Consecutive Extractions Research Articles

The effect of the age at the time of targeting a lead implantation on the difficulty with the transvenous lead extraction technique

Abstract Background In transvenous lead removal procedures, the number of years since the lead implantation is an indicator of procedural difficulty and complications. However, even with the same number of years since the lead implantation, we considered the possibility that a younger age at the time of the implantation (AoI) would increase the difficulty of the procedure. Objective To elucidate the procedural difficulty in the transvenous lead extraction procedure according to the age at the time of targeting the lead implantation. Method A total of 471 consecutive transvenous lead extraction cases were analyzed. The patient AoI of the oldest lead in extraction procedure cases was divided into two groups: those younger than 60 years (implant age <60 yrs old: AoI<60) and those older than 60 years (implant age ≧60 yrs old: AoI≧60). The analysis was conducted by the number of years since the lead implantation (<10 years: group A, 10 to 20 years: group B, and >20 years: group C). Results The number of AoI<60 and AoI≧60 patients were 60 and 254 (Group A), 51 and 56 (Group B), and 41 and 9 (Group C). The patient age significantly differed among the groups between an AoI<60 and AoI≧60 (group A: 51.7 vs. 77.1; P<0.001, group B: 61.6 vs. 83.1; P<0.001, group C: 71.2 vs. 88; P<0.001). But the oldest dwell time (years) was similar for all groups (group A: 4.6 vs. 4.2; P=0.324, group B: 14.2 vs. 13.5; P=0.148, and group C: 25.7 vs. 22.6; P=0.097). The complete removal rate (group A: 97.7% vs. 98.4%; P=0.722, group B: 90.4% vs. 93.3%; P=0.567, and group C: 78.05 vs. 90.95; P=0.337) and major complication-free rate (group A: 98.8% vs. 100%; P=0.391, group B: 96.2% vs. 100%; P=0.125, and group C: 90.2% vs. 100%; P=0.281) were not statistically significant in all groups but were higher for an AoI≧60. An AoI<60 resulted in a longer procedure time (group A: 78.4 min. vs. 65.3 min.; P=0.006, group B: 96.0 min. vs. 72.3 min.; P=0.002, and group C: 100.9 min. vs. 94.8 min.; P=0.709), longer fluoroscopy time (group A: 12.0 min. vs. 10.2 min.; P=0.247, group B: 19.2 min. vs. 11.6 min.; P=0.017, and group C: 22.2 min. vs. 16.0 min.; P=0.008), and higher number of laser pulses (group A: 779.6 vs. 433.7; P=0.002, group B: 2089.6 vs. 1032.9; P=0.017, and group C: 1509.3 vs. 831.5; P=0.201) in all groups. Conclusion This study suggested that the difficulty of transvenous lead extraction procedures may increase with a younger AoI, even if the lead dwelling time is the same.

Highly enhanced fluoride removal from aqueous systems via solvent extraction utilizing trialkyl phosphine oxide as an efficient extractant

Solvent extraction (SX) has been recognized as an efficient approach for the large-scale removal of impurities, demonstrating considerable potential for fluoride extraction in industrial applications. However, existing fluoride extraction methods typically require the incorporation of additives to form complexes with fluoride for its removal. Due to the excessive additive requirements for efficient fluoride removal, these methods inevitably result in secondary contamination of feed solution, necessitating additional purification efforts to remove them. In this study, four extractants (trioctyl amine, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and trialkyl phosphine oxide (TRPO)) were investigated for fluoride removal via hydrogen bonding with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Various parameters, including the concentrations of extractants and stripping agents, pH values, extraction time, and temperature were initially optimized. It was found that TRPO exhibits the highest extraction efficiency for HF, with a single-stage extraction rate exceeding 70 %. Complete fluoride removal (> 99.9 %) was achieved through a consecutive four-stage extraction process. Further experiments, including maximum loading and slope analysis, combined with FT-IR and 19F NMR characterization, and DFT calculations elucidate the mechanism of the extraction. The transfer of HF into the organic phase is accomplished by the formation of a 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complex with TRPO. The loaded fluoride in the organic phase can be easily stripped by a base to get a fluoride salt. This study paves the way for the construction of novel SX systems to remove fluoride as HF.

Separation of Co(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II) by solvent extraction with Cyanex 272 and D2EHPA from the sulfuric acid leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries

Spent lithium-ion batteries contain valuable metals such as cobalt, lithium, manganese and nickel. Smelting reduction of spent LIBs at high temperature results in metallic alloys. Therefore, it is necessary to recover the valuable metal ions present in the sulfuric acid leaching solutions of the metallic alloys. In this work, solvent extraction experiments were performed to separate the three metal ions, Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) present in the leaching solutions of the metallic alloys. Synthetic sulfate solutions were prepared and commercial organophosphorous extractants were employed. First, both Co(II) and Mn(II) were completely extracted in one stage by using 40% saponified 0.3 M Cyanex 272, leaving Ni(II) in the raffinate. The small amount of Ni(II) co-extracted into Cyanex 272 was removed by two stages of cross-current scrubbing using pure CoSO4 solution. The effect of pH and CoSO4 concentration of the scrubbing solution on the scrubbing of Ni(II) was investigated. The Co(II) and Mn(II) present in the scrubbed Cyanex 272 were completely stripped by 0.05 M H2SO4 solution. Batch simulation experiments for the three stage of counter-current extraction with 1 M D2EHPA verified that Mn(II) and Co(II) were completely separated by selective extraction of Mn(II) into D2EHPA, leaving Co(II) in the raffinate. By consecutive extraction with Cyanex 272 and D2EHPA, pure solutions of Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) with purity higher than 99.9% can be recovered from the starting solutions. A process was proposed for the treatment of sulfuric acid leaching solutions of spent LIBs containing Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) by solvent extraction.

Analysis of PFAS and further VOC from fluoropolymer-coated cookware by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in the production of PTFE based coatings for cookware. In this study, emission of PFAS and further volatile organic compounds (VOC) from kitchenware articles were investigated. First, method development for thermal extraction of baking trays, frying pans and baking mats at 250 °C was done by testing three different extraction devices. A thermal desorption oven showed the best blank and highest recoveries of PFAS analytes (70–101% for 12 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), 2 fluorotelomer alcohls (FTOHs), 3 per- and polyfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs), 1 polyfluoroether (PFE)). Second, 18 cookware samples, a PTFE micro powder and 2 lab made coating strips have been investigated. No PFAS were detected in 12 samples (limits of detection: 1–13 ng/dm2). PFCAs (C5–C23) were detected in a baking tray in amounts up to 34 ng/dm2. A baking mat contained 3 ng/dm2 PFOA. FTOHs were not detected in the samples. A PFECA (bC7O2) and its hydride (bC6O2H PFE) were detected in one coating intended for use in frying pans. The hydrides of the PFECA mixture, b(C3O1)nC3 PFECA (Krytox 157FSH), were detected in five baking trays. The PFAS target analytes were not detectable in the five investigated frying pans. Analysing further VOC in the emissions of coatings, 175 compounds could be identified, including alkanes, alkenes, aromatic substances, esters, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acids, siloxanes and sulphur, nitrogen, as well as chlorine containing compounds (< 10 µg/dm2). The identified substances cannot be connected to the basic coating polymer of the kitchenware articles, which were PTFE and PES. All samples have undergone a threefold thermal extraction. No substances could be detected in the second and third consecutive extraction, which means that a removal and no new formation of the investigated PFAS as well as the further VOC at 250 °C has occurred.

Ultra-highly efficient enrichment of uranium from seawater via studtite nanodots growth-elution cycle

Consecutive uranium extraction from seawater is a promising approach to secure the long-term supply of uranium and the sustainability of nuclear energy. Here, we report an ultra-highly efficient strategy via studtite nanodots growth with impressive uranyl uptake capacity of ~ 154.50 mg/g from natural seawater in 12 consecutive days (i.e., average for ~ 12.875 mg/g/day). Uranyl can be extracted as studtite under visible light via the reaction between the adsorbed uranyl and the photogenerated H2O2 with imine-based Covalent-Organic Framework photocatalysts. In detail, over Tp-Bpy, Tp-Bpy-2 and Tp-Py with multiple uranyl chelating sites, uranyl is found extracted as studtite nanodots which can be eluted readily, while over Tp-Bd and Tb-Bpy, uranyl is transformed into studtite nanorods that is more inert for elution. Abundant chelating sites of uranyl via structural regulation of COF photocatalysts are proved to facilitate the formation and efficient elution of studtite nanodots.

Ionic liquid and ultrasound as a fast and innovative combination for improved extraction of Chlorella sorokiniana-derived carotenoids

Chlorella sorokiniana is a microalgae with high amounts of carotenoids, but the extraction methods need to be improved. This work hypothesized that the combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and ultrasound would provide a fast and efficient process for carotenoid extraction, allowing for the reuse of ILs in several extractive cycles. This study aimed to develop an improved ILs/ultrasound-based method for extracting carotenoids from C. sorokiniana. The potential reuse of ILs in five consecutive extraction cycles and the recovery of carotenoids was also examined. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the carotenoid extracts and their effects on metabolic cell viability and cell death were investigated using HT22 neuronal cells. Initial tests with four ILs and acetone as a control were carried out in an ultrasonic probe. The ILs (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl]; 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [HMIM][Cl]) were selected for the 25−1 fractional experimental design. The maximized parameters obtained in the experimental design were the following: IL ([HMIM][Cl]), a 1:10 solid-liquid ratio, a 1:4 IL-cosolvent ratio, and two repetitions of extraction with 7.5 min (with an extraction yield of 1.29 mg·g‐1 of dry matter). A total of 11 carotenoids were separated, and nine were identified, the major ones being lutein and β-carotene. [HMIM][Cl] recyclability using resin Amberlite XAD-7HP was efficient for at least five cycles. On average, 91 % of the IL was recovered, and the pigment yield increased by 40 %. The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained using [HMIM][Cl] and acetone were 1.65 μmol and 2.32 μmol of α-tocopherol, respectively. Both extracts (≤ 4.0 μg·mL‐1) exhibited no significant toxicity to HT22 cells. The proposed method is an innovative and improved approach for carotenoid extraction from C. sorokiniana due to its short extraction times and high process yield. [HMIM][Cl] demonstrated stability in reuse cycles and proved to have the potential for obtaining carotenoids from C. sorokiniana.

Towards a sustainable rice husk ash-derived solid-phase extraction: Perfluoroalkyl substances as probe contaminants of waters

Rice husk ash is an important waste of agricultural industry that, within the framework of the circular economy, has been easily converted into a sustainable sorbent material. This was tested in this work for the pre-concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), representative perfluoroalkyl substances as probe environmental pollutants of waters, with HPLC-MS/MS quantification. The preparation involves a rapid microwave-assisted oxidation followed by a hydrothermal treatment, which was studied using a 22 design of experiments. The final material was thoroughly characterized and tested for its affinity to the target analytes by solid-phase extraction in environmental waters and wastewaters. Recoveries in the range 67–113 % (RSD < 11 %, n=3) were achieved at environmentally relevant concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ng L-1) and the sorbent was reusable for at least ten consecutive extractions. Good linearity (R2 = 0.9997) was observed, with a method quantification limit in the water sample of 10 ng L-1 that allows the analysis of PFOA and PFOS below the established limits. The method was evaluated for greenness using AGREEprep and SPMS metrics, and it was then applied to the analysis of actual water samples from Northern Italy.

Miniaturized 3D-printed hand-operable dispersive sample pretreatment device with replaceable chitosan/polydopamine thin film metal sorbent for enhanced metal analysis

To address the increasing demand for sensitive and selective sample preparation methods for metal analysis; preconcentration of intended analyte from complex sample matrices before analysis is required to improve the performance of analysis instruments. In this study, we have engineered a sustainable and portable syringe-based hand-operable three-dimensionally (3D) printed sample pretreatment apparatus equipped with a replaceable bio-based thin- film metal sorbent. This device effectively addresses the challenges of sample matrix interference in metal analysis. A metal sorbent film composed of chitosan (CS) and polydopamine (PDA) leveraged the diverse functional groups in the CS/PDA matrix to significantly enhance the extraction efficiency for various metals. Our approach demonstrated excellent analytical performance, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9982 for copper (Cu) and 0.996 for chromium (Cr). The method achieved low limits of detection (LOD) of 0.3 μg L−1 for Cr and 0.7 μg L−1 for Cu. Precision and practicality assessments using actual urine samples yielded satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSD%) ranging from of 1.6 %–8.5 % for both metals, indicating minimal interference from the sample matrix. Moreover, our approach exhibited robust performance even after seven consecutive extraction and desorption cycles, highlighting its sustainability and practical applicability for laboratory and on-site sample pretreatment.

Optimised phycoerythrin extraction method from Porphyridium sp. combining imidazolium-based ionic liquids

Phycoerythrin (PE) extraction from Porphyridium sp. was studied employing ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with aqueous mixtures of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) simultaneously, marking a significant novelty. A face-centred central composite design and response surface optimised PE yield (EPE), considering the effects of ionic liquid concentration (IL), [Emim][EtSO4]/[Bmim][EtSO4] mass ratio (E/B), biomass concentration (BM), and time (t). Improvements in EPE by 300 % and 115 % were achieved compared to a phosphate buffer solution and the freeze-thaw method, respectively. Temperature and pH effects were examined independently, leading to the determination of optimal operating conditions: BM = 10 mg mL−1, IL = 18.6 wt%, E/B = 0.78/0.22, t = 10 min, T = 35 °C, and pH = 7.5. Results indicated the potential for reusing the ILs for at least five consecutive extraction cycles, maintaining an EPE of 94.2 % compared to fresh ones. This underscores the success and innovation of the developed technology in enhancing PE extraction from Porphyridium sp.

Comprehensive profiling of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from fried centipede using activity-oriented online preparation technology

Fried centipede, a popular food in southern China and Vietnam, is well known for its notable health benefits owing to its unique chemical composition. This study focused on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor screening, bioactivity evaluation, and the extraction of bioactive compounds derived from fried centipedes. To determine the accuracy of in vitro AChE inhibitor screening, receptor-ligand affinity ultrafiltration and enzymatic reaction kinetics technologies were employed for the rapid screening and structural identification of bioactive compounds and to verify the enzyme inhibition activity and mechanism of the compounds. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamic simulations were utilized to assess the effectiveness of the target, and the integration of experimental and computational approaches facilitated a comprehensive analysis of the active compounds and their activities at four levels. To address the issues of low content and low extraction and separation efficiencies of bioactive compounds derived from centipedes, an activity-oriented complex preparation method (consecutive ultrasonic-assisted centrifugal extraction coupled online with UNIFAC countercurrent chromatography and semi-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for efficient extraction, online concentration, and complex separation of the identified AChE ligands. As a result, six active compounds, including cytidine, guanine, uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and β-thymidine demonstrated significant binding affinity to the AChE active sites within 3 h. This study provided valuable insights into the active compounds of fried centipedes and their potential anti-Alzheimer's disease properties. These findings contribute to the advancement of animal food preparation methodologies by combining cutting-edge extraction techniques, biological activity screening, and the development of AChE inhibitors from fried centipedes. Our method serves as a valuable reference for exploring and developing functional animal materials from diverse medicinal resources.

Enhanced toxicity-free astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis via concurrent cell disruption and demulsification

The extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis involves the utilization of petroleum-derived organic solvents or supercritical CO2, beset by safety concerns, high costs, and environmental sustainability limitations. This study, in contrast, employed a method involving the adjustment of salt concentration, propylene glycol, and vegetable oil fraction to disrupt emulsion in aqueous cell lysates for facilitating the separation of astaxanthin. Under optimized conditions, an astaxanthin-containing oil with a content of 1.88% was obtained even with the use of wet biomass, and four rounds of consecutive extraction resulted in a cumulative recovery yield of 66.41%. This process produced astaxanthin-enriched soybean oil with 9.49 times improved antioxidant capacity that satisfies a requirement for health functional application. Omitting the solvent removal and drying processes, which consume tremendous energy, can reduce the production cost by 2.98 times compared to conventional methods. Consequently, this study suggests an effective technique for producing edible oil containing H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin.

Phytochemical Profile and GC-MS-Identified Bioactive Compounds in Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. Leaves

Background: Pluchea ovalis is a significant medicinal plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is also known as “Woolly Camphor-Weed” and has traditionally been used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Folk medicine for treating numerous ailments, particularly Jaundice, Piles, Bronchial Asthma, inflammation, and Carcinoma. Purpose: Phytochemical Profile and GC-MS-Identified Bioactive Compounds in Pluchea ovalis Research Design: The phytochemical composition of P. ovalis leaves was screened using a Soxhlet apparatus after hot, continuous, and consecutive extraction. A variety of solvents were used for the qualitative assay. Different solvents were used in increasing polarity order to carry out the extraction operation. Total content of tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids (bromocresol green), and flavonoids (aluminum chloride) quantified (Folin-Ciocalteu). Additionally, quick and precise GC was used in conjunction with the Mass Hunter tool and mass spectrometry method to examine the absorbed components and determine the complete elements. Results: The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids &amp; terpenoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, coumarins, quinones resins, cardiac glycosides, leuco anthocyanins, anthraquinones and fixed oils were found in all the extracts, the quantification of alkaloids in methanol, showcasing a remarkable concentration of 502 mg/g equivalent, while chloroform exhibits a substantial alkaloid content of 310 mg/g, flavonoids, yielding the highest concentration in methanol at 520 mg/g and ethyl acetate at 440 mg/g. Phenols and tannins in methanol 390 mg/g and 320 mg/g . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of P. ovalis leaf methanol extract revealed 50 peaks, identifying bioactive compounds based on retention time, molecular formula, structure, weight, and concentration (peak area%). The results indicated that the single major component, dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (C39H74O6), had a peak area of 38.16%, a molecular weight of 638, and was reported to have hypercholesterolemic, anti-arthritic, nematocidal and hepatoprotective activity. 2-Ethoxyethylamine (C4H11NO), on the other hand, had the second-highest peak area, at 26.46%

Extraction of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) as extractive materials from water samples

Herein two magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), [P66614]2[CoCl4] and [P66614]3 [DyCl6], were synthesized and evaluated as extractive materials in a micro liquid extraction procedure (MLE) to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in water samples. The extraction capacity of evaluated PAHs was studied at different conditions such as pH, extraction time, MIL mass, PAH concentration and ionic strength. Both synthesized MILs demonstrated successful extraction of the five evaluated PAHs. Optimal extraction conditions were achieved at pH = 2, 60 min, and 7.5 % NaCl and 15 mg for [P66614]2[CoCl4] and 10 % NaCl, and 100 mg of [P66614]3[DyCl6] for each of PAH. Finally, recovery and reuse of the MILs was evaluated. In this study, only [P66614]2[CoCl4] was recovered successfully without the presence of any PAH and used successfully in future extractions. Recovered [P66614]2[CoCl4] was used for five consecutive extractions with an extraction efficiency of the Pyrene above 99 %. These MILs effectively extracted five PAHs from aqueous samples and proved to be recyclable for up to five extraction cycles. These MILs have a high potential to be employed as extractive materials for remediation purposes.

Carotenoids production and extraction from Yarrowia lipolytica cells: A biocompatible approach using biosolvents

The use of carotenoids, pigments with significant importance in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has been widely recognized because of their functions as colorants and antioxidants. The production of carotenoids from oleaginous yeasts is an efficient and eco-friendly alternative to that of synthetic carotenoids. Yarrowia lipolytica, due to its ability to synthesize high-value-added compounds, including carotenoids and lipids, has emerged as a promising biotechnological platform for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biosolvents for carotenoid extraction with the goal of replacing toxic organic solvents that pose risks to both human health and the environment. The Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE) technique was employed to disrupt the rigid cell wall and extract intracellular pigments. Subsequent extractions were conducted using a 2:3:1 (w/w/w) ratio of ethanol:ethyl acetate:water, resulting in a total β-carotene concentration of approximately 5 mg β-carotene equivalent/g dry biomass. The COSMO-SAC model was utilized to elucidate the solute–solvent affinity, and the results obtained were consistent with the experimental findings. To improve the process, various ratios of biosolvents were investigated, and a subsequent Solid-Liquid-Liquid Extraction (SLLE) was introduced. Process integration and adjustments to the mixed biosolvent composition achieved yields ranging from 50 to 100 % in just four consecutive extractions. The proposed integrative platform not only enhances the efficiency of the extraction process but also enables the fractionation and purification of bioproducts from Y. lipolytica cells, thereby maximizing their biotechnological potential.

Multifunctional HKUST-1-3D-printed device for the simultaneous extraction of hydrocarbons and dyes from water

Herein, we report a MOF polymer coating and in-situ growth mixed strategy to fabricate a multifunctional floating 3D printed device for simultaneous hydrocarbon and dye removal. Due to the superhydrophobic properties (water contact angle = 151o) of the upper part of the device, it was applied for the removal of oil from water, obtaining excellent separation efficiency (from 90 to 98.6 %) for n-hexane, decane, dodecane and hexadecane. In addition, this part of the device showed excellent reusability, maintaining its separation efficiency of hexane/water above 95 % with a relative standard deviation of 1.0 % after 25 consecutive extraction cycles. The lower part of the multifunctional device, coated with HKUST-1 synthesized by in-situ growth, was tested for methylene blue dye removal, demonstrating fast kinetics adsorption (percentage of removal higher than 90 % in 2 h) due to the combination of electrostatic and π-π interactions between HKUST-1 and the dye. Furthermore, this 3D support showed high versatility, exceeding a 92 % extraction capacity for various dyes (malachite green, crystal violet and methyl violet), with the advantage of being easily regenerated several times by a simple regrowth procedure. Finally, the complete 3D-modified device was tested for the simultaneous extraction of hydrocarbons and dyes from real groundwater sample with excellent results.

Multiple liquid-liquid extraction of dissolved compounds in immortelle hydrosol with four different solvents.

Immortelle, a revered Mediterranean medicinal plant, is celebrated for its potent essential oil renowned in the cosmetic industry for its skin-enhancing properties. Yet, immortelle hydrosol, an often-overlooked byproduct, holds promise in cosmetics due to its compatibility with polar active ingredients. This study investigates the chemical composition of immortelle hydrosol by employing liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) to transfer volatile organic components into nonpolar solvents. Four solvents - chloroform, dichloromethane, hexane, and benzene - were assessed through ten consecutive extractions from industrially produced immortelle hydrosol. Quantification was achieved using GC analysis with tetradecane as an internal standard. Chloroform emerged as the most efficient solvent, yielding 2447.0 mg/L of volatile compounds, surpassing dichloromethane, hexane, and benzene. Key compounds in immortelle hydrosol included 3-pentanone, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and γ-terpineol. Importantly, the study revealed that a portion of essential oil compounds persists in the hydrosol even after ten LLE cycles, with optimal results achievable in five extractions (~92 % in most cases).

Extraction and Microencapsulation of Phytochemical Compounds from Mango Peel (Mangifera indica L.) var. “Kent” and Assessment of Bioaccessibility through In Vitro Digestion

The peel from mango (Mangifera indica L.) var. “Kent” is a good source of bioactive compounds (BC). BC are sensitive to oxygen, temperature, humidity, light, and gastrointestinal digestion, which change their biological function and health benefits. This study was aimed at the extraction of the bioactive compounds present in the peel from mango var. “Kent” and their microencapsulation using spray drying (SD) and spout-fluid bed drying (SFB). The bioaccessibility of BC was also evaluated. Two consecutive extractions of 90 min at 30 °C and 80% v/v ethanol were used. The microcapsules produced via SD and SFB presented high retention and encapsulation percentages of the bioactive compounds; nevertheless, SFB showed better protection during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The non-encapsulated extract showed a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) of BC at the end of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results show that these microcapsules might be used in the food industry as an ingredient to produce functional foods and, thereby, to obtain the health benefits that the bioactive compounds provide.

Consecutive extraction of neutral and polar lipids from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) byproducts using supercritical carbon dioxide

This study aimed at the consecutive extraction of neutral and polar lipids (phospholipids) from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) byproducts using an entrainer (ethanol) combination of green extraction system supercritical carbon dioxide. The head, viscera, and skin of tuna fish were subjected to extraction. The highest proportion of lipids was obtained from the skin (31.18% ± 0.59%), and the net phospholipids were obtained from the head (3.24%). Oils and phospholipids are rich in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phospholipids were identified and their composition was analyzed based on 31P NMR spectra. Three important classes of phospholipids are phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Tocopherol is the major vitamin present in oils and phospholipids from K. pelamis byproducts. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the extracted neutral and polar lipids are stable at cooking temperatures and can be used in various industries.

Graphene-Enhanced Methacrylated Alginate Gel Films for Sustainable Dye Removal in Water Purification.

Self-standing nanocomposite films were prepared by three-dimensional UV-induced radical copolymerization of methacrylated alginate (MALG) with acrylic acid (AA) and reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) to improve both mechanical strength and dye adsorption capacity in wastewater decontamination operations. Dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis revealed variations in storage modulus: the higher the GO content, the higher the storage modulus (E') values. Also, the higher the temperature (associated with a lower and lower water content of films), the larger values of E' for the films of the same composition (E'(25 °C) = 676.6-1538.7 MPa; E'(100 °C) = 886.9-2066.6 MPa), providing insights into the compatibility between GO and the MALG/AA matrix, as well as, assessing the improvement in the nanocomposite's final mechanical properties. These crosslinked films in a dry state exhibited rapid water uptake and relatively short drying times (ca. 30 min at room temperature for the MALG/AA/GO composites) resulting from the swelling-drying studies and water contact angle measurements. The efficacy of methylene blue removal from water assessed via UV-VIS spectrometry revealed excellent results, expressed as an adsorption yield of 70-80% and 85-98% after 30 h and 258 h, respectively, of immersion time of films into an MB aqueous solution of 12.5 mg/L (as the contaminated water model). The reusability of the same films was evaluated by consecutive extraction processes of MB from the composite membranes when the content of desorbed dye was also spectrophotometrically monitored and conducted in acidic conditions (HCl aqueous solutions of pH 2). Overall, the introduction of GO in the developed self-standing MALG/AA nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and increased efficiency for dye removal applications. Their great reutilization potential was highlighted by low drying times and a good ability to release the dye initially adsorbed. Thus, the prepared films could be suitable materials for sustainable and effective water treatment technologies.

Manufacturing of protein concentrate from the flesh of snakehead fish ( Channa striata ) through consecutive ultrasound-assisted organic solvent extraction and vacuum drying

Manufacturing of protein concentrate from the flesh of snakehead fish ( <i>Channa striata</i> ) through consecutive ultrasound-assisted organic solvent extraction and vacuum drying