Effects Of Illness Research Articles

Ruhsal Hastalıklara Yönelik Damgalamanın Değerlendirilmesi: Gözden Geçirme

Stigma is the society's development of prejudiced attitudes and behaviors against the individual due to the diagnosis and treatment associated with mental illnesses, and the individual's exposure to discrimination within the social group. Stigma can be observed as social and internalized. Social stigma can limit people's opportunities, options and competitive conditions. Internalized stigma is the internalization of beliefs related to the prejudiced and discriminatory approach of the environment by the individual. Social and internalized stigmatization processes are related to self-esteem. It has been stated that patient relatives are also exposed to stigmatization along with individuals who have mental illness, and stigmatization reduces the possibility of recovery in mental illnesses. Considering the relevant research findings, it is understood that there is a need to struggle individually and socially against stigma in order to prevent the increase in the negative consequences of mental illness and the development of comorbidities, to strengthen functional behaviors during the treatment process and to increase social support. Informing patients, patient's family, mental health workers and the society, encouraging social change and new research on the subject can be considered as methods of struggle with stigma. In this review, the stigmatization process, social and internalized stigma, the relationship between psychopathology and self-esteem with internalized stigma, stigma and the patient's family, status of stigma over time, status of stigma according to societies, and the relationship of stigma with mental health services were evaluated. In this review, the stigmatization process, social and internalized stigma, the relationship between psychopathology and self-esteem with internalized stigma, stigma and the patient's family, status of stigma over time, status of stigma according to societies, and the relationship of stigma with mental health services were evaluated.

Getting back to normal? Identity and role disruptions among adults with Long COVID.

Long COVID is a novel chronic illness with a variety of symptoms that people who have labelled themselves 'long-haulers' experience for an extended duration following a COVID-19 infection. We draw on in-depth interviews conducted in March-April 2021 with 20 working-aged adults in the U.S. who self-identified as long-haulers to understand the consequences for identities. The results demonstrate that Long COVID has important consequences for identities and sense of self. Long-haulers described experiencing three stages of biographical disruptions: realising their illness experience as misaligned with sense of self and embodied, age-based expectations; facing challenges to identities and changes in social roles; and reconciling illness and identity in the context of an uncertain prognosis. It remains unclear how long-haulers will resolve biographical disruptions and identity conflicts, especially as scientific insights about this novel condition emerge. Such outcomes may depend largely on whether Long COVID remains a contested illness or medical knowledge progresses to improve their quality of life. For now, healthcare providers may approach Long COVID holistically to address the identity disruptions that long-haulers face as they manage the consequences of this chronic illness.

Structural equation modeling for associated factors with self-care behavior among young and middle-aged hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study

Background Self-determination theory (SDT) states that the self-care behaviors of patients with chronic illnesses are affected by an autonomy-supportive healthcare climate, satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy-supportive healthcare climate means to provide interpersonal conditions that support the person's volition, initiative, and integrity. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the structural relationships of an autonomy-supportive healthcare climate, as well as the perception of illness consequences, autonomy, competence, and relatedness with self-care behaviors among adult outpatients with hypertension. Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2020 across three hospitals outpatient clinics in South Korea. Methods A questionnaire package containing instruments measuring the perception of autonomy-supportive healthcare climate, autonomy, competence, relatedness, perception of illness consequence, self-care behaviors, sociodemographic data, and disease-related characteristics among the patients. The hypothetical model was derived from the SDT. Data were analyzed to test the hypothetical model and propose the final model. Results Complete survey data was provided by 228 participants. Overall, the findings supported the hypothesized model (Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.90 and Comparative Fit Index = 0.99). An autonomy-supportive healthcare climate and autonomy, competence, and relatedness directly influenced the self-care behaviors of adult hypertensive patients. However, the perception of illness consequences did not have a significant direct effect on self-care behavior. Conclusion Improving the autonomy-supportive healthcare climate, as well as positive perception of illness consequences, autonomy, competence, and relatedness among patients positively affects self-care behavior. Thus, an authentic partnership between healthcare providers and hypertensive patients is required to enhance trust, cooperation, and adaptation, consequently improving self-care behaviors among patients. Impact Statement Autonomy-supportive healthcare climate was both directly and indirectly associated with self-care behavior that mediates autonomy, competence, and relatedness among young and middle-aged hypertensive patients.

Ambulant erworbene Pneumonie

The CRB-65 score is recommended as a risk predictor, as well as consideration of unstable comorbidities and oxygenation. Community-acquired pneumonia is divided into 3 groups: mild pneumonia, moderate pneumonia, severe pneumonia. Whether there is a curative vs palliative treatment goal should be determined early. An X-ray chest radiograph is recommended to confirm the diagnosis, also in the outpatient setting if possible. Sonography of the thorax is an alternative, asking for additional imaging if negative. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial pathogen. Community-acquired pneumonia continues to be associated with high morbidity and lethality. Prompt diagnosis and prompt initiation of risk-adapted antimicrobial therapy are essential measures. However, in times of COVID-19, as well as the current influenza and RSV epidemic, purely viral pneumonias must also be expected. At least with COVID-19, antibiotics can often be avoided. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs are used here. Patients after community-acquired pneumonia have increased acute and long-term mortality due to cardiovascular events in particular. The focus of research is on improved pathogen identification, a better understanding of the host response with the potential of developing specific therapeutics, the role of comorbidities, and the long-term consequences of the acute illness.

Comparison of therapeutic efficacy and treatment costs of self-expandable metal stents and plastic stents for management of malignant biliary obstruction

BackgroundAccording to the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines, self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are preferable to plastic stents (PSs) in the management of pancreatic cancer, regardless of cancer stage. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy and treatment costs of SEMS and PS in the management of malignant biliary obstruction.MethodsOne hundred and thirty-five patients who underwent endoscopic stent placement were retrospectively enrolled and divided into PS (41 patients), primary SEMS (39 patients) and secondary SEMS (55 patients) groups. We determined the technical and functional success rate, stent patency, and cumulative treatment cost.ResultsA total of 111 SEMSs and 153 PSs were placed with similar technical (100% vs. 98.69%) and functional success rate (90.10% vs. 86.27%) but with different stent patency (10.28 vs. 22.16 weeks; p < 0.001). Multiple PS implantations and larger stent diameter increased the length of stent patency compared to 7-Fr PSs (10.88 vs. 10.55 vs. 7.63 weeks, respectively). The cumulative treatment cost of patients with different survival times did not differ significantly between groups, however, among patients surviving 2–4 months it was higher in PS group than primary SEMS and secondary SEMS groups (2888€ vs. 2258€ vs. 2144€, respectively, p = 0.3369) due to increased number of biliary reintervention (2.08 ± 1.04 vs. 1.20 ± 0.42 vs. 1.50 ± 0.53; p < 0.0274) and longer hospital stay (15.77 ± 10.14 vs. 8.70 ± 7.70 vs. 8.50 ± 6.17 days, p = 0.0527).ConclusionsIn view of treatment costs, the consequences of illness, and the processes of the health care system, SEMS implantation is recommended regardless of patients’ life expectancy.

Análise da marcha de paciente com comprometimento motor grave após terapia intensiva por COVID-19: acompanhamento de 1 ano e fisioterapia

Abstract Introduction Viral infections, such as infection by SARS-CoV-2, can affect gait biomechanics, but this effect can be overlapped by consequences of critical illness and time in intensive care unit. Objective To report biomechanical alterations during the clinical evolution of a post-COVID-19 patient who presented severe motor impairment after intensive care. Methods Data was collected from the patient’s chart at José Silveira Foundation and previous medical reports from the hospitalization period. The patient was wheelchair bound, with physiotherapy twice a week, and by the end of 1-year follow-up was able to walk independently. Three-dimensional gait analysis with kinetics and electromyography were conducted at three time points. Results All spatiotemporal gait parameters, kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic data was importantly altered when compared to the normal range of values. With physiotherapy, gait quality indicators showed important improvements and all muscles presented a significant increase in the magnitude of the electromyographic signal (at least a two-fold increase). Trunk kinematic alterations decreased significantly during this period. Kinetic and kinematic changes perceived in the hips, knees and ankles showed approximation to the expected pattern, however still without normalizing, and patient's muscle coordination improved over time. Conclusion This report has great clinical importance, as it describes, using an instrumented gait laboratory, the evolution of a patient with severe motor impairment post intensive care due to COVID-19, a condition in lack of description in the literature, which will help health professionals in the planning of rehabilitation strategies.

Associations of Symptom Severity of Mentally Ill Parents on Family Functioning and Children’s Mental Health

Background: Parental mental illness has a negative impact on children’s mental health. Often, the entire family structure suffers from the consequences of parental illness. Purpose: For future interventions, it is important to examine the impact of specific factors such as parental symptom severity on children’s mental health and family functioning. Method: The sample of this study included N = 203 parents with mental illness with a total of N = 309 children. Parents completed questionnaires on symptom severity. Children’s mental health symptoms were rated by parents and children and family functioning was assessed from the children’s perspective. Results: Mixed linear models showed a significant impact of parental symptom severity on children’s mental health from both parents’ and children’s perspectives. No significant impact of symptom severity on perceived family functioning from the children’s perspective was found. Conclusion: Results underline the importance of personalized interventions in terms of parental symptom severity to minimize negative outcomes for children and the whole family.

Effects of illness perception on negative emotions and fatigue in chronic rheumatic diseases: Rumination as a possible mediator.

Illness perception has long been hypothesized to be linked to psychological well-b eing in patients with rheumatic diseases, although substantial evidence is lacking, and the contribution of ruminative coping style to this relationship is unclear. To investigate the roles of illness perception and rumination in predicting fatigue and negative emotions in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. Illness perception, rumination, fatigue and negative emotions (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress) were assessed by the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised, Stress Reactive Rumination Scale, Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale respectively. Multivariate regression analysis, the Sobel test, and the bootstrap were used to identify the mediating effect of rumination. All five subscales of illness perception, including perceived illness identity, chronicity, cyclical nature, consequences and coherence of illness, were significantly associated with fatigue and negative emotions. In mediational analysis, rumination was found to mediate three components of illness perception (the identity, cyclical nature and consequences of illness) and negative emotions/fatigue. Perceived identity, cyclical nature, and consequences of illness are significantly associated with fatigue and negative emotions in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases and these associations are mediated by rumination. Our findings suggest that psychological intervention should target rumination to improve physical and emotional well-being of patients with chronic rheumatic diseases.

Syrian Health Providers' Knowledge of Palliative Care: An Online Cross‑Sectional Study in Syria

Background: Palliative care is a method to alleviate pain and enhance the quality of life for patients suffering from the consequences of a life-threatening illness. The knowledge of palliative care among healthcare professionals is poor; therefore, training programs are needed to offer patients appropriate treatment and improve their health. In Syria, as palliative care programs are rarely applied, we aim to evaluate the knowledge regarding palliative care among healthcare workers.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: This is an online cross-sectional study conducted between July 24 and August 28, 2022 to measure palliative care knowledge and its applications among Syrian healthcare workers. The questionnaire for the study was designed in light of a previous study, and the inclusion criteria were Syrian healthcare workers, including physicians and nurses, as well as medical and nursing students. The four sections of the questionnaire included sociodemographic information in the first part, while the second, third, and fourth parts assessed experience, knowledge, and attitude toward palliative care among healthcare workers, respectively. Data were analyzed in IBM SPSS V. 28.0 using descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analysis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: Among 602 participants, 66.2% of participants were females. Most respondents were medical students (72.9%), while residents and nurses or nursing students represented 18.8% and 8.3%, respectively. The majority of participants (84%) answered the question about pain treatment goals correctly, while a small percentage (5.3%) answered the question about whether or not long-term opioid use is addictive correctly. No significant difference in the overall knowledge score was shown among geographical areas, genders, and different specialties. Regarding the knowledge questions related to palliative care, only 14 participants were considered knowledgeable. The three most responses that received agreement regarding the attitudes towards palliative care were “Pain relievers should be given as needed to terminally ill patients” (89.7%), “Spiritual care must include counseling for the terminally ill patient” (84.3%), “Patients have the right to determine their own degree of psychosocial intervention” (81%). A significant difference existed between urban and rural residents in terms of the attitude score. When comparing first-year students to those in their fifth year, students in their fifth year were 8.06 times more likely to have a positive attitude. &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that healthcare professionals have inadequate knowledge about palliative care. There is an urgent need to introduce palliative care to the health system in Syria in order to improve the quality of life of these patients in their terminal stages of illness and to provide care for patients who need it.

Mental Health in the Workplace

The increasing societal awareness of employee mental health issues, especially within the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has led to a great deal of research examining the occupational predictors and outcomes of mental ill health. The consequences of employee mental illness can be significant to organizations, whereas providing employee mental health resources may offer a competitive advantage. This article provides a review of the definitions of employee mental health, the costs of employee mental illness to organizations and to society as a whole, and the role of the workplace in promoting positive mental health, preventing mental illness, intervening to address employee mental ill health, and accommodating employees experiencing mental health challenges. We present recommendations for future research and implications for practice.

Emotional cues and concerns of patients with a life limiting, chronic illness during advance care planning conversations in general practice

ObjectiveTo explore a) to what extent patients with serious illness express emotional cues and concerns during advance care planning (ACP) conversations with their general practitioner (GP), b) the content of cues/concerns and c) GPs’ responses to cues/concerns. MethodsCues/concerns and GPs’ responses in 20 conversations were coded using the Verona Codes (VR-CoDES and Verona Codes-P). A qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify overarching themes within the content of the cues/concerns. ResultsA total of 216 cues/concerns were identified (range: 1–28; mean: 13) in 85% of conversations; with 85% of these being cues/implicit expressions of emotions. In 72% of responses, the GP provided space for the patient to elaborate on cues/concerns. The most common theme cues/concerns were expressed about was “the consequences of illness on quality of life and burdening others”. ConclusionEmotions were mainly communicated implicitly as cues and the content varied greatly.The amount of cues/concerns expressed show that ACP can evoke many emotions. Practice implicationsGPs should be attentive to implicit expressions of emotions as these provide opportunities to engage patients in tailored ACP conversations. As patients expressed many cues/concerns, GPs are recommended to have recurrent conversations with patients and actively ask about diverse ACP topics.

PUBLIC OPINION TOWARDS MENTAL HEALTH (THE CASE OF THE VOLOGDA REGION)

Abstract. The relevance of the work is caused by the socio-economic consequences of mental illness, the growing psychological distress of the region's population in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the prevalence of alert sentiments regarding the assistance of specialists. Improving health literacy has a positive effect on behavior related to seeking help for psychiatric symptoms and communication with healthcare practitioners. The purpose of this work is to study public opinion about the problems of mental illness and literacy of the population in the field of mental health. The method is a sociological survey of the population of the Vologda Oblast (quota sample, N = 1500). The study revealed the attitudes of the region's residents in relation to mental illness: lack of interest in the majority of information about mental health; conservatism in the choice of information sources; negative stereotypes in relation to people with mental disorders: the need for their exclusion; stereotypes regarding the lifestyle and treatment of people with mental disorders. The residents of the region have a small potential request for information materials on the forms and manifestations of depressive and anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, dementia; information on eating disorders is least in demand. It is concluded that the current situation requires a more attentive attitude to educational programs for the population of the region on the issues of mental health and ill health.

A Comparative Study of Oral Thrush and Other Oral Complications among COVID 19 Positive Patients

Background: Oral disease is a worldwide problem that causes agony, tooth loss, deformity, and death. Even though acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, or thrush, is the most common oral candidiasis, other types exist and candida infection may present as white and erythematous sores. White lesions include acute pseudomembranous and chronic hyperplastic candidiasis; red lesions include acute and chronic erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and linear gingival erythema. Candida albicans is a major health hazard. This species causes a variety of ailments, from vaginal infections that affect 75% of women at least once to severe hospital infections that cause morbidity and mortality. As a consequence of the COVID-19 epidemic, several patients have suffered ARDS, which threatens superinfections. According to WHO estimates, the total number of confirmed cases will approach 240 million by October 19, 2021, and the cumulative number of fatalities would exceed 4.8 million. SARS-CoV-2 causes lung illness and systemic consequences. Respiratory and heart issues killed several. Candida strains produce invasive fungal infections. In COVID-19, invasive yeast infections (IYIs) are common. Despite COVID-19's immune system failure, no abnormalities in the cellular and humoral immune cells essential to fight Candida have been found. Oral lesion, taste loss, and tooth loss have all been linked to COVID-19. Methods: This study was comparative study. This study comprised 25–90-year-olds diagnosed with moderate to severe COVID-19 and hospitalized in covid ICU at Comilla Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh. The assessment followed inclusion/exclusion criteria. Sample size was obtained using a calculator with a 0.05 standard error and 95% confidence. Chest imaging and RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19. Comparing 100 patients with oral thrush and associated oral issues. Data entry will utilize SPSS and Excel. SPSS 23 will be used for data analysis. Excel and JASP will be available for any complications. Result: Oral thrush is the most prevalent, 61 (64.2%). Second most prevalent is inflamed gum, 26 (27.4%). Teeth mobility is the 3rd most common complication among the COVID-19 patients, 11 (11.6%). Other complication such as dental pain, foul smell, burning sensation, aphthous ulcer, teeth sensibility; 8 (8.4%), 3 (3.2%), 2 (2.1%), 4 (4.2%) and 2 (2.1%), were also present, respectively. Conclusion: In severely sick COVID-19 patients, oral thrush, loose teeth, and inflamed gums were the most often reported problems. The extended prone posture and mechanical breathing equipment utilized in the ICU environment may have contributed to these oral problems. Therefore, it is highly recommended that a multidisciplinary approach be used for the monitoring and treatment of COVID-19, which implies that nurses and oral healthcare professionals should be included in the ICU teams

Post Covid-19 pulmonary fibrosis: A review article

COVID-19 also known as Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease caused by the highly contagious pathogen SARS-CoV-2.Various studies have found that 70–80% of patients who recovered from COVID-19 continue to have at least one or more symptoms even after being pronounced COVID-free. Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe respiratory illness consequence. It is defined by the lungs' failure to repair the injured alveolar epithelium, the persistence of fibroblasts, and the excessive deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix components. An initial phase of lung injury is followed by acute inflammation and an effort at healing. Oxygen toxicity and ventilator-induced lung injury are two iatrogenic variables that may contribute to the fibrosis seen in survivors of severe COVID19 pneumonia. Based on scientific evidence and demographic findings, Pirfenidone and Nintedanib, used alone or in combination with anti-inflammatory agents and this combination is effective in preventing serious complications during COVID-19 infection. Pirfenidone inhibits TGF-β stimulated collagen synthesis and the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin- 1beta, and interleukin-6 resulting in anti-inflammatory action. Depending on the concentration, pirfenidone has been demonstrated to have antioxidant capabilities. Nintedanib saw inhibitory action on pro-fibrotic mediators like platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Who were already taking antifibrotic therapy saw a reduction in the number of acute exacerbations of IPF. Thus, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone both drugs slowed down the progression of Lung Fibrosis in patients over 18yr of age. However, more studies are required for usage of antifibrotics in Non- IPF patients.

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based COVID-19 health impact assessment: A systematic review protocol

COVID-19 is a highly contagious infectious disease that emerged in 2019. This disease is causing devastating health, socio-economic, and economic crises. More specifically COVID-19 is affecting both the quality and length of human life. The overall health impact of this disease is measured by the disability-adjusted life years which is the sum of the life years lost due to disability (the effect on the health quality) and the years life lost due to premature death (effect on the length of life). The purpose of this review is to summarise DALYs-based health impact publications and produce compiled and informative literature that can aid the health regulators to make evidence-based decisions on mitigating COVID-19. The review will be conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The DALYs-based original observational and cross-sectional studies will be collected for assessing the health impact of COVID-19. Both the life quality and length impacts of COVID-19 will be reviewed. The life quality impact of COVID-19 will be measured using the life years lost due to disability (pre-recovery illness, pre-death illness, and post-acute consequences), and its impact on the length of life will be measured with years of life lost due to premature death (shortening of life expectancy). The combined health impact of COVID-19 on the quality and length of life will be measured in disability-adjusted life years. The impacts of COVID-19 on the two health outcomes (quality and length of life) will indicate the level of COVID-19 health burden. The increase or decrease of COVID-19 health impact might be due to the sample size differences of different studies and the omission of years lost due to post-acute consequences in some studies. After having a summarized systematic review health decision-makers will apply an impact-based response to COVID-19. Systematic review registration: This protocol is pre-registered in PROSPERO with the registration number CRD42022324931.

Frequency of Vernal Kerato-conjunctivitis (VKC) and its Complications in Patients Presenting at District Headquarter Hospital, Sheikhupura

Vernal Kerato-conjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic illness that affects the eyes and causes the inflammation of conjunctiva, which is commonly bilateral. If left untreated, it may lead to serious consequences such as redness, stinging, and watering of the eyes, resulting from papillae, Horner-Trantas spots, and punctate epithelial lesions. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of VKC in the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology at the District Headquarter Hospital, Sheikhupura. VKC was diagnosed in 40 individuals between May and June of 2021. The majority of them were young men who were less than 20 years old. Indeed, it was found that VKC is more prevalent in children and men. Around 57.5% of children in our study were boys, whereas 42.5% were girls. Almost every single one of them was less than twenty years of age. Among the various age groups, it was found that the age group (6-10 years, n=18) had the highest prevalence of VKC cases, followed by the age group (n=11) (1-5 years). To prevent patients from developing illness consequences that negatively impact their quality of life, VKC must be handled promptly and with diligent follow-up. To conclude, the current study found that VKC in Pakistan follows a pattern similar to other tropical nations, with male predominance and higher prevalence during infancy and puberty.

Estimating the willingness-to-pay to avoid the consequences of foodborne illnesses: a discrete choice experiment

Lost productivity is one of the largest costs associated with foodborne illness (FBI); however, the methods used to estimate lost productivity are often criticised for overestimating the actual burden of illness. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was undertaken to elicit preferences to avoid six possible FBIs and estimate whether ability to work, availability of paid sick leave and health-related quality of life affect willingness-to-pay (WTP) to avoid FBI. Respondents (N = 1918) each completed 20 DCE tasks covering two different FBIs [gastrointestinal illness, flu-like illness, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS), reactive arthritis (ReA), or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)]. Attributes included: ability to work, availability of sick leave, treatment costs and illness duration. Choices were modelled using mixed logit regression and WTP was estimated. The WTP to avoid a severe illness was higher than a mild illness. For chronic conditions, the marginal WTP to avoid a chronic illness for one year, ranged from $531 for mild ReA ($1412 for severe ReA) to $1025 for mild HUS ($2195 for severe HUS). There was a substantial increase in the marginal WTP to avoid all the chronic conditions when the ability to work was reduced and paid sick leave was not available, ranging from $6289 for mild IBS to $11,352 for severe ReA. Including factors that reflect productivity and compensation to workers influenced the WTP to avoid a range of FBIs for both acute and chronic conditions. These results have implications for estimating the burden and cost of FBI.

Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID-19: An Update

Higher mortality rates are linked to COVID-19 cardiovascular problems. Cardiac damage may result from a variety of factors, including combinations of cytokine storm, myocarditis, extremely high levels of physical and mental stress, ischemic injury, hyper-coagulopathy, right heart strain, and corpulmonale. Prognostic information is provided by echocardiography, c-TN, D-dimer, and NT-proBNP values. There is no particular therapy for COVID-19-related cardiac damage other from percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI, and care is mostly supportive. It remains to be known if antiviral treatments given early in the course of the illness would stop the severe illness and cardiovascular consequences linked to COVID-19.SAIDs: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs; NO: Nitric Oxide; cGMP: cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate; LDL: Low-density Lipoprotein

Stigma, shame and family secrets as consequences of mental illness in previous generations: A micro-history approach.

In this article we evaluate micro-history as a method for investigating the meaning of stigma, shame and family secrets through generations. We present micro-histories of two Australian soldiers who developed mental illness years after serving in World War 1 and were committed to a psychiatric hospital where they died. Data were drawn from publicly available records and interviews with family members. The contrasting stories held by the families of each man illustrate the transmission of stigma and secrets through families. We explore possible reasons for the differences between the families related to the wider literature on stigma and mental health and show why the family stories people present should be considered social constructions rather than facts. We also address ethical issues that arose during the research, and which have relevance for researchers investigating sensitive or potentially stigmatising topics.

Classics to Contemporary of Saccadic Dysmetria and Oscillations.

Clear vision requires accurate gaze shift from one object to the other and steadily maintaining it when eyes are at the target. The rapid gaze shifts are assured by the high-frequency burst in the brainstem neuronal firing, the mechanism relying on the tight cerebellar supervision. The cerebellar oversight is equally essential for maintaining gaze on the object of interest. The cerebellar significance on the motor control of gaze and the consequences of cerebellar illness are known for almost three quarters of the century - since David Cogan published the classic paper titled "Ocular Dysmetria, Flutter Like Oscillations of the Eyes, and Opsoclonus." In this classic series of cases, three disorders of gaze shifting and gaze holding were described in a number of etiologies, ultimately manifesting in a final common pathway involving the cerebellum. Since the 1950s, there had been substantial progress in contemporary neurology, experimental neuroscience literature has expanded, and computational models of ocular motor control have flourished in the field. In this short commentary, I will highlight Cogan's cerebellar classic in the context of contemporary research on motor control of saccades.