Effects Of Long-term Use Research Articles

Effect of long-term use of kinesiotape on hallux valgus angle: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial

Hallux valgus (HV) has an impact on quality of life since it alters the mechanics of the foot and causes pain. Kinesiotape (KT) has been demonstrated to be challengeable, cost-effective tool for restoring muscle function and strength, improving range of motion, reducing discomfort, and increasing lymphatic drainage. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 8 weeks KT on the degree HV angle (HVA) and subsequently on pain intensity. In this double-blinded randomized controlled trial, 30 subjects with HV deformity (mean age 29.07±6.3 years) were randomly allocated to study group (A) and control group (B). Group A received KT for HV, which was replaced every 5 days for 8 weeks, along with a home regular exercise program for HV, while Group B received placebo KT replaced every 5 days and the same exercise program for HV. HVA was measured using x-ray, pain intensity was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS). Outcomes were measured before and after 8 weeks of intervention. HVA showed a significant reduction in group A (p = 0.001) for both feet in comparison to group B (p = 0.11 for right foot, p = 0.09 for left foot, while pain showed significant improvement in both groups for both feet (p = 0.001). The results revealed that KT in mobile HV is effective on improving the metatarsophalangeal joint angle, decreasing pain, and hence may has positive functional impact on subjects with HV.

Endocannabinoid System and Exogenous Cannabinoids in Depression and Anxiety: A Review.

Background: There is a growing liberalization of cannabis-based preparations for medical and recreational use. In multiple instances, anxiety and depression are cited as either a primary or a secondary reason for the use of cannabinoids. Aim: The purpose of this review is to explore the association between depression or anxiety and the dysregulation of the endogenous endocannabinoid system (ECS), as well as the use of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids in the remediation of depression/anxiety symptoms. After a brief description of the constituents of cannabis, cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system, the most important evidence is presented for the involvement of cannabinoids in depression and anxiety both in human and from animal models of depression and anxiety. Finally, evidence is presented for the clinical use of cannabinoids to treat depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Although the common belief that cannabinoids, including cannabis, its main studied components-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)-or other synthetic derivatives have been suggested to have a therapeutic role for certain mental health conditions, all recent systematic reviews that we report have concluded that the evidence that cannabinoids improve depressive and anxiety disorders is weak, of very-low-quality, and offers no guidance on the use of cannabinoids for mental health conditions within a regulatory framework. There is an urgent need for high-quality studies examining the effects of cannabinoids on mental disorders in general and depression/anxiety in particular, as well as the consequences of long-term use of these preparations due to possible risks such as addiction and even reversal of improvement.

POTENTIALS OF THE CAT’S WHISKER PLANTS (Orthosiphon aristatus) FOR KIDNEY HEALTH

The cat's whisker plant (Orthosiphon stamineus) can be useful as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-microbial activity and has a diuretic effect. The leaves of the cat's whiskers are medicinal plants that contain flavonoid compounds. Cat whiskers plant can also be used to treat various types of diseases both empirically and clinically, including kidney stones. Kidney stones are a clinical disorder due to the blockage of the components of crystal stones that inhibit the work of the kidneys and can cause abnormalities in the urinary tract. Some constituent compounds that are usually found in kidney stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate (brusit), uric acid, cystine, struvite (MgNH4PO4), and wedelit (Bakta, 1995). Efforts to treat kidney stones by utilizing a variety of herbs as medicine, in this context by using a cat whiskers plant called Alternative Medicine, this is because herbal plants have minimal side effects in long-term use when used with the right indications and proportions, the price is also more affordable and easy to obtain. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and provide information on morphology, secondary metabolite content, and pharmacological activity of cat whiskers plants so that they can be used as a support for kidney health. This research is a study of literature or literature review is a type of research that collects, manages, uses, and reviews research data sourced from scientific research journals, previous research manuscripts, and textbooks that have relevance to the theme. The results of a literature search indicate that the cat's whisker plant can be beneficial for kidney health because the extract has diuretic activity and can modulate the excretion of sodium and potassium ions in the urine. The presence of flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds that play a role in diuresis activity, so this cat whiskers plant is efficacious in treating kidney stone disease because it has the effect of destroying kidney stones, reducing urine (diuretic) and anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory).

Effect of Long-Term Use of Sewage Sludge and Lime on the Gross Content and Concentration of Mobile Forms of Heavy Metals in Sandy Loam Sod-Podzolic Soil

The long-term dynamics of the gross content and concentration of mobile forms of heavy metals (TM) in the soil of a microfield experiment laid in 1984 on sod-podzolic gleevate sandy loam soil on moraine loam (Vladimir region) is considered. Various large doses of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and lime (dolomite flour) were introduced as meliorants. Despite the duration of the field experiment, sampling to compare the variants of the experiment on the content of TM in the soil turned out to be insufficiently systematic. Therefore, comparisons were made only on the basis of 3-4 years, and with insufficient comparability of analytical data. As a result, if in some years a significant dependence of the TM content in the soil on the doses of meliorants was obtained, then in the long-term plan, basically we can only talk about trends. From the point of view of contamination of the arable soil layer, it was found that the gross content of Cd, Zn, As was greater than the standard of approximate permissible concentration (APC) in all variants of the experiment (including control); the same is shown for Cu in all variants except control, and for Ni at maximum doses of MSS. Soil contamination in the control appears to be associated with lateral transport. Most of the total Cd and Cu content was extracted with mononormal acids. The content of mobile copper (AAB pH 4.8) (compared with acidsoluble) reacted poorly to the introduction of ameliorants.

Structural analysis and ensemble docking revealed the binding modes of selected progesterone receptor modulators

Uterine fibroids (UF) are benign smooth muscle neoplasm of uterus that have a significant impact on a woman’s quality of life as they perturb hormonal homeostasis resulting in heavy menstrual bleeding, impaired fertility, pregnancy complications and loss. UF can be surgically removed through invasive procedures, but their recurrence rate is often high. Progesterone receptor (PR) has an imperative role in UF management. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate (UPA) and asoprisnil (ASO) are some selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs), acts on PR, but due to their side effects in long term use, they were withdrawn from the market. Hence, there is a dire need for novel, highly efficient with least side effects, therapeutics for the treatment of UF. To contribute toward the drug discovery for UF, we made an extensive structural comparison of reported PR crystal structures, also elucidated the binding modes of four existing SPRMs against human PR through ensemble docking approach. Our studies revealed the presence of 5 highly repeating water molecules that has an important role in ligand binding and structural stability. Our ensemble docking and MD simulation revealed that studied ligands have preferential selectivity toward the specific conformation of PR. It is anticipated that our study will be a useful resource to all the drug discovery scientists who are engaged in the identification of lead molecules against UF.

Патологія пародонту при системному червоному вовчаку

Introduction. Periodontal disease (PD), including gingivitis and periodontitis, is a very common disease worldwide. The prevalence of gingivitis ranges from 38% to 85%. There is increasing evidence that oral dysbiosis as well as periodontitis-related pathogens may be involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, establish the main pathological aspects of periodontal damage in SLE. Results. The clinical picture of the condition of peri-dental tissues in SLE was represented by a polymorphic combination characterized by hypertrophic and catarrhal lesions of the periodontium in acute and subacute stages of periodontitis, which is mostly untreatable without correcting the therapy of the underlying disease. The X-ray picture was characterized by thinning of the top of the interdental septa (especially the compact bone plate) and diffuse osteoporosis of the bone tissue. Gross destructive bone resorption is uncharacteristic for SLE. At the same time, radiological changes in the bone tissue of the jaws, as a rule, were uniform throughout the alveolar edge, which indicated the simultaneous involvement in the process in the entire area and the systemic (caused by the main rheumatic disease) genesis of periodontal changes. The results of studies of periodontal tissues showed that patients with SLE do not have a big difference in the values of hygiene indices and gum condition, but have low periodontal indices due to the smaller depth of periodontal pockets compared to the group of somatically healthy patients. Researchers explain this fact mainly by the effects of long-term use of hormonal drugs and, possibly, the lower pathogenicity of the microflora of the oral cavity. Conclusions. SLE affects the periodontium. In most cases, periodontitis with SLE has a hypertrophic and catarrhal character with more pronounced bleeding and granulations from periodontal pockets.

Effects of Long-Term Use of Organic Fertilizer with Different Dosages on Soil Improvement, Nitrogen Transformation, Tea Yield and Quality in Acidified Tea Plantations.

In this study, sheep manure fertilizers with different dosages were used for five consecutive years to treat acidified tea plantation soils, and the effects of sheep manure fertilizer on soil pH value, nitrogen transformation, and tea yield and quality were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH value showed an increasing trend after a continuous use of sheep manure fertilizer from 2018 to 2022. After the use of low dosage of sheep manure fertilizer (6 t/hm2-15 t/hm2), tea yield, the content of tea quality indicators (tea polyphenols, theanine, amino acid, and caffeine) and soil ammonium nitrogen content, ammoniating bacteria number, ammoniating intensity, urease activity and protease activity showed increasing trends and were significantly and positively correlated to soil pH value, while the related indexes showed increasing and then decreasing trends after the use of high dosage of sheep manure fertilizer (18 t/hm2). Secondly, the nitrate nitrogen content, nitrifying bacteria number, nitrifying intensity, nitrate reductase activity, and nitrite reductase activity showed decreasing trends after the use of low dosage of sheep manure fertilizer and showed significant negative correlations with soil pH value, while the related indexes showed decreasing trends after the use of high dosage of sheep manure and then increased. The results of principal component and interaction analysis showed that the effects of sheep manure fertilizers with different dosages on tea yield and quality were mainly based on the transformation ability of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil, and the strong transformation ability of ammonium nitrogen and the high ammonium nitrogen content in the soil were conducive to the improvement of tea yield and quality, and vice versa. The results of topsis comprehensive evaluation and analysis showed that the most influential effect on the fertilization effect was the ammonium nitrogen content in the soil and long-term treatment with 15 t/hm2 of sheep manure fertilizer had the highest proximity to the best fertilization effect. This study provided an important practical basis for the remediation and fertilizer management in acidified tea plantation soils.

Yield of soy and efficiency of its cultivation under different systems of main tillage and fertilizer

Aim. To determine the effect of long-term use of various systems of basic tillage and fertilization on the productivity of soybean agrocenoses, the efficiency of its cultivation technologies. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the main soil tillage and fertilization systems on the formation of the soybean crop and indicators of the economic efficiency of its production in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine with the aim of identifying the most effective, adapted to the weather conditions that have developed in recent years. Methods. Research was conducted during 2018–2021 in a stationary two-factor field experiment, which includes 4 alternative systems of the main tillage (shelf, flat-cut, chisel, disk), and two fertilization systems: mineral (background 1) – N60Р60К60; and organo-mineral (background 2) - precursor straw + N10 / t of straw + N30Р30К30 in a short-rotational 4-field short-rotational crop rotation with the following crop rotation: soybean, spring barley, white mustard, winter wheat. Results. The highest soybean yield of 2.43 t/ha was obtained under the chisel system of the main tillage on the background of organic-mineral fertilizer, which exceeded the control (shelf system) by 0.22 t/ha (10%) and was similar to the highest indicator on the background of mineral fertilizer by 0.05 t/ha (2%). All shelf-free systems outperformed the control on the background of organic-mineral fertilizer by 4-10% and on the background of mineral fertilizer by 2-13%. Conclusions. According to indicators of economic efficiency and productivity of soybeans, the chisel system of the main tillage to a depth of 25–27 cm against the background of organic-mineral fertilizer with the leaving of winter wheat straw + N10 per ton of straw and the introduction of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N30Р30K30 turned out to be the most adapted to the weather and climate conditions of recent years and is promising for introduction into production.

Analysis of the Clinical Efficacy and Molecular Mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in the Treatment of COPD Based on Meta-Analysis and Network Pharmacology.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming a major public health burden worldwide. It is urgent to explore more effective and safer treatment strategy for COPD. Notably, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZYD) is widely used to treat respiratory system diseases, including COPD, in China. This study is aimed at comprehensively evaluating the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanism of XFZYD on COPD. Original clinical studies were searched from eight literature databases. Meta-analysis was conducted using the Review Manager software (version 5.4.1). Network pharmacology and molecular docking experiments were utilized to explore the mechanisms of action of XFZYD. XFZYD significantly enhanced the efficacy of clinical treatment and improved the pulmonary function and hypoventilation of COPD patients. In addition, XFZYD significantly improved the hypercoagulability of COPD patients. The subgroup analysis suggested that XFZYD exhibited therapeutic effects on both stable and acute exacerbation of COPD. XFZYD exerted its therapeutic effects on COPD through multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway characteristics. The intervention of the PI3K-AKT pathway may be the critical mechanism. The application of XFZYD based on symptomatic relief and supportive treatment is a promising clinical decision. More preclinical and clinical studies are still needed to evaluate the safety and therapeutic effects of long-term use of XFZYD on COPD.

Effects of One Session of Balance Exercises Combined With Olfactory Stimulation on the Static and Dynamic Balance of Patients With Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and Aims: Balance disorder in patients with stroke can cause the loss of independence and increase possibility of falling. The olfactory stimuli can activate the brain areas involved in balance activities. This study aims to investigate the effect of balance exercises combined with olfactory stimuli on the balance of patients with stroke. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 32 patients with stroke were randomly assigned into groups of balance+olfactory stimulation and balance. The first group performed the balance exercises while wearing a mask containing the lavender essential oil. The second group performed the balance exercises while wearing a mask containing distilled water. Both groups performed the exercises for 20 min at one session. The timed up & go (TUG) test, 10-m walk test with self-selected speed, and Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BEST) were used for assessments. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22. P<0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The mean score of 10-m walk test before and after the intervention was significantly different (decreased) in the combined group (P=0.001) and balance group (P<0.001). The mean TUG score before and after the intervention was also significantly different (decreased) in the combined group (P= 0.008) and balance group (P=0.003). The mean score of mini-BEST before and after the intervention was also significantly different (increased) in the combined group (P=0.001) and balance group (P= 0.008). No significant difference was observed in the mean scores of 10-m walk test (P=0.386), TUG test (P=0.720) and mini-BEST (P=0.152) between the two groups before and after the intervention. Conclusion: One session of balance exercise can improve the static and dynamic balances of patients with stroke. Including the olfactory stimulation by the lavender essential oil in the balance exercise program has no significant effect. It is recommended that the effects of long-term use of different olfactory stimuli on the balance of patients with stroke should be investigated in the future studies.

Suppressive effect of pseudolaric acid B on Echinococcus multilocularis involving regulation of TGF-β1 signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), severely threats human health and livestock farming. The first line of chemotherapeutic drug for AE is albendazole, which limits rapid extension of E. multilocularis metacestodes, but is rarely curative for AE, with severe side effects in long-term use, thus development of new anti-echinococcal drugs is mandated. Pseudolaric acid B (PAB) has long been used to treat fungal-infected dermatosis, and exerted anti-tumor, -fertility, -angiogenesis, -tubulin and antiparasitic activity. However, the effect of PAB against Echinococcus spp. remains unclear. The present study is to understand the effect of PAB against E. multilocularis in vitro and in vivo, and identify potential anti-echinococcal mechanism, as well as its toxicity. After exposure to PAB at 20 μg/ml, significant reduction of the survival rate and substantial ultrastructural destructions in E. multilocularis protoscoleces were observed in vitro. Furthermore, the wet weight of E. multilocularis cysts in the infected mice was significantly decreased after treatment with PAB (40, 20 or 10 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Meanwhile, significant increase of both protein and mRNA expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was detected in the serum and liver of the infected mice, whereas PAB administration lowered its expression significantly. The toxicity tests demonstrated that PAB displayed lower cytotoxicity to human liver and kidney cells (HL-7702 and HK-2 cell) with IC50 = 25.29 and 42.94 μg/ml than albendazole with IC50 = 3.71 and 21.22 μg/ml in vitro, and caused lower hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice than ABZ. Our findings indicated that PAB possesses potent anti-echinococcal effect, with lower toxicity than albendazole, implying a potential chemotherapeutic agent for AE. Additionally, the present study demonstrated that the suppressive effect of PAB on the parasite may involve down-regulation of TGF-β1 signaling.

Enzyme therapy in sports injuries

<p>Sports and exercise activities are helpful to increase overall health and physical fitness. But also, there is risk of different types of injuries such as sprains, strains, dislocations and fractures collectively known as sports injuries. Sports injuries, if not treated promptly and properly, may lead to lifelong disabilities or may affect athlete’s ability to participate in sports. Most of the sports injuries are affecting bones and soft tissues manifesting pain, inflammation and restricted mobility. The common treatment modalities are the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids for pain and inflammation management in sports injuries. But these drugs may lead to severe side effects in long term use. Also, NSAIDs and corticosteroids, do not promote crucial process of remodeling and repair of injury. Hence, there is a need for treatment modalities facilitating fast recovery with less side effects hastening the return to competition by injured athletes. Systemic enzyme therapy (SET) is the enzyme flavonoid combination administered orally and has been recommended since many years for the treatment of pain and inflammation. SET including bromelain, trypsin, rutoside combination has been evaluated and proven effective treatment option for faster recovery with reduced inflammation. These enzymes either in combination or individually show effect on injuries. This review explains types, pathophysiology, current treatment modalities, use of SET and its clinical evidences in sports injury.</p>

Degradation of Dynamic Range for Shielding Effectiveness Measurements Due to Long-Term Use of a Dual Vibrating Intrinsic Reverberation Chamber

This article presents the degradation effects of long-term use of a dual vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber (dual VIRC) for shielding effectiveness (SE) measurements. At the beginning with a new fresh dual VIRC setup it is possible to achieve a very high dynamic range (DR) but the DR degrades due to long-term use of the dual VIRC. The effect of 10 years use of the dual VIRC on the DR is shown as function of usage time. Also, the effect on the DR of a new dual VIRC with better conductive cloth has been presented.

A Call for Drug Therapies for the Treatment of Social Behavior Disorders in Dementia: Systematic Review of Evidence and State of the Art.

Growing evidence supports the presence of social cognition deficits and social behavior alterations in major and minor neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). Even though the ability to identify socio-emotional changes has significantly improved in recent years, there is still no specific treatment available. Thus, we explored evidence of drug therapies targeting social cognition alterations in NCDs. Papers were selected according to PRISMA guidelines by searching on the PubMed and Scopus databases. Only papers reporting information on pharmacological interventions for the treatment of social cognition and/or social behavioral changes in major and/or minor NCDs were included. Among the 171 articles entered in the paper selection, only 9 papers were eligible for the scope of the review. Trials testing pharmacological treatments for socio-emotional alterations in NCDs are poor and of low-medium quality. A few attempts with neuroprotective, psychoactive, or immunomodulating drugs have been made. Oxytocin is the only drug specifically targeting the social brain that has been tested with promising results in frontotemporal dementia. Its beneficial effects in long-term use have yet to be evaluated. No recommendation can currently be provided. There is a long way to go to identify and test effective targets to treat social cognition changes in NCDs for the ultimate benefit of patients and caregivers.

Effect of Long-Term use of N95 Masks on Respiratory Gases, Volumes and Capacities of Medical and Paramedical Personnel: A Pilot Study

Background: The spread of coronavirus can be greatly reduced by the usage of face coverings, as corona virus is mainly spread through droplets when people talk, cough or sneeze, and through airborne transmission. N95 respirator mask is a protective device which is used to filter out the airborne particles with a very high efficiency, which is approximately up to 95%. The use of N95 mask in India has increased by a very high proportion due to the on-going coronavirus pandemic. Objectives: The constant use of N95 respirators by the personnel on duty for about six hours or more may influence the respiratory gases, volumes and capacities.

Effects of Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Systemic Arterial Stiffness and Pulse Wave Velocity.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely prescribed agents. Although PPIs are widely regarded as harmlesss, long-term use of PPIs (LTUPPI) can have the potential to increase the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a good indicator of arterial stiffness. Several studies show a relationship between LTUPPI and CVD. However, the association between LTUPPI and PWV or arterial stiffness has not been reported. Patients (n=64) with LTUPPI and controls (n=91) were included. PWV, glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and magnesium levels were measured. In the LTUPPI group, PWV was greater than in controls (9.08±2.04 vs. 7.77±1.52 m/s, respectively, p=0.01); 34.4% of patients and 8.8% of controls had PWV levels >10 m/s (p=0.000). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed age (p<0.001) and LTUPPI (p=0.024) as predictors of elevated PWV. PWV values are increased in patients with LTUPPI compared to controls independently of conventional CV risk factors. Measurement of PWV and other arterial stiffness parameters in cases with LTUPPI may be useful to predict possible CVD. Studies involving greater numbers are needed to confirm these findings.

A Review of Historical Context and Current Research on Cannabis Use in India.

The cultivation and use of cannabis is historically rooted in the Indian subcontinent and this rich heritage of cannabis use dates back to at least two thousand years. Cannabis remains an illicit substance in India despite its changing status globally with many countries legalizing cannabis use in recent years. Scientific research on cannabis use in India has also been sparse. Extensive search of online databases resulted in the identification of 29 original research studies pertaining to one of three areas of cannabis research; a) prevalence of cannabis use b) psychological correlates of cannabis use, c) cannabis use in substance use treatment settings. We found that most Indian studies used very basic quantitative research designs and had poor scientific rigor. Samples were small, region specific and included only males. Data analyses were limited to descriptive methods. The criteria for cannabis use in most of the reviewed studies were not rigorous and prone to biases. With changing attitudes and loosening of restrictions on cannabis use, the prevalence of new users is rising dramatically particularly in the college going population. This presents a strong need for research on motivations and attitudes to cannabis use and how those can influence patterns of use, and also the short- and long-term effects of use. More studies with stronger research designs (both cross sectional and longitudinal) are required for the study of cannabis use and this knowledge will be critical for managing the growing substance epidemic, generating public health solutions as well as formulating effective policy frameworks.

Cytoprotective effect of genistein against dexamethasone-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis

Steroid-induced diabetes is a well-known metabolic side effect of long-term use of glucocorticoid (GC). Our group recently demonstrated dexamethasone-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis via upregulation of TRAIL and TRAIL death receptor (DR5). Genistein protects against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis induced by toxic agents. This study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective effect of genistein against dexamethasone-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in cultured rat insulinoma (INS-1) cell line and in isolated mouse islets. In the absence of genistein, dexamethasone-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis was associated with upregulation of TRAIL, DR5, and superoxide production, but downregulation of TRAIL decoy receptor (DcR1). Dexamethasone also activated the expression of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic proteins, including Bax, NF-κB, caspase-8, and caspase-3, but suppressed the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Combination treatment with dexamethasone and genistein protected against pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, and reduced the effects of dexamethasone on the expressions of TRAIL, DR5, DcR1, superoxide production, Bax, Bcl-2, NF-κB, caspase-8, and caspase-3. Moreover, combination treatment with dexamethasone and genistein reduced the expressions of TRAIL and DR5 in isolated mouse islets. The results of this study demonstrate the cytoprotective effect of genistein against dexamethasone-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in both cell line and islets via reduced TRAIL and DR5 protein expression.

Modern adaptive systems of basic main tillage under white mustard

Aim. To study the effect of long-term use of the primary soil treatment and fertilization systems on the yield of white mustard. The results of research of the impact of basic soil treatment and fertilizer systems on yield and economic efficiency of white mustard production in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented in order to identify the most effective, adapted to natural and climatic conditions in recent years. Methods. The research was conducted during 2018–2021 in a stationary two-factor field experiment, which includes 4 alternative systems of basic soil treatment (shelf, flat, chisel, disk) and two fertilizer systems: mineral (background 1) – N60P60K60 and organo-mineral ) – predecessor straw + N10 per 1 t of straw + N30Р30К30 in short-rotation 4-field crop rotation with the following alternation of crops: soybean, spring barley, white mustard, winter wheat. Results. It was found that the highest yield of white mustard seeds 1.05 t / ha was provided by the chisel system of basic tillage against the background of organo-mineral fertilizer, which exceeded the control (shelf system) by 0.1 t/ha (11%) and similar to the highest rate against the background of mineral fertilizers by 0.13 t/ha (14%). Conclusion. Flat-cut and chisel systems on the background of organo-mineral fertilizer in terms of yield prevailed control by 11% and 17% and similar on the background of mineral fertilizer by 14%. In terms of economic efficiency and yield of chisel mustard. The system on the background of organo-mineral fertilizer with the predecessor leaving straw + N10 per ton of straw and application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 can be considered promising and most adapted to production in weather and climatic conditions in recent years. Against the background of organo-mineral fertilizer, the use of any shelf-free main treatment for mustard is more profitable than the most productive against the background of mineral fertilizer. Production of white mustard with the use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 is unprofitable for all systems of basic cultivation.

Literature Review of the Effects of Long-Term Opioid Use in the Management of Pain

The interminable need to alleviate or sometimes eliminate pain has been perceived by all cultures around the globe for many centuries. The human species has found ways to perform pain management, including oral ingestion of herbs and utilization of procedures believed to have special remedial properties. The current medical practice calls for the application of opioids in the management of pain and this choice spans decades. From a general perspective, medical practitioners globally agree on the appropriateness of opioid use in the management of acute and chronic pain. Looking at the issue further, a huge controversy arises when the discussion spirals into whether the pros outweigh the cons in the long-term management of pain, especially chronic pain. Opiates belong to a class of drugs that are extracted from the latex sap of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) where they occur naturally as alkaloids. The term opioids, also commonly referred to as narcotics (a non-scientific term), is pharmacologically used to refer to artificial or natural chemical compounds that bind to opioid receptors and are antagonized by naloxone. The chemical composition, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of opioids are beyond the scope of this review article, whose focus will be mainly aimed at discussing the apparent effects of long-term use of these drugs in pain management. Keywords: opioids, opiates, narcotics, pain, chronic pain, pain management, long-term use effects