Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Research Articles

A Bolsa Pesquisador Visitante Especial do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras pela teoria de redes

Este artigo examina a bolsa Pesquisador Visitante Especial (PVE) do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), concedida pelo Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF), considerando a Teoria de Redes. As bolsas concedidas foram identificadas e consideradas como projetos de pesquisa cooperativa. As relações estabelecidas entre as instituições envolvidas foram consideradas como uma rede de instituições. Analisou-se as interações de mais de 800 instituições. Conclui-se que a rede formada é pouco densa, caracterizada por relações bilaterais, com destaque para USP, UFRJ e Fiocruz no Brasil e Universidade de Coimbra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, a Universidade do Minho, a Universidade de Aveiro e a University of California, no exterior, como as instituições mais influentes na rede. Observou-se que houve o fortalecimento da cooperação internacional em ciência e tecnologia no país, com potencial de formação de novas relações dentro da rede.

See how they ran: morphological and functional aspects of skeletons from ancient Egyptian shrew mummies (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae: Crocidurinae)

Abstract Animals served important roles in the religious cults that proliferated during the Late (ca. 747–332 BCE) and Greco-Roman Periods (332 BCE–CE 337) of ancient Egypt. One result was the interment of animal mummies in specialized necropolises distributed throughout the country. Excavation of a rock-tomb that was re-used during the Ptolemaic Period (ca. 309–30 BCE) for the interment of animal mummies at the Djehuty Site (TT 11–12) near Luxor, Egypt, was carried out in early 2018 by a Spanish–Egyptian team sponsored by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid. The tomb burned sometime after deposition of the mummies, leaving behind abundant disassociated skeletal remains, primarily of avians, but also including two species of shrews (Soricidae): Crocidura olivieri and C. religiosa. To investigate possible intraspecific variation in morphology and locomotor function in these two species during the last two millennia, we measured morphological features of individual postcranial bones from the two archaeological samples and calculated indices that have been used to assess locomotor function. We compared the measurements to those from modern C. olivieri, C. religiosa, and C. suaveolens using principal components analysis, and we compared locomotor indices to those we calculated for the three modern species of Crocidura and to those from nine species of myosoricine shrews. Osteological features of the postcranial skeleton of conspecific Ptolemaic and modern samples of C. olivieri and C. religiosa are generally similar in character and proportion, and, skeletally, these shrews and modern C. suaveolens are consistent with soricids having a primarily ambulatory locomotor mode. One exception is the deltopectoral crest of the humerus, which appears to be longer in modern C. religiosa. Despite general conservation of form and function, Ptolemaic C. olivieri had larger body size than modern Egyptian populations and were more similar in size to modern C. olivieri nyansae from Kenya than to modern C. olivieri olivieri from Egypt.

Trends on enzyme immobilization researches based on bibliometric analysis

Abstract In this survey, a bibliometric analysis of the global scientific production on enzyme immobilization researches was developed using Web of Science© database. The time-span comprised the period from 1991 to 2017. A total of 9636 documents related to the subject were retrieved and analyzed according to seven main aspects: publication years, journals, countries, authors, organizations, keywords, and Web of Science categories. The results indicated that the countries with the highest number of publications were China and the United States. The most expressive international collaborative networks were evidenced between Brazil and Spain and between the USA and China. Additionally, the Spanish researchers were the ones that contributed most to this domain, while the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and the Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most emblematic organizations. Finally, the analysis of keywords revealed that biosensor, lipase and glucose oxidase were the most cited terms among all publications, and also indicated the existence of a possible knowledge gap involving the terms Escherichia coli, Candida rugosa lipase and cytochrome-c in the context of enzyme immobilization. This study was efficient to evaluate the trends of the body of literature on enzyme immobilization research, subsidizing future decision-making in this field of science.

Testing irradiance and radiance methods for absolute radiation thermometry based on InGaAs detectors in the NIR at CEM/CSIC

After measuring thermodynamic temperatures in the range from 900 °C to 2500 °C, The Centro Español de Metrologia (CEM) in collaboration with the Instituto de Óptica of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO-CSIC) are currently involved in the measurement of thermodynamic temperatures down to 400 °C using radiometers based on InGaAs detectors with central wavelengths in the near-infrared spectral range (NIR). This communication summarizes the progress towards the extension of absolute radiation thermometry measurement range to lower temperatures.

Análisis bibliométrico comparativo de la actividad científica del CSIC y cuatro homólogos europeos: CNRS, HG, MPG Y CNR (2006-2015)Análisis bibliométrico comparativo de la actividad científica del CSIC y cuatro homólogos europeos: CNRS, HG, MPG Y CNR (200

The article presents the research activity of the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifica (CSIC) during the period 2006-2015 in comparison with similar European institutions, i.e. the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (HG), the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), y the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Using data from Scopus, production, impact and collaboration are analyzed. Specifically, the following indicators are produced: number of publications and activity index, for the research activity indicators; number of citations and citations per publication, percentage of no cited items, h-index and immediacy index, for the impact indicators; and, finally, frequency of international collaboration and international collaboration index, for the collaboration indicators. Results show differences among the five research centers in all the three dimensions studied. The CSIC appears to be the institution that achieves the best budget-production-impact balance. The other institutions all stand out in different aspects, such as total production (CNRS), impact (MPG), degree of specialization (HG), or limited international collaboration (CNR).

Effect of intraocular lens decentration on image quality tested in a custom model eye

To evaluate the effect of intraocular lens (IOL) decentration on optical aberrations with different IOL designs. Visual Optics and Biophotonics Laboratory, Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain. Experimental study. The following 18 aspheric IOLs immersed in a physical model eye were measured using a laser ray-tracing aberrometer: 10 Vivinex XY1 with spherical aberration correction of -0.18μm (V-0.18), 4 Tecnis 1P ZCB00V with spherical aberration correction of -0.27μm (T-0.27), and 4 Acrysof 1P SN60WF with spherical aberration correction of -0.17μm (A-0.17). The optical aberrations were evaluated with the IOL on axis and 0.4mm and 0.7mm laterally decentered. The laser ray tracing-measured aberrations were compared with aberrations estimated using virtual ray tracing. Retinal image quality was evaluated from the modulation transfer function (MTF) and visual Strehl ratio. Wave aberration measurements of the same IOL were highly repetitive (deviation <0.02μm). Astigmatism and coma increased with decentration at a rate of 0.18μm/mm and 0.19μm/mm for the V-0.18, 0.20μm/mm and 0.32μm/mm for the T-0.27, and 0.26μm/mm and 0.39μm/mm for the A-0.17, respectively. The 0.7mm lateral decentration decreased the visual Strehl ratio by 2.23 times for the V-0.18, by 2.8 times for the T-0.27, and by 3.2 times for the A-0.17. The V-0.18 showed the highest MTF and visual Strehl values for all centration values. Lateral decentration resulted in decreased retinal image quality. The V-0.18 was the most immune design to optical degradation caused by decentration.

Assessing phytoplankton community composition using combined pigment and particle size distribution analysis

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 594:51-63 (2018) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12559 Assessing phytoplankton community composition using combined pigment and particle size distribution analysis Joan S. Font-Muñoz1,*, Antoni Jordi2,5, Sílvia Anglès1, Pere Ferriol3, Esther Garcés4, Gotzon Basterretxea1 1Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain 2Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA 3Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain 4Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 5Present address: Jupiter Intelligence, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA *Corresponding author: jfont@imedea.uib-csic.es ABSTRACT: Changes in phytoplankton composition reveal relevant information about the response of aquatic systems to environmental drivers. Here, we propose the combined use of particle size measurements and pigment signatures to analyze the changes in the composition of phytoplankton communities at a coastal location. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was applied to separate phytoplankton signals from non-algal components of particulate matter in concurrent measurements of particle size distribution and pigment concentrations (chlorophylls a, b and c). Using this method, we were able to identify phytoplankton community structure variations at size and functional levels associated with the water column during the spring to summer transition at a Mediterranean coastal site. Some taxa with characteristic size spectrum signatures such as Pseudo-nitzschia sp., which produced an intense (up to 5 x 105 cells l-1), but ephemeral bloom, could also be identified. The general patterns of phytoplankton succession obtained using this methodology were corroborated by light microscopy and flow cytometry identification. Phytoplankton biovolume comparisons between both methods were highly consistent (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). We consider that combined pigment and size structure analysis using CCA is a useful tool to determine reorganization patterns of phytoplankton via changes in species composition. KEY WORDS: Phytoplankton · Size distribution · Pigments · Canonical correlation analysis · Chlorophyll Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Font-Muñoz JS, Jordi A, Anglès S, Ferriol P, Garcés E, Basterretxea G (2018) Assessing phytoplankton community composition using combined pigment and particle size distribution analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 594:51-63. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12559 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 594. Online publication date: April 26, 2018 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2018 Inter-Research.

Strategies on Technology Transfer and Patents Commercialization for Nanotechnology at the Spanish National Research Council.

Internal methodologies used in CSIC in order to protect and commercialize nanotechnology based intellectual property as well as their effects are reviewed. The evolution of CSIC nanotechnology patents portfolio is also analyzed. There has been a clear increase in the patent license agreements of CSIC in the period 2002- 2015 in the field of nanotechnology. This increase is correlated to these facts: (i) Highly qualified team managing Intellectual Property issues, (ii) The presence of CSIC in international fairs, and (iii) Proactive search of companies and investors. Successful results can be achieved in technology transfer when the appropriate resources are available and properly organized with an adequate combination of efforts in knowledge protection, promotion and commercialization of technologies and support to the scientific entrepreneurs of the institution.

Rašf Al-Darab Fī Faḍl Bani IsraϽīl Wal-L-ϲArab (On the Eminence of Israelites And Arabs), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas ed. by Paul Fenton

76 BOOK REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS on the term ‘Négritude’ in order to try and inscribe its emotional and cultural significance for the author within the larger African context. When one examines the type of memories that are associated with the space of the native city in Sphaxitude, one notices that these memories are primarily sensory: they relate to the senses of taste, smell, vision and touch. The city of Sphax is described as a “poulpe rayonnant tentacules” or referred to as an incurable illness, as can be seen in the two first verses of “Ô toi ville natale: ‘Je te porte en moi / Incurable maladie’. The absence of a feeling of sentimentality is visible in the collection. Instead, Sphax is perceived as an idyllic space that the author is proud of belonging to, but it is also experienced as a space of disappointment and even rejection. If one examines the entire collection, one can conclude that the native space of Sfax is a space of memory that stands in contrast with the reality of the modern, contemporary city of Sfax. Paradoxically, the native city remains unattainable and can be experienced only as a memorial trace by the author. The anthology ends with a selection of poems from two of Bouraoui’s more recent collections, Traversées (2010) and Livr’errance (2013), as well as with a small selection of unpublished poems or those published in various places. A poem that resonates particularly with the notions of nomadism and transpoetics is, in my view, “L’interligne en movement”, not only for the quality of its rhythm and imagery, but also for its conceptual force. Form and content are perfectly aligned, yet they are not fixated. Instead, they are in constant movement. They both destabilise and disorientate the reader, as is relayed in the ultimate stanza of the poem: Nomade dans le carousel du temps / Mes pas laissent des traces / La rose des vents les efface / L’histoire finira par en retracer le courant. To conclude, Mario Selvaggio’s bilingual anthology gives the reader an excellent overview of Bouraoui’s poetry. The anthology can be recommended to both experts and those who wish to be introduced to Bouraoui’s oeuvre and his notions of transpoetics and transculturalism. JASMINA BOLFEK-RADOVANI University of Westminster PAUL FENTON, EDITOR, RA¸SF AL-DARAB Fı FA∂L BANI ISRA√ıL WAL-L-fiARAB (ON THE EMINENCE OF ISRAELITES AND ARABS), CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS, MADRID, 2016 Students of Jewish history are very familiar with various questions regarding conversion, including such issues as forced conversion, crypto-conversion and BOOK REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS 77 crypto-Jews. Although the prevailing understanding of many Muslims who interpret the Quranic verse ‘lā ikrā bil-dīn’ as an imperative is that it is forbidden to enforce conversion, there are several well-known historical cases of compulsory conversion. Examples to support this interpretation of Jewish– Muslim historical relations can be carefully chosen from remote places. The history of the Jews in Marinid Fez on the one hand and in 19th-century Mashhad are two remote cases that easily come to mind. Part one of Fenton’s book concentrates on the history of converted Jews in the Moroccan city of Fez.1 He provides a longue durée history of this society. The mass assimilation of Jews created social tension, accelerated by economic and political competition. The new-believers were not received by their neighbours with open arms. The case under review here casts light on 18th-century northern Morocco. Fenton devotes many pages to the history of the Biladiyun, accompanied by bibliographical and historiographical valuable notes. The refusal by ‘old Muslims’ to acculturate the ‘new Muslims’ is a most striking element in the detailed picture painted by him. This certainly stands against the common Muslim interpretation of Qu√rn 49: 13,2 the Hadith ‘la faḍl lil-arabi’3 or the popular tradition ‘even an Ethiopian slave’.4 Part two concentrates on the Ben Zikrī family from Fez, a family with a longdocumented history. Over the centuries scions of the family crossed the border separating Judaism from Islam and converted. One of them is the pivot of the book...

An Experimental Platform for Autonomous Bus Development

Nowadays, with highly developed instrumentation, sensing and actuation technologies, it is possible to foresee an important advance in the field of autonomous and/or semi-autonomous transportation systems. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) have been subjected to very active research for many years, and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is one area of major interest. Among the most promising transport infrastructures, the articulated bus is an interesting, low cost, high occupancy capacity and friendly option. In this paper, an experimental platform for research on the automatic control of an articulated bus is presented. The aim of the platform is to allow full experimentation in real conditions for testing technological developments and control algorithms. The experimental platform consists of a mobile component (a commercial articulated bus) fully instrumented and a ground test area composed of asphalt roads inside the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) premises. This paper focuses also on the development of a human machine interface to ease progress in control system evaluation. Some experimental results are presented in order to show the potential of the proposed platform.

Toward a homogenization of academic social sites

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the distribution of profiles from academic social networking sites according to disciplines, academic statuses and gender, and detect possible biases with regard to the real staff distribution. In this way, it intends to know whether these academic places tend to become specialized sites or, on the contrary, there is a homogenization process.Design/methodology/approachTo this purpose, the evolution of profiles of one organization (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) in three major academic social sites (Academia.edu, Google Scholar Citations and ResearchGate) through six quarterly samples since April 2014 to September 2015 are tracked.FindingsLongitudinal results show important disciplinary biases but with strong increase of new profiles form different areas. They also suggest that these virtual spaces are gaining more stability and they tend toward a equilibrate environment.Originality/valueThis is the first longitudinal study of profiles from three major academic social networking sites and it allows to shed light on the future of these platforms’ populations.

NAMPT overexpression induces cancer stemness and defines a novel tumor signature for glioma prognosis.

Gliomas are the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors associated with poor prognosis. NAMPT, a rate-limiting enzyme that boosts the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) regeneration in the salvage pathway, is commonly expressed in these tumors. NAD metabolism is required to maintain tissue homeostasis. To maintain metabolism, cancer cells require a stable NAD regeneration circuit. However, high levels of NAD confer resistance to therapy to these tumors, usually treated with Temozolomide (TMZ). We report that NAMPT overexpression in glioma cell lines increases tumorigenic properties controlling stem cell pathways and enriching the cancer-initiating cell (CIC) population. Furthermore, NAMPT expression correlated with high levels of Nanog, CD133 and CIC-like cells in glioblastoma directly extracted from patients. Meta-analysis reveals that NAMPT is also a key factor inducing cancer stem pathways in glioma cells. Furthermore, we report a novel NAMPT-driven signature which stratify prognosis within tumor staging. NAMPT signature also correlates directly with EGFR positive and IDH negative tumors. Finally, NAMPT inhibition increases sensitivity to apoptosis in both NAMPT-expressing cells and tumorspheres. Therefore, NAMPT represents a novel therapeutic target in Glioma progression and relapse.

MIPAS IMK/IAA carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) retrieval and first comparison with other instruments

Abstract. MIPAS thermal limb emission measurements were used to derive vertically resolved profiles of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Level-1b data versions MIPAS/5.02 to MIPAS/5.06 were converted into volume mixing ratio profiles using the level-2 processor developed at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK) and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA). Consideration of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) as an interfering species, which is jointly retrieved, and CO2 line mixing is crucial for reliable retrievals. Parts of the CO2 Q-branch region that overlap with the CCl4 signature were omitted, since large residuals were still found even though line mixing was considered in the forward model. However, the omitted spectral region could be narrowed noticeably when line mixing was accounted for. A new CCl4 spectroscopic data set leads to slightly smaller CCl4 volume mixing ratios. In general, latitude–altitude cross sections show the expected CCl4 features with highest values of around 90 pptv at altitudes at and below the tropical tropopause and values decreasing with altitude and latitude due to stratospheric decomposition. Other patterns, such as subsidence in the polar vortex during winter and early spring, are also visible in the distributions. The decline in CCl4 abundance during the MIPAS Envisat measurement period (July 2002 to April 2012) is clearly reflected in the altitude–latitude cross section of trends estimated from the entire retrieved data set.

Performance of Different Light Sources for the Absolute Calibration of Radiation Thermometers

The evolving mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin (MeP-K) [1, 2] will, in its forthcoming edition, encourage the realization and dissemination of the thermodynamic temperature either directly (primary thermometry) or indirectly (relative primary thermometry) via fixed points with assigned reference thermodynamic temperatures. In the last years, the Centro Espanol de Metrologia (CEM), in collaboration with the Instituto de Optica of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IO-CSIC), has developed several setups for absolute calibration of standard radiation thermometers using the radiance method to allow CEM the direct dissemination of the thermodynamic temperature and the assignment of the thermodynamic temperatures to several fixed points. Different calibration facilities based on a monochromator and/or a laser and an integrating sphere have been developed to calibrate CEM’s standard radiation thermometers (KE-LP2 and KE-LP4) and filter radiometer (FIRA2). This system is based on the one described in [3] placed in IO-CSIC. Different light sources have been tried and tested for measuring absolute spectral radiance responsivity: a Xe-Hg 500 W lamp, a supercontinuum laser NKT SuperK-EXR20 and a diode laser emitting at 6473 nm with a typical maximum power of 120 mW. Their advantages and disadvantages have been studied such as sensitivity to interferences generated by the laser inside the filter, flux stability generated by the radiant sources and so forth. This paper describes the setups used, the uncertainty budgets and the results obtained for the absolute temperatures of Cu, Co-C, Pt-C and Re-C fixed points, measured with the three thermometers with central wavelengths around 650 nm.

La naturaleza no existe: conservacionismos y relaciones internacionales en Doñana

Tras descartar el acercamiento metodológico a la historia de Doñana como un paso hacia la “conservación de la Naturaleza” con mayúscula, este artículo sitúa la historia del Parque en los contextos políticos, personales y científicos que lo hicieron posible. Estos contextos nos colocan en la escala internacional del desmantelamiento del imperio británico y de la transformación de la ornitología y la ecología como disciplinas. Las rutas migratorias de las aves de Doñana contribuyeron a la dimensión internacional en la que se fraguó el acuerdo entre el World Wildlife Fund (WWF) y el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) que llevó a la inauguración de la Reserva Biológica de Doñana en 1965. La posterior creación del Parque abrió la puerta a nuevos desencuentros entre diversos modos de entender el conservacionismo y entre diferentes categorizaciones científicas del territorio de Doñana. La resolución de estos conflictos dependió de fuerzas y alianzas, lo que permite concluir afinando el argumento metodológico de partida.

San Francisco de San Miguel: Fraile, Embajador y Mártir en Japón by Roberto Blanco Andrés

Reviewed by: San Francisco de San Miguel: Fraile, Embajador y Mártir en Japón by Roberto Blanco Andrés Grace Liza Y. Concepcion ROBERTO BLANCO ANDRÉS San Francisco de San Miguel: Fraile, Embajador y Mártir en Japón Valladolid: Editorial Galland Books, 2016. 190 pp. Roberto Blanco is one of the few Spanish historians who specialize on the Philippines, his research being part of a new wave of Spanish historiography on the Spanish empire. His works, generally on nineteenth-century church–state relations, include Entre Frailes y Clérigos: Las Claves de la Cuestión Clerical en Filipinas (1776–1872) (CSIC, 2012) and El Estado en Filipinas: Marco Político y Relaciones Internacionales (1986–2010) (Edicions Bellaterra, 2012). He collaborates with the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) on various research projects, but he is a full-time secondary school teacher in Valladolid. In San Francisco de San Miguel Blanco ventures into the early Spanish period in the Pacific, focusing on the life story of San Francisco de San Miguel, a simple man from a small Spanish town whose biography exhibits events that determined the course of Spain’s imperial expansion and the Catholic Church’s mission in Asia. Fray Francisco never occupied any high position in the Franciscan order. Never ordained into the priesthood, he served as porter, cook, and nurse. He was not an intellectual. Yet by focusing on an ordinary Franciscan brother whose life unfolded in an extraordinary context, Blanco draws attention to the significance of biography in history. Biography gives the interplay of political, economic, and religious interests a human touch, even as these factors affected the course of an individual’s life. [End Page 97] Francisco was one of the twenty-six Christians (including six Franciscans, three Jesuits, and seventeen Japanese Christians who were associated with the Franciscans) who were executed on 5 February 1597 in Nagasaki upon Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s orders. Despite the enduring significance of this martyrdom, scholarly material on Francisco is scarce, leading Blanco to contribute a “detailed, rigorous and critical study of the character” (14) and help readers understand Francisco’s life in the context of the counterreformation and Spain and the Philippines in the sixteenth century. Blanco’s book thus fills a lacuna in a literature dominated by hagiographies. The complexity of Francisco’s life owes to overlapping dimensions that Blanco discusses throughout the book’s nine chapters: (a) the spirit of reform among religious orders during the counterreformation, (b) the beginning of missionary work in the Philippines, and (c) the responsibility given to Franciscan friars as ambassadors to Japan (15). The stages of Francisco’s life in the Franciscan order (first in the reformed observant branch, subsequently in the recently approved and more rigorous discalced branch), his years as a missionary in the Philippines, and his final mission as a member of the Spanish embassy in Japan all bear witness to these dimensions. The book can be divided into two parts. The first part consists of the first three chapters about Francisco’s youth and early years as a Franciscan. The last six comprise the second part, which is about his missionary life in three territories: Mexico, the Philippines, and Japan. Chapter 1 traces the origin of Francisco de la Parilla, as Francisco de San Miguel was popularly known. Blanco gives details on the missionary’s birthplace and upbringing by examining Franciscan chronicles. Chapter 2 narrates Francisco’s life as a lay brother in Valladolid and Abrojo. He was admitted to the Franciscan order on 9 January 1567 in the convent of Valladolid, which followed the observant branch of the Franciscans (34). Blanco clarifies the series of reforms within the Franciscan order that gave rise to the observant Franciscans, who practiced the spirit of St. Francis rigorously, especially concerning poverty and austerity. Chapter 3 relates Francisco’s move to the Franciscan province of San Jose, whose jurisdiction included Valladolid, Segovia, Madrid, and a part of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain. This province advocated the strictest observance of poverty, represented by the friars going discalced. It also focused on the Christianization of America and Asia. Francisco’s entry into the province [End Page 98] of San...

Review: Fondo de Música Tradicional

Fondo de Musica Tradicional. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Institucio Mila i Fontanals, Project Host. URL: http://www.musicatradicional.eu The website Fondo de Musica Tradicional (FMT) presents in digital form the single most important archive of Spanish musical folklore. When complete it will provide ready access to over twenty thousand melodies collected during the so-called “Misiones folkloricas” (folkloric missions) between 1944 and 1960, as well as to sixty-two notebooks presented to “Concursos” (competitions) organized by the Seccion de Folklore of the former Instituto Espanol de Musicologia of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC, Spanish Council for Scientific Research). The FMT offers great promise to musicologists and ethnographers interested in exploring these resources, which were previously all but inaccessible. Before we turn to the details of the site, however, some consideration should be given to the forces, both intellectual and ideological, that led to the creation of the collections it aims to represent. The FMT is linked to the Institucio Mila i Fontanals (IMF), an institution named after a nineteenth-century Catalan military musician, Manuel Mila i Fontanals, who was a keen collector of the products of Spanish folklore, including music.1 Influenced by the philosophical approach of Johann Gottfried Herder, he became one of the main drivers of ethnomusicological study in Spain, his ballad collection Romancerillo Catalan being one of the country's most important works in that field.2 In the early twentieth century Felipe Pedrell (regarded as the founder of Spanish musicology) contributed important work to the Arxiu d'Etnografia i Folklore de Catalunya (Archive of Ethnography and Folklore of Catalonia), producing the first collections to include melodic transcriptions, today …

Does timing of breeding matter less where the grass is greener? Seasonal declines in breeding performance differ between regions in an endangered endemic raptor

This study was funded by the NRF (National Research Foundation, South Africa; Grant no. 90582 to R.E.Simmons), by the DST-NRF Center of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, by CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas- PIE 201330E106) and by private landowners and organizations. Particular thanks for economic support are due to BirdLife South Africa, Inkwazi and Wits Bird Club, “Golden Fleece Merino”, URC (University Research Council), Jakkalsfontein Private Nature Reserve, TOSS (Two Oceans Slope Soarers), Natural Research UK, Hawk Mountain (USA), the Peregrine Fund, Sven Carlsson-Smith, Nial Perrins, Chris Cory, Gisela Ortner and James Smith. We are also grateful to Graham Cumming to help M-S Garcia-Heras with financial support in 2014.

First detection of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus and Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus, and new phylogenetic groups for Grapevine fleck virus and Hop stunt viroid isolates, revealed from grapevine field surveys in Spain

This study was supported by Projects Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC (2010CL0021) and BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish MINECO / UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE 04/11-2 and 2010CL0021

MIPAS IMK/IAA CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 (CCl2F2) measurements: accuracy, precision and long-term stability

Abstract. Profiles of CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 (CCl2F2) of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) aboard the European satellite Envisat have been retrieved from versions MIPAS/4.61 to MIPAS/4.62 and MIPAS/5.02 to MIPAS/5.06 level-1b data using the scientific level-2 processor run by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK) and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA). These profiles have been compared to measurements taken by the balloon-borne cryosampler, Mark IV (MkIV) and MIPAS-Balloon (MIPAS-B), the airborne MIPAS-STRatospheric aircraft (MIPAS-STR), the satellite-borne Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the High Resolution Dynamic Limb Sounder (HIRDLS), as well as the ground-based Halocarbon and other Atmospheric Trace Species (HATS) network for the reduced spectral resolution period (RR: January 2005–April 2012) of MIPAS. ACE-FTS, MkIV and HATS also provide measurements during the high spectral resolution period (full resolution, FR: July 2002–March 2004) and were used to validate MIPAS CFC-11 and CFC-12 products during that time, as well as profiles from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer, ILAS-II. In general, we find that MIPAS shows slightly higher values for CFC-11 at the lower end of the profiles (below ∼ 15 km) and in a comparison of HATS ground-based data and MIPAS measurements at 3 km below the tropopause. Differences range from approximately 10 to 50 pptv ( ∼ 5–20 %) during the RR period. In general, differences are slightly smaller for the FR period. An indication of a slight high bias at the lower end of the profile exists for CFC-12 as well, but this bias is far less pronounced than for CFC-11 and is not as obvious in the relative differences between MIPAS and any of the comparison instruments. Differences at the lower end of the profile (below ∼ 15 km) and in the comparison of HATS and MIPAS measurements taken at 3 km below the tropopause mainly stay within 10–50 pptv (corresponding to ∼ 2–10 % for CFC-12) for the RR and the FR period. Between ∼ 15 and 30 km, most comparisons agree within 10–20 pptv (10–20 %), apart from ILAS-II, which shows large differences above ∼ 17 km. Overall, relative differences are usually smaller for CFC-12 than for CFC-11. For both species – CFC-11 and CFC-12 – we find that differences at the lower end of the profile tend to be larger at higher latitudes than in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, MIPAS profiles have a maximum in their mixing ratio around the tropopause, which is most obvious in tropical mean profiles. Comparisons of the standard deviation in a quiescent atmosphere (polar summer) show that only the CFC-12 FR error budget can fully explain the observed variability, while for the other products (CFC-11 FR and RR and CFC-12 RR) only two-thirds to three-quarters can be explained. Investigations regarding the temporal stability show very small negative drifts in MIPAS CFC-11 measurements. These instrument drifts vary between ∼ 1 and 3 % decade−1. For CFC-12, the drifts are also negative and close to zero up to ∼ 30 km. Above that altitude, larger drifts of up to ∼ 50 % decade−1 appear which are negative up to ∼ 35 km and positive, but of a similar magnitude, above.