Consequences For Children Research Articles

Leisure Time and Social development: Contemporary Issues and Challenges

Today's era is the era of consumerism driven by technology. It has made human beings very materialistic. To fulfill these materialistic needs, we work day and night like a machine. This means less leisure time with family, friends and society. Lack of investment of time and energy in nurturing personal, family and social life can lead, and in many cases, have led to negative outcomes. At personal level, mental and physical well-being is affected. Lack of leisure time can lead to stress and unhealthy lifestyle which in long term can give rise to serious conditions like depression, hyper tension, and heart stroke. The family is affected as well. Lack of engagement between spouses can lead to disintegration and break-down of family structure. This has serious consequences for children within the family.This leads us to think about nature of development. Economic as well as social development is important for development and happiness of individual, family, and the society.In this research paper, we assess the relationship between leisure time and social development. This research paper is based on secondary sources.

Common complications of transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy in children with bladder stone disease at a Tertiary care Hospital HMC Peshawar

Background: Medical literature has long documented the occurrence of urinary bladder stones. The Hippocratic oath's declaration that "I will not cut for bladder stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest1,2" contains the oldest mention of bladder stones. This study will give us the most recent data on the frequency of erectile dysfunction and retrograde ejaculation among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia following a two-month course of treatment with dutasteride and tamsulosin, as no such study has been carried out in our population in the previous five years. Furthermore, the study's findings will be shared with other medical professionals and used in future investigations. Objective: to assess the prevalence of transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy consequences in children with bladder stone illness Study design: a descriptive study Duration and place of study: from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023, from the Department of Urology, hmc, Peshawar Methodology: 369 kids with bladder stones were the subjects of this research, which ran from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023, at the Department of Urology, HMC, Peshawar. A suitable nonprobability sampling approach was used in the selection process. All the stones were broken up using a paediatric straight working channel, a pneumatic Swiss lithoclast, and a cystoscope. In SPSS 22, data analysis was done. Results: The research sample had a mean age of 7 years, SD = 8.43. 32% of patients were female, and 68% were male. Common complications were bladder perforation, which affected 5% of patients; hematuria, which involved 7% of patients; acute urine retention, which involved 4% of patients; and fever, which affected 7% of patients. Conclusion: According to our research, bladder perforation occurred 5% of the time after transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy, hematuria 7% of the time, acute urine retention 4% of the time, and fever 7% of the time in children with bladder stone illness. Keyword: complications, transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy, pediatric bladder stone diseases

Prospects And Challenges of Women's Right Against Domestic Violence Under International Law

In addition to being a violation of human rights, domestic violence against women and girls has been seen as the most extreme example of gender inequality. Due to its widespread nature, the consequences for children, families, and communities, as well as the significant economic costs to society, it has been recognized as a violation of human rights under international law. Numerous international legal instruments were adopted and ratified to assure women’s protection from domestic violence. The study looked at domestic abuse’s status as a human rights violation under these treaties. It was found that victims of domestic violence in the family now have a chance to enforce their rights because it is recognized as a violation of their human rights. However, because these tools are not legally binding, victims find it difficult to rely on them. Therefore, we are unable to coerce state compliance. As a result, it is recommended that instruments of international law have a single standard that has the legal power and is applied to all parties who violate them on a global scale.
 Keywords: Domestic violence, Family, International Law, Human Rights, Women

Leprosy in Children with a Focus on the Asian Region: A Narrative Review

Abstract Children are often more susceptible to contracting Mycobacterium leprae infection because of their immature immunity as well as their exposure to intrafamily interactions. The percentage of children among newly identified leprosy cases serves as a robust indicator of the ongoing transmission of the disease. Globally, the number of new cases fell by 19.3% between 2013 and 2022. A reduction of over 50% in the incidence of leprosy among children was seen, with rates declining from 10.4 cases per million children in 2013 to 5.1 per million in 2022. Children may exhibit atypical clinical symptoms, and the clinical presentation of leprosy in children can often be misdiagnosed as differential diagnoses such as pityriasis alba, nevus depigmentosus, pityriasis versicolor, among others, contributing to diagnostic difficulties. The cultural stigma surrounding leprosy may also discourage parents from seeking medical help promptly, prolonging the time to diagnosis. Furthermore, health-care systems in some regions may lack adequate training or resources for diagnosing pediatric leprosy. These challenges underscore the importance of increased awareness, early detection, and improved health-care infrastructure to effectively diagnose and treat leprosy in children. Stakeholders must give top priority in policy making and interventions to lower the prevalence of leprosy and its consequences in children and adolescents. The present article is an attempt to review the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic dimensions of childhood leprosy cases in Asia.

Clinical study on the efficacy of Kalyanaka Leha Churna (Poly-herbal Ayurveda Powder) and Yapana Basti (Medicated Enema) in Language and Communication Disorders secondary to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)– Study Protocol

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), in children is characterised by neuro-developmental challenges, which lack pharmaceutical solutions, making behavioural interventions the primary treatment in the contemporary system. Ayurveda offers a holistic approach to treating the condition with a combination of herbs-mineral medicines and Panchakarma therapies. This clinical study investigates the efficacy of Ayurveda interventions, specifically Kalyanaka Leha Churna, a poly-herbal powder commonly used in speech disorders of children and Yapana Basti, a poly-herbal decoction enema in addressing language and communication disorders secondary to ASD. Objectives of the Study: The primary objectives include assessing the effectiveness of Ayurveda intervention with the standard control therapies on the clinical features of ASD concerning speech. Materials and methods: The present trial has been approved by the IEC (JSSAMC/1106/2022-23) and duly registered in the clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2023/07/055877). Twenty subjects in each group, aged 3-6 years, diagnosed with language and communication disorders secondary to ASD, will be recruited from various centres in and around Mysuru, Karnataka. Assessments will utilise the Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism (ISAA), Receptive and Expressive Emergent Language Scale (REELS), and Communication Deall Developmental (COMDEALL). Statistical analyses, including the Wilcoxon sign rank test, will be employed to evaluate the results. Conclusion: Language and Communication Disorders secondary to ASD are not an uncommon condition in children in the current day. Ayurveda classifies such a clinical condition under the ambit of ‘Unmada’. The difficulty to communicate has many negative consequences in children including poor academic performance, quality of life and behavioural problems. A significant result of therapy can be just supplementing speech as such or by any other means. This study aims to provide insights into the potential role of Ayurveda in this condition which will help in enhancing the quality of life for children with ASD and their families, presenting a holistic approach.

Malnutrition among Children under Age Five in Panama: Results of the ENSPA 2019.

Background: Malnutrition has important short- and long-term consequences in children under age five. Malnutrition encompasses undernutrition, overnutrition, and the coexistence of both of them, known as the double burden of malnutrition (DBM). Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and the DBM among these children at the national level and by living area in Panama. Methods: Data from the National Health Survey of Panama (ENSPA, Spanish acronym), a population-based, cross-sectional study carried out in 2019 were used. Stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity were defined according to the cut-off points of the World Health Organization Growth Standards. Undernutrition was defined as being stunted only, wasted only or both; overnutrition was defined as being overweight only or obese only; and the DBM was defined as the co-occurence of stunting and overweight/obesity in the same child. Prevalence and general characteristics at the national level and by living area were weighted. Findings: The prevalence of undernutrition was 15.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.4-17.3) at the national level and 36.6% (CI: 30.1-43.5) in indigenous areas. The prevalence of overnutrition was 10.2% (8.2-12.6) at the national level and 11.9% (CI: 8.5-16.3), 8.4% (CI: 6.5-10.7) and 8.7% (CI: 5.2-14.3) in urban, rural and indigenous areas, respectively. The DBM prevalence was 1.4% (CI: 1.0-2.1) at the national level and 2.7% (CI: 1.4-5.1) in indigenous areas. Conclusions: Undernutrition is still the most prevalent malnutrition condition in our country. Panama has the highest prevalence of overnutrition in Central America. The highest prevalence of undernutrition and DBM was found among children living in indigenous areas.

Long-term outcomes and immune profiling in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C).

Existing follow-up data after MIS-C is limited. to investigate the long-term consequences in children who have undergone MIS-C. The retrospective study included 93 children. The identified changes were divided into the following periods: occurred within first 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and more than 2 years after MIS-C. Besides, 31 children underwent prospective immunophenotyping of peripheral blood and the determination of cytokines during the acute period of the disease and after discharge. Outpatient monitoring events included pneumonia (9.6%), somatic disorder syndrome (11.8%), visual impairment (7.5%), joint damage (6.6%), weight changes (2.2%), and MIS-C recurrence (2.2%). A study of the cardiovascular system showed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of the right and left heart dilatation, left ventricular dysfunction, pericarditis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, coronaritis, mitral regurgitation. But at the same time an increase in pulmonary and tricuspid valve regurgitation and arrhythmias compared with the acute period was detected. Most of the changes took place within first year of observation. Immune profiling showed reconstitution of CD3, CD4 T-lymphocytes, NK-cells, maintenance of a high relative value of CD8, reduction of CD19+ B-cells, expression of CD3-HLA-DR+, CD25, CD279, CD95. After the history of MIS-C, children in the long-term follow-up had various somatic disorders and disease recurrence. Most patients (64.1%) showed subclinical signs of myocardial involvement within first year of observation. Low expression of CD95 may justify an certain role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Behind The Screen: Exploring The Phenomenon of Obsessive Love for Cell Phones in Family Relationships

This study investigates the phenomenon of obsessive love for cell phones in the context of family relationships. The main objective is to understand how this obsession affects the family dynamics, the interactions between parents and children and the emotional connection in the family nucleus. A multidimensional approach was translated combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through questionnaires that assessed cell phone dependency and parental perception of the quality of family interactions. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted to explore parents' experiences and perceptions of how obsessive love for cell phones affects their relationship with their children. The results revealed the possible negative effects of this obsession, such as emotional disconnection, decreased effective communication, and reduced family involvement. Consequences for children were also identified, such as a feeling of lack of attention and a lesser connection with their parents. This study highlights the importance of establishing a healthy balance between cell phone use and attention to family relationships. The findings conclude a deeper understanding of the challenges associated with an obsessive love of mobile devices and offer a foundation for developing strategies and practices that promote healthy technology use and richer, more connected family relationships.In summary, this study examines the impact of obsessive cell phone love on family relationships, highlighting the need for mindful, mindful attention to family interactions in an increasingly digital environment

Association of vitamin D deficiency and preterm birth

In 70 % of cases of neonatal death, in 36 % of cases of infant mortality, in 25–50 % of cases of long-term neurological consequences in children, one of the causes is preterm birth. The course of pregnancy depends on the availability of vitamin D. The aim of the study was to determine the level of vitamin D and to analyze the obstetric and gynecological history in patients with preterm labor. Materials and methods. The study included 35 patients with preterm delivery and 30 women with the physiological course of labor. In the surveyed, vitamin D sufficiency was assessed by the content of 25(OH)D in blood serum, which was determined according to the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists, using the enzyme immunoassay method. Results. In patients with preterm labor, vitamin D deficiency and a high level of chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory, kidney and pelvic organs were revealed. Conclusions. Therefore, when managing pregnant women, it is necessary to take into account their availability of vitamin D and, possibly, recommend taking vitamin D preparations from the period of preconception preparation and during gestation.

Social determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations deficiency in older Chilean people

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations deficiency is a growing health problem that affects a significant part of the world’s population, with particularly negative consequences in children and older adults. Public health has prioritized healthy aging; thus, an investigation of the social determinants related to deficient and insufficient Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in older adults is needed to contribute to the implementation of comprehensive social programs focused on addressing those conditions adversely affecting the health of this group. This study was conducted using a sample of older adults (age ≥ 65 years, n = 1283) from the National Health Survey (NHS 2016–2017). The Average Marginal Effects of the social determinants of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations deficiency in older adults were predicted using a probit model in which the outcome variable assumed two values (deficiency or not deficiency), taking as independent variables those reported in previous studies. The model showed an adequate goodness of fit, Count R2 = 0.65, and the independent variables explained between 11% (Cox-Snell) and 14% (Nagelkerke) of the variance of the outcome variable. The social determinants associated with a greater likelihood of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations deficiency are the following conditions: women, people of native origin, urban dwellers, shorter sunlight exposure, and greater geographical latitude. Implications are discussed, and limitations are considered. Promotion and prevention programs should preferentially target older adults in the southernmost regions who live in urban areas, with a special focus on women. Due to the country’s characteristics (17°–57° south latitude), it is necessary to review in future research the three zones shown in this study as relevant social determinants for the older adults living in them to generate inputs in formulating public health policies. The authorities must define the cut-off points for considering the difference between the country’s ranges of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations insufficiency and deficiency.

Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Developmental Defects after Neonatal Organophosphate Exposure: Mitigation by Synthetic Neurosteroids.

Children are much more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents than adults. OP poisoning in children leads to acute seizures and neuropsychiatric sequela, including the development of long-term disabilities and cognitive impairments. Despite these risks, there are few chronic rodent models that use pediatric OP exposure for studying neurodevelopmental consequences and interventions. Here, we investigated the protective effect of the neurosteroid ganaxolone (GX) on the long-term developmental impact of neonatal exposure to the OP compound, diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP). Pediatric postnatal day-28 rats were acutely exposed to DFP, and at 3 and 10 months after exposure, they were evaluated using a series of cognitive and behavioral tests with or without the postexposure treatment of GX. Analysis of the neuropathology was performed after 10 months. DFP-exposed animals displayed significant long-term deficits in mood, anxiety, depression, and aggressive traits. In spatial and nonspatial cognitive tests, they displayed striking impairments in learning and memory. Analysis of brain sections showed significant loss of neuronal nuclei antigen(+) principal neurons, parvalbumin(+) inhibitory interneurons, and neurogenesis, along with increased astrogliosis, microglial neuroinflammation, and mossy fiber sprouting. These detrimental neuropathological changes are consistent with behavioral dysfunctions. In the neurosteroid GX-treated cohort, behavioral and cognitive deficits were significantly reduced and were associated with strong protection against long-term neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In conclusion, this pediatric model replicates the salient features of children exposed to OPs, and the protective outcomes from neurosteroid intervention support the viability of developing this strategy for mitigating the long-term effects of acute OP exposure in children. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: An estimated 3 million organophosphate exposures occur annually worldwide, with children comprising over 30% of all victims. Our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences in children exposed to organophosphates is limited. Here, we investigated the long-term impact of neonatal exposure to diisopropyl-fluorophosphate in pediatric rats. Neurosteroid treatment protected against major deficits in behavior and memory and was well correlated with neuropathological changes. Overall, this pediatric model is helpful to screen novel therapies to mitigate long-term developmental deficits of organophosphate exposure.

Screen Time and Its Health Consequences in Children and Adolescents.

Nowadays, children and adolescents are exposed to digital media (DM) from an early age. Therefore, specific guidelines have been published by the World Health Organization, whose aim is to limit daily screen time (ST) viewing. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in DM use, and consequently ST viewing, was observed. More and more aspects of modern life are thought to be affected by excessive ST viewing. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to document the health effects of excessive ST viewing on children and adolescents. A narrative review was performed in searchable databases. In total, 43 original articles were considered. Excessive ST viewing was correlated with increased risk for obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors, mental health, unhealthy dietary habits and eating disorders, and problems in development and child-parent relationships. Sleep, physical activity, eyesight, headaches, and the musculoskeletal system were negatively affected as well. However, the effect of ST was weighted by the type of media used and the way types of media were used. Other confounding factors were reported. There is evidence to suggest a negative correlation between excessive ST and youth health exists. Nevertheless, more research is needed if this correlation is to be established.

Проблемні питання патогенезу, діагностики, профілактики та підходи до лікування артеріальної гіпотензії в дітей (літературні дані, власні дослідження)

Arterial hypotension (AHT) is an actual problem in pediatrics. It is a symptom complex characterized by a decrease in systemic blood pressure (BP) and accompanied by a number of clinical symptoms that reflect a decrease in blood flow and perfusion pressure in all organs and tissues. Purpose - to summarize data from the literature and own experience regarding diagnosis, pathogenetic and clinical features of the course and principles of treatment of AHT in children. Results. A review of modern literary data showed a wide range of etiopathogenetic mechanisms of AHT formation and a high specific weight of primary AHT in the pediatric population. A modern method of accurate diagnosis of AHT is daily blood pressure monitoring (DBPM). According to the results of DBPM conducted by us in 677 children aged 8-17 years with complaints of BP fluctuations, AHT was established in 107 (15.8%) examined. AHT in girls occurred almost twice as often compared to boys - 66.4% versus 33.6% (p<0.0001). In 64.5% of cases there was labile AHT, in 33% - stable AHT of the first stage, in 2.5% of children - stable AHT of the II stage. There were no gender differences in the frequency of different degrees of AHT. Conclusions. The issue of low BP is an urgent problem in pediatrics. According to the results of DBPM, AHT is detected in 15.8% of children aged 8-17 years and has a mostly labile course. AHT requires in-depth study in order to develop new preventive and therapeutic measures and to alleviate the consequences in children. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Military-Connected Children With Special Health Care Needs and Their Families: A Literature Review

Since 2001, armed conflicts have required extraordinary sacrifices by U.S. military service members and their families. Literature on the impact of the military lifestyle between 2001 and 2021 suggests frequent relocation and deployment have consequences for children. Limited research on the subpopulation of children and youth with special health care needs contains evidence these military families face complex issues, amplifying stressors of military life. The results of this review identified challenges in continuity of care in education, health care, and family support resulting from frequent relocations, plus notable gaps in research. These findings are important because of their potential impact on military readiness, recruitment, and retention. This review appears to be the only peer-reviewed systematic literature review on military-connected children with special health care needs and their families.

Mitral annular disjunction and Pickelhaube sign in children with mitral valve prolapse: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundMitral annular disjunction (MAD) and the Pickelhaube sign are identified as risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death in adults with mitral valve prolapse (MVP); their prevalence and consequences in children have never been studied. ObjectivesTo determine the proportion of MAD in children with MVP, and its potential link with VAs. MethodsA cohort of 49 consecutive children (mean age 12.8±3.0 years; 33 females) with MVP and comprehensive clinical arrhythmia (24-hour monitoring) and Doppler echocardiographic characterization, including pulsed-wave tissue Doppler (PWTD) of the lateral mitral annulus, was identified. The relationship between clinical and echocardiographic data and presence of VAs was studied. ResultsMAD was common (n=25; 51%). Only five patients had significant VAs (Lown grade>2) characterized by polymorphic premature ventricular contractions or couplets. MAD was not associated with VAs on 24-hour Holter monitoring, but an association was found between VAs and spiked high-velocity midsystolic signal>16cm/s on PWTD (Pickelhaube sign) (P=0.004), myxomatous mitral valve (P=0.004) and left ventricular dilatation (P=0.01). T-wave inversion in inferolateral leads on electrocardiogram was more frequent in patients with versus without the Pickelhaube sign (P=0.03). No difference was found between patients with or without MAD regarding sex, history of palpitation, severity of mitral regurgitation, aortic root diameter and incidence of connective tissue disorders. Myocardial fibrosis was detected in two of three patients who underwent a complementary cardiac magnetic resonance examination. ConclusionsMAD is common in children with MVP; its presence was not associated with significant VAs on 24-hour Holter monitoring, but the Pickelhaube sign and presence of myxomatous mitral valve may help to detect patients prone to significant VAs. Myocardial fibrosis can be detected by cardiac magnetic resonance in children with significant VAs.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Children's Fundamental Motor Skills: A Study for the Taiwanese Preschoolers Teachers.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced opportunities for children to engage in fundamental motor skills [FMS]. This prolonged inactivity and restriction of play can have serious consequences for children's physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore teaching strategies during the pandemic, whether there were differences in children's motor development, and the differences in the implementation of physical movement courses before and during the pandemic from the perspective of preschool teachers. This study was a retrospective study using an internet survey, and participants comprised 2337 preschool teachers. The statistical methodology of this study included descriptive statistics, the dependent t-test, and the independent t-test. The results showed that regardless of the time, frequency, activity intensity, and frequency of outdoor courses, the results from before the pandemic was better than those taken during the pandemic. Only the "frequency of implementing physical movement courses indoors every week" had not been affected by the pandemic. This study also obtained the performance of "children's fitness", "overall performance of physical movement ability", "stability movement skills", "locomotor movement skills", and "manipulative movement skills". All were better before the pandemic than during the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mixed-age classes performed better than same-age classes in terms of frequency, time, intensity, outdoor course implementation, and physical fitness. Public schools performed better than private schools in terms of frequency, time, intensity, outdoor course implementation, and fundamental motor skills performance. Private schools implemented physical movement courses indoors every week, which was more than public schools. Excepting the frequency of implementing physical movement courses indoors every week, fewer than schools with five classes performed better than those who had more than schools with six classes. Finally, rural schools were better than urban schools in the implementation of outdoor courses and fundamental motor skills performance. Therefore, we suggest that in response to the pandemic, teachers should further improve their professionalism and use diversified teaching methods, and guide students to be willing to learn and improve their skill performance.

Stres wojny i migracji – konsekwencje dla dzieci i młodzieży

STRESS OF WAR AND MIGRATION – CONSEQUENCES FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Stress caused by war and forced migration is an extremely traumatic experience for everyone, both adults and children, consequently causing impairment in general functioning and negative changes in mental health. Children and youth are especially vulnerable to negative effects of traumatic stress and data collected by UN indicate, that, in different parts of the world, millions of children experienced traumatic events, witnessing death of a close relative or being exposed to physical violence. Post traumatic stress disorder is the most frequently observed mental disorder in such circumstances as well as depression and anxiety disorders. Moreover some traumatized children exhibit impairment in school performance and difficulties in social functioning. This article presents a review of literature on traumatic war experiences of children and youth from different countries as well as on consequences of trauma – post traumatic stress disorder, other disorders and impairment in functioning.

Dziecko-uchodźca w polskiej edukacji

STRESS OF WAR AND MIGRATION – CONSEQUENCES FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Stress caused by war and forced migration is an extremely traumatic experience for everyone, both adults and children, consequently causing impairment in general functioning and negative changes in mental health. Children and youth are especially vulnerable to negative effects of traumatic stress and data collected by UN indicate, that, in different parts of the world, millions of children experienced traumatic events, witnessing death of a close relative or being exposed to physical violence. Post traumatic stress disorder is the most frequently observed mental disorder in such circumstances as well as depression and anxiety disorders. Moreover some traumatized children exhibit impairment in school performance and difficulties in social functioning. This article presents a review of literature on traumatic war experiences of children and youth from different countries as well as on consequences of trauma – post traumatic stress disorder, other disorders and impairment in functioning.

The Prevalence of Hypertension and its Related Factors in Children Aged 7 to 12 Years in Larestan (South Fars Province, Iran)

Background: Childhood hypertension can have serious consequences for children, especially during their adulthood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its related factors in children aged 7 to 12 years in Larestan (Iran).
 Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1110 students from 7 to 12 years old in Larestan were enrolled in the study using cluster sampling. In order to collect educational data, 10 girls' primary schools and 10 boys' primary schools were randomly selected from all the girls' and boys' primary schools. Then, considering that each school has different number of students, 55 students of each school were randomly selected. Students' blood pressure was measured as standard. Their personal information was also recorded in a checklist. A checklist containing demographic information, factors and variables that affect the prevalence of hypertension in children aged 7 to 12 years was used. To collect information, a checklist was used that included demographic information such as age, gender, and place of residence. Also, in order to identify factors and variables effective in the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP), tools such as sphygmomanometer and other risk factors including obesity, type of diet, physical activities, and body mass index (BMI) were used.
 Results: The mean age of girls was 9.11 ± 1.53 and boys were 9.19 ± 1.52, which did not differ significantly from the statistical point of view. The prevalence of pre hypertension was 6.03% (95% CI: 4.71-7.60) and the prevalence of hypertension was 4.14% (95% CI: 3.05-5.49). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure has direct relation with height and weight of children. Diastolic blood pressure also had a higher prevalence in girls (P < 0.001).
 Conclusion: Overweight and obesity as a moderate aggressive factor were significantly associated with blood pressure. Also, the prevalence of HBP in children was significant, and it is necessary to pay attention to it in childhood. Moreover, hypertension cases should be identified and treatment should start faster for the affected person to prevent the adverse consequences in the future.

Association between maternal postpartum depression and children's physical growth in early childhood: a birth cohort study.

Untreated maternal postpartum depression (PPD) has consequences for children's physical growth, but no published study has evaluated changes in this effect over time. Here we therefore aimed to evaluate the dynamic effects of PPD on the physical growth of children in a prospective birth cohort. Between 2015 and 2019, 960 mother-child pairs in Changsha, China were followed up when the child was aged 1-48 months. Data were obtained through household surveys. The mothers' depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1 month postpartum. Linear mixed models were used to examine the changes in the association of PPD and EPDS scores with physical growth in six different age groups of children between 1 and 48 months. A total of 604 mother-child pairs completed the follow-up, and 3.3% of mothers reported PPD. No associations were found between PPD and weight or height growth at any age. While EPDS scores were associated with weight gain (β = -0.014, 95% CI (-0.025, -0.002), P = 0.024) and height growth (β = -0.044, 95% CI (-0.084, -0.004), P = 0.030) rates at 1-3 months, no associations were found in older children. The number of mothers who reported PPD was relatively small, and the measurement of PPD was not continuously taken. After adjustments for confounders, no dynamic association was found between PPD and children's weight and height growth. EPDS scores, in contrast, did negatively affect children's weight and height growth at age 1-3 months, but this effect was not long-lasting.