teenage boys on the development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results of the 31-year prospective study

Correlation of Obesity and Overweight with Cervical Vascular Function Among Healthy Populations.

PurposeTo study the effects of obesity and overweight on carotid vascular function among healthy populations by carotid ultrasound (CAU) and transcranial Doppler (TCD).Materials and MethodsBasic clinical characteristics, CAU and TCD parameters were collected from recruited healthy individuals. Firstly, all participants were divided into three groups: normal, overweight and obese. Then, the variability of basic clinical characteristics and lipids between the three groups was calculated. Subsequently, CAU and TCD parameters were compared between the three groups. Finally, the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and neck vascular function was analyzed.ResultsA total of 613 healthy participants were included, of whom 241 were normal, 264 were overweight, and 108 were obese. Overweight and obesity significantly decreased systolic, diastolic and mean flow velocities in the basilar, vertebral and internal carotid arteries, but had no effect on pulsatility index. In addition, BMI was significantly negatively correlated with systolic, diastolic, and mean flow velocities in the basilar, vertebral, and internal carotid arteries, and remained correlated after adjusting for other factors. There was no effect of overweight and obesity on carotid plaques.ConclusionOur study revealed that overweight and obesity decreased carotid vascular flow velocity and showed a decreasing trend in vascular flow velocity with increasing BMI. Overweight and obesity appear to have no effect on carotid plaques.

Effects of female obesity on conception, pregnancy and the health of offspring.

As we all know, female obesity has become a global epidemic, which is usually accompanied with endocrine and metabolic disorders. Obese women are more likely to experience reproductive problems, including infertility, embryonic developmental defects and abnormality in offspring. Female obesity is a complex multifactorial condition, where there are many mechanisms involved in the effects of overweight and obesity on the development of these reproductive disorders. The insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperandrogenism, lipotoxicity and inflammation are important mechanisms. However, the precise mechanism concerning their correlation is still unclear. Fortunately, weight loss methods have been found to reverse the effects of maternal obesity on the fertility, fetus and offspring.

Can the relationship between overweight/obesity and sleep quality be explained by affect and behaviour?

PurposeSleep impairment is reported to be a consequence of overweight and obesity. However, the weight–sleep relationship can alternately be explained by demographics (e.g. age) and covariates (i.e. mood/affect and behaviour in overweight/obese people; e.g. night-eating). Thus, we examined the weight–sleep quality relationship after controlling for the effects of affect and common behaviour (i.e. night-eating, insufficient exercise, alcohol and electronic device use).MethodsOnline questionnaires asked 161 overweight, obese or normal-weight participants about their sleep quality, night-eating, physical activity, alcohol use, electronic device use and anxiety and depression at T0 (baseline) and T1 (3 months later). Height and weight and waist and hip circumference were objectively measured at T0 and T1, and physical activity was assessed over 24 h (using actigraphy) at T0 and T1. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses evaluated whether the weight measures (i.e. body-mass-index [BMI], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR] and obesity category [overweight/obese vs. normal-weight]) predicted sleep quality and its components at T0 and T1, after controlling demographics (at step 1) and covariates (affective distress and behaviour) at step 2, and entering weight measures at step 3; maximum 8 variables in the analyses.ResultsHigh BMI predicted several aspects of sleep quality after taking into account co-existing behaviour, affect and demographics: sleep disturbances at T0 and lower sleep efficiency at T1. WHR and obesity category did not predict any aspects of sleep quality. Several co-existing behaviour were related to or predicted sleep quality score and aspects of sleep quality including night-eating, alcohol use and electronic device use and affective symptoms (i.e. anxiety, depression).ConclusionResults suggest that a person’s weight may impact on their sleep quality above and beyond the effects of their co-existing behaviour and affect, although their co-existing behaviour and affect may also adversely impact on sleep quality.Level of evidenceLevel III, evidence obtained from well-designed cohort.

THE EFFECT OF OBESITY ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

At the present stage, an ever-greater number of people with increased body weight up to obesity are registered annually in the world. The main reasons for such changes include irrational nutrition and decreased physical activity. Obesity is proved to be currently an undoubted factor for the development of various chronic diseases that are not associated with infections. The most common of them are diseases of the cardiovascular system, which are the cause of most deaths worldwide. In the student environment among junior students of the Medical Faculty in the course of educational activities, the authors carried out a study which focused on the state of the students' cardiovascular and respiratory systems along with determining height-weight ratios. Physicians widely use the Quetelet index to calculate body weight, it was as well used to assess the degree of obesity and its effect on the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system. The aim of the study was to study the effect of overweight and obesity on the state of the cardiorespiratory system. The study revealed a change in the cardiorespiratory interaction in medical students with a more impaired upward body mass index. Low reserve capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system have been established, which can be effectively adjusted by appropriate physical education and creation of a dominant motivation to observe a rational diet.

Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease: Principal Mechanisms and New Approaches in Nutritional Management.

Obesity is the epidemic of our era and its incidence is supposed to increase by more than 30% by 2030. It is commonly defined as a chronic and metabolic disease with an excessive accumulation of body fat in relation to fat-free mass, both in terms of quantity and distribution at specific points on the body. The effects of obesity have an important impact on different clinical areas, particularly endocrinology, cardiology, and nephrology. Indeed, increased rates of obesity have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, hypertension, renal diseases, and neurocognitive impairment. Obesity-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been ascribed to intrarenal fat accumulation along the proximal tubule, glomeruli, renal sinus, and around the kidney capsule, and to hemodynamic changes with hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and impaired glomerular filtration rate. In addition, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, which arise as a consequence of overweight, contribute to amplifying renal dysfunction in both the native and transplanted kidney. Overall, several mechanisms are closely related to the onset and progression of CKD in the general population, including changes in renal hemodynamics, neurohumoral pathways, renal adiposity, local and systemic inflammation, dysbiosis of microbiota, insulin resistance, and fibrotic process. Unfortunately, there are no clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with obesity-related CKD. Therefore, dietary management is based on the clinical practice guidelines for the nutritional care of adults with CKD, developed and published by the National Kidney Foundation, Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative and common recommendations for the healthy population. Optimal nutritional management of these patients should follow the guidelines of the Mediterranean diet, which is known to be associated with a lower incidence of CVD and beneficial effects on chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cognitive health. Mediterranean-style diets are often unsuccessful in promoting efficient weight loss, especially in patients with altered glucose metabolism. For this purpose, this review also discusses the use of non-classical weight loss approaches in CKD, including intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet to contrast the onset and progression of obesity-related CKD.