Phenomenon Of Consciousness Research Articles

Телевизионный сериал как феномен экранной культуры

Relevance. Modern screen culture as a component of mass communication occupies a leading position in terms of influence on public consciousness. A television series as a part of mass culture secures important content, time and functional positions. In our opinion, with the increasing importance of the television series as an aspect of mass culture in particular and modern socio-cultural life in general, active attention should be paid to the formation of this phenomenon as a postmodern aspect and reflection of the "non-classical" model of reality. The purpose is to identify the specifics of a television series as a cultural text and determine its place in the field of modern screen culture. Objectives: to establish the role and significance of the TV series in the context of the current reality of screen culture and to assess its communicative effectiveness; to find the relationship between the seriality of a television series through its reflection as a phenomenon of mass consciousness and an important aspect of postmodern reality; to trace the specifics of the language of the TV series and the complex of semiotic codes presented in it; analyze the phenomenon of the TV series and evaluate its impact on the viewer through psychological and emotional mechanisms. Methodology. In the process of working on the study, mainly structural-diachronic, historical-biographical, hermeneutic methods, the method of system analysis were used. The results of the study can be used in the course of the educational process when considering issues in various courses on anthropology, philosophy of history, philosophy of culture, etc. Conclusions. As our analysis of the source base shows, as a rule, the television series became the object of research from the point of view of classical aesthetics or from the point of view of its perception from the point of view of the recipient, that is, the audience. For us, the television series is of interest primarily as a semiotic carrier of a cultural text, where multidimensional and multilevel inclusions of various discourses and codes are reflected.

Phenomenon of play consciousness and aesthetic experience. Exploring the truth of the artwork through H.-G. Gadamer’s hermeneutics

Phenomenon of play consciousness and aesthetic experience. Exploring the truth of the artwork through H.-G. Gadamer’s hermeneutics

Вплив громадської думки на соціально-політичне життя суспільства

Different countries around the world have different attitudes to the problem of public opinion. If we analyze these views, we can see that about 50% of the world's population believes that public opinion does not exist and can not exist, but the other 50% believe that it still exists. Of course, as the life of society demonstrates, public opinion exists in democracies and cannot exist in totalitarian countries where there is "one true opinion." Ukraine became a democratic country today, one of the European states, that has the rich ceremonies, traditions, habits, language, special culture, belief and desire of independence and social economic development, and yet political understanding. It is native desires of the Ukrainian people. The aim of the article are generalization of theoretical approaches in relation to a concept "public opinion" and attempt to analyze her influence on socio-political life of country. A few directions of research of public opinion were formulated in the modern world. The Ukrainian scientists try revaluation essence of public opinion, interpret it from positions of modern sociological knowledge, in fact at past tenses this theme was closed. Today the sociologists of Ukraine try to investigate the role of public opinion for an association, to show her value as social institution and to define ways and principles of her forming and functioning. Such known Ukrainian scientists worked in the field of public opinion and politics. Public opinion is the phenomenon historical. Social, economic, political, ideological his operating conditions change on the measure of development of civilization, human society, his functions become complicated, a role and status change in life of society. To Tom, taking into account general meaningfulness of public opinion simultaneously the looks of scientists changed to her function directly in the administrative department of society, political process. In the process of forming of public opinion certain intercommunications are distinguished between his transmitters. Interests of society on the whole cannot coincide with interests of separate task forces and even layers of population. Therefore for individuals, collectives, groups of population correct public opinion is formed not always, id east that would represent majority of task forces of population opinion. The process of forming of public opinion is multidimensional He is based on specific interests and on differences in knowledge, culture, being informed of people. Forming comes true by exchange opinions during conversations, consultative meeting, discussions, and spores. Thus, it is possible to assert that public opinion ‒ it the phenomenon of mass consciousness of people, she is formed and develops together with development of society, and development of society depends on rights freedoms of citizens, that create this society. And as citizens elect the organs of rule and enter to them, then they influence on socio-political life countries.

Близость и разногласия мировоззренческих основ творчества Ф.М. Достоевского и европейского экзистенциализма

The work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was formed under the influence of social moods of the 19th century, however, the phenomenon of existential consciousness, which is inherent in his literary works, allows readers of the 21st century to find answers to pressing social questions. Existentialism in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky is a way of interpreting a crisis perception of the world, when the characteristics of value orientations and culture, the rapidity of globalization processes of that time determined the trajectory of the development of civilization, in which the key role is assigned to the individual as an independent unit of society that has the ability to shape his own destiny. The images of the literary heroes of Fyodor Mikhailovich, the universality of the questions posed in the works, provide value-semantic supports, allowing in the new realities to form self-identification and self-determination of a person. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of existentialism as a philosophical concept and its correlation with the social moods of Europe and Russia in the 19th century and the works of Fyodor Mikhailovich.

Doctrinal legal consciousness and professional legal consciousness of a lawyer: the relationship and significance for society

Doctrinal legal consciousness and professional legal consciousness of a lawyer: the relationship and significance for society

Глобально-эволюционный подход к сознанию в когнитивной науке

At the present stage of consciousness research, there is an extraordinary variety of models of consciousness proposed by science and philosophy. In this regard, the construction of a typology of consciousness concepts is appropriate, as well as the dialogue of philosophy and cognitive science in the research of consciousness. The article compares the main approaches to the phenomenon of consciousness in cognitive science: neurobiological (neural network), informational (quantum informational), and nonlinear dynamic. The authors propose to include a global evolutionary approach in this typology. The global evolutionary approach is close to a nonlinear dynamic view, but the understanding of consciousness is refined by the inclusion of control parameters that exerted impact to the sociocultural stage of universal evolution. Creativity has a special role to play in this approach. The classification is based on ideas about the real evolution of consciousness and its participation in the global evolutionary process. In such a context, consciousness is understood as a complex self-developing system, but its functioning is conditioned by the cognitive activity of the brain, body, culture, and the world. The article reveals the concepts, in which the explanation of consciousness can be correlated with the global evolutionary approach. They include the emerging modern concepts of embodied cognition, the theory of spatio-temporal neuroscience by G. Nortoff, as well as the concept of consciousness by T. Metzinger. The authors generate the hypothesis about the expediency of using the methodology of the second-order observer to discuss the problem of a unified theory of consciousness. The article indicates the correlation of these theories with the global evolutionary approach, in which the functioning of consciousness is not reduced to neural network structures of the brain, but extended to a view that consciousness is a part of the world and at the same time includes it. Thus, consciousness has a creative evolutionary potential, due to which it builds holistic images and encompasses irrational, creative parameters. The authors suggest a hypothesis about the possibility to combine first-person and third-person studies of consciousness based on the methodology of the second-order observer. In this assumption, they assess consciousness performing the function of an observer on the basis of the methodology of the second-order observer (V.I. Arshinov) and the interpretation of observation as an operation that reproduces the observer (D. Becker). The observer of complexity (the observer of the second order) in this context is consciousness, or rather self-consciousness. The observer simultaneously observes and generates processes, forming a kind of an “assemblage point” of reality, in which the agent-based properties of the observer of complexity are manifested.

РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КН. : КОХ К. ЧУВСТВО САМОЙ ЖИЗНИ: ПОЧЕМУ СОЗНАНИЕ ВСТРЕЧАЕТСЯ ПОВСЕМЕСТНО, НО НЕ СВОДИТСЯ К ВЫЧИСЛЕНИЮ

In his new book «The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness Is Widespread, But Can’t Be Computed» C. Koch develops the account of the phenomenon of consciousness from the standpoint of the theory of integrated information proposed by the Italian neuroscientist G. Tononi. The starting point of this theory is the attempt to single out the most important properties of the consciousness itself and, on this basis, to determine what kind of physical systems are capable of having experience. According to the proponents of the theory of integrated information, the key properties of experience include its intrinsic existence, its composition, information, integration, and exclusion. From the statements describing the properties of consciousness, called axioms, the theory derives the statements about the properties of the physical substrate of experience, which are called postulates. The theory of integrated information claims to develop a conceptual apparatus for an exact quantitative assessment of the level of possible experience in any system. This theory formulates several interesting predictions, including the possibility of merging many individual experiences into a single experience, if with the help of some future technology an information bridge is established between the substrates that implement them, and also that consciousness cannot be obtained as a result of simulation on a digital computer.

Kajian Sosial Kepesantrenan dalam Bingkai Varian Teori Praktis: Sebuah Refleksi

Sebagai lembaga Pendidikan Islam yang berakar pada sejarah dan budaya nusantara, pesantren telah menjadi objek diskursus akademik dalam bingkai ilmu-ilmu sosial. Di berbagai seting sosial yang beragam, pesantren memiliki berbagai dimensi khasnya yang menjadikan ciri pembeda antara satu pesantren dan yang lainnya. Beberapa diantara objek kajian sosial kepesantrenan meliputi hubungan sosial antara pesantren dan lingkungan masyarakat di luar pesantren, pedagogi dalam proses pendidikannya, dan perubahan sosial akibat dari keberadaan pesantren dan elemen-elemennya itu sendiri. Artikel ini membahas pembingkaian fenomena sosial kepesantrenan dalam kerangka teori praktis Bourdieu dan Giddens yang notabene memiliki pendekatan strukturasi yang berbeda. Bourdieu menerapkan strukturasi dalam pendekatan kuasa (power) dan Giddens dalam pendekatan pengetahuan (knowledgeability). Penggunaan kedua paradigma strukturasi ini dapat memberikan penjelasan proses preservasi dan perubahan dalam institusi pesantren dalam kendali agen. Namun demikian, hanya fenomena sadar (conscious phenomena) yang dapat dibingkai. Fenomena tak sadar (unconscious phenomena) rupanya tidak dapat dibingkai dalam strukturasi dan memerlukan bantuan dari disiplin pengetahun yang lain, seperti antropologi psikologis, untuk dapat menjelaskan fenomena secara ilmiah.

Interdisciplinary Approach to the Analysis of the Dynamics of Legal Consciousness

The article deals with the dynamic aspects of legal consciousness. It is concluded that the traditional definition of legal consciousness as a set of emotions, ideas and feelings about the current and previously valid law was formed on the basis of the dominant materialistic concept as the ideological basis of knowledge in jurisprudence. Its use as a universal method determined the study of certain aspects of legal consciousness as an object of research activity, existing in the form of a reflection of the surrounding (legal) reality. As a result, the definition of legal consciousness in statics was formed, due to the analysis of individual external (materialized) signs of its manifestation (exteriorization). The existing lack of data on the peculiarities of the internal processes of the dynamics of legal consciousness was compelled to compensate for the study of mental processes and their corresponding parameters only on the basis of introspection. The article clearly demonstrates that this approach leads to various kinds of distortions, entailing errors in solving the fundamental problems of defining the phenomenon of legal consciousness, as well as a decrease in the quality of the practice of lawmaking and law enforcement. In order to overcome the gap that has arisen in theoretical and applied research, it is proposed to consider legal consciousness as a subject of scientific knowledge by constructing an integral theoretical scheme of its dynamics (flow) as a complex socio-psychological process. For this, an interdisciplinary approach is applied to the study of the dynamics of legal consciousness, on the basis of which a number of practical data from psychology, sociology, and cybernetics are synthesized. The definition of legal consciousness is formed on the basis of the decomposition of the concept into separate stages of legal consciousness with an analysis of their functional parameters. The main stages of the course of legal consciousness are recognized as the perception of the subject of legal regulation and its mediating legal norms with the formation of separate perceptual images, then – the corresponding perceptual activity with a certain centralization and cognitive processes with a possible result in the form of constructing mental schemes. The key parameters of legal consciousness are the generic-specific connection with consciousness, the absence of discreteness, as well as the specific formally-legally determined intentional orientation, temporality, coherence and tension of legal consciousness due to the subject's readaptation. Moreover, the target orientation, coherence and tension are largely predetermined by the methods and content of legal impact. As examples illustrating the proposed scheme of dynamics of legal consciousness, the phenomena of the so-called deformation of legal consciousness, approaches to the definition of subjectivity and legal personality, structural and substantive aspects of legal capacity and legal capacity, parameters of the subjective side of the offense, problems of professional legal consciousness and a number of other applied issues.

William James's Philosophy of Mind: Between Neutral Monism and Panpsychism

This paper is an introduction to William James' philosophy of mind and is intended to prepare the reader for his work “How Two Minds Can Know One Thing”. The views of William James on three topics in the philosophy of mind are considered: panpsychism, neutral monism, and combination problem. There is a very deep connection between the modern analytical philosophy of mind and the philosophy of this author. A variety of neutral monism, to which James adhered, is analyzed, including the problem of neutrality of substance. Neutral monism in practice does not provide complete independence of a substance from mental and physical properties, and therefore neutral monism may tend to panpsychism if we are not talking about its idealistic varieties. The author concerns the relationship between panpsychism and neutral monism as two approaches to the combination problem. James's panpsychism is analyzed in terms of modern classification. Paper selectively considers individual episodes in James's philosophy in which he adhered to such panpsychism varieties as panexperientialism and panqualityism. The following is a question of the influence of James's combination problem on his philosophy as well as on modern analytical philosophy of mind. At different periods of time, James took, at first glance, mutually exclusive viewpoints on these issues. It is shown that the analysis of James's concept, taking into account the modern development of panpsychism, allows seeing an additional internal consistency in his systematic consideration of the phenomenon of consciousness.

CONSIDERATION, ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME EXISTING APPROACHES TO QUANTITATIVE VALUATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Many recent scientific publications on the current and future development of the world economy highlight such a trend as the knowledge economy. It is logical to hope that if such a trend exists, it would be possible to observe the corresponding processes in changing the attractiveness of certain assets, namely the increase in the attractiveness of any assets closely related to knowledge. A similar situation would apply to innovation development, i. e., processes related to investment and R&D, etc. Data on the distribution of shares of tangible and intangible assets in the capital structure and trends in the investment attractiveness of certain assets can show the real picture. The article is devoted to the analysis of the situation of the growth of attractiveness of intangibles and intellectual capital in the conditions of intensification of innovative development and formation of knowledge economy. A comparative analysis of statistical data on investments in tangible and intangible assets in Europe, the United States and Ukraine shows that there is a tendency to increase the attractiveness of the latter types of assets. Several hypotheses have been formed, the testing of which is a necessary task of further research. Various existing approaches to the valuation of intangible and intellectual assets have been researched and systematized. It is established that the diversity of existing international approaches is reduced to several classes of patterns. Their general features, shortcomings and factors that lead to low quality of results of valuation of intangible assets or to their leveling of results are revealed. The necessity for formation of another class of estimation methods is offered and substantiated, which with necessity should be based on other, alternative principles. In general, the conceptual foundations of this class of methods are proposed and the general logical and theoretical foundations for its formation are laid. According to these principles a new class of approaches should be built according to the quasi-physical approach to the consciousness phenomena and on the principles of standardization and unification.

The Notion of Threat in Linguistic and Legal Expert Understanding and in Belarusians’ Naïve Linguistic Picture of the World

In our research we perform a comparative analysis of the category of threat in the scientific and naïve pictures of the world. In the former case we treat threat as an object of research in modern linguistic text evaluation, in the latter – as a concept reflected in the naïve language consciousness. The analysis is based on the characteristics of the parametric forensic linguistic model of threat as defined in article 186 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, namely offences committed verbally, and on the survey data collected from individuals residing in Vitebsk Region (100 respondents). The methodological basis of our study comprises methods of parameterization, a survey, the comparative method as well as statistical tools for preparing and processing the resultant survey information. As a result, the research provides a detailed description of identification parameters of threat as they are defined by the Belarusian national legislation: 1) type of offensive action; 2) subjectivity of action; 3) targetness; 4) temporal markedness. The attempt to construct a parametric model of threat as a phenomenon of everyday language consciousness is based on the results gathered from the survey conducted on residents of Vitebsk Region (60 female respondents: 40 – urban residents, 20 – rural residents; 40 – male respondents: 30 – urban residents, 10 – rural residents). The comparative analysis shows that there is a noticeable gap between the scientific and naïve perceptions of threat. Unlike the forensic linguistic model of threat, its perception by Belarusian individuals does not have identifiable features for markedness and is recognized at the intuitive level; the parameter that the naïve picture of the world regards as important is a harmful action. It also appears worthwhile to note that though there are no gender or age peculiarities in everyday perception of threat as an illegal action, it features distinct local specificity.

Integrative Aspects of Collective Memory

Ongoing globalization foregrounds the task of finding reliable bases for preservation and development of the socio-cultural identity of peoples and individuals. Among such foundations is collective memory, as experience of the historical past, fixed in individual and social consciousness and determining the main patterns of social dynamics. The long-studies phenomenon of collective memory is the area of interdisciplinary research. The researchers focus on the map of collective memory and its renewal processes, the sources and mechanisms of its formation, the relationship between memory and history, the dialectics of collective and individual memory, the processes of preserving the past and its oblivion. In a risk society, the interest in the study of collective memory takes on a special practical significance. The article is devoted to identifying and describing the integrative potential of collective memory. Achieving this goal presupposes solving interrelated tasks: to reveal the essence of collective memory as the most important phenomenon of social consciousness; to explicate the prerequisites for the formation and identify the factors of development of collective memory in present-day conditions; to analyze the possibilities and features of the integrative potential of collective memory. The work reveals substantial features of the formation and transformation of collective memory. It considers the growing importance of media technologies and mass culture since the middle of the 20 th century. The consequence of such changes is growing complication of the structures of collective memory, increase in variability of its national versions. This contributes to disintegration of its holistic picture and to formation of many alternative options. The article substantiates that the integrative potential of collective memory acts as one of the principal foundations of social solidarity.

РАДИКАЛИЗМ И ЭКСТРЕМИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ СРЕДЕ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИЗБЫТОЧНЫХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ НЕРАВЕНСТВ

The purpose of the article is a sociological analysis of excessive social inequalities in Russian society as a subjective factor of radicalism and extremism among young people. The author of the article believes that despite the significant theoretical background and sociological information, radicalism and extremism in the Russian youth environment actualizes the analytical potential of the subject-activity approach. The theoretical problem is that radicalism and extremism are phenomena of social consciousness and social behavior of young people, contain a procedure for "transfering" attitudes to excessive social inequalities, such as social injustice, into a state of social dissatisfaction and generate the effects of social deprivation, uncertainty in the future, and social aggression. The consequence can be considered the choice of extremist behavioral strategies focused on conflict with society and the state, the legitimation of social violence, as a way to achieve social justice. As the author notes, although 2-2.5 % of young Russians express readiness for extremist actions, the social risk is that, being the “core,” young extremists use radicalist sentiments in the youth environment and present themselves as fighters for social justice. As a consequence, and this is the dominant conclusion of the article, groups of young Russians who sympathize with extremists are formed, although with favorable social indicators, but who do not trust government and public institutions, focusing on extremists as a group with a high degree of negative social mobilization. Thus, excessive social inequalities, being a socially significant problem in the youth environment, increase the level of risks of radicalism and extremism, as expressing the negative attitude of young people to the social realities of Russian society.

Gadamer on Historicity and Philosophy A critical Examination

The aim of this paper is to substantiate the view that historicity (Geschichtlichkeit) which is an epistemological presupposition of Gadamer’s idea of ‘concept history’ (Begriffsgeschichte) violates the substance of philosophy considerably, i.e. its problems and conceptuality, because of the limits it sets to the reach of thoughtful consideration (Denken). I argue that if philosophy shall be possible as an epistemic activity intended for knowledge, a theory which defends the universality of thinking must be added to Gadamer’s hermeneutics. This paper shows how his theory unjustly ignores ‘thoughtful consideration’ as a primordial phenomenon of consciousness which is present on higher levels of understanding. After the criticism of Gadamer’s inadequate concept of knowledge the paper concludes with a suggestion to rehabilitate the classical notion of thoughtful consideration as the substantive and permanent presupposition of all philosophy. The paper demonstrates how the rise of knowledge from Verstehen to Denken on different levels of reflection must lead to a rehabilitation of the philosophy of subjectivity and of metaphysics and how this epistemological move must affect the idea of a ‘destruction of metaphysics’ which Gadamer shares with Heidegger.

PHENOMENON OF HEROISM IN THE CONTEXT OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION

The Problem setting. Social and political processes, economic and state-building transformations in our country, and the military and political situation around Ukraine, led to the return of the theme of heroism to scientific discourse, rethinking the use of heroic potential in shaping patriotic consciousness of citizens, national identity of Ukrainians. The problem of heroism is connected with the evaluation of the activity not only of individual historical personalities or even whole generations of the people, but also with its fixation in the cultural memory of mankind. The phenomenon of the heroic is in the range of research interests of many social sciences and in the focus of attention of educational institutions.The moral significance of the heroic is important, because this concept has a significant educational potential, contributes to the formation of humane, noble goals, active citizenship and patriotismRecent research and publications analysis. The essence of the category of the heroic was explored by J. Bruno, J. Vico, G.V. Hegel, T. Carlyle, D. Campbell, F. Nietzsche, K. Jung and others. The formation of the phenomenon of heroism is outlined in the works of G. Skovoroda, P. Yurkevich, T. Shevchenko, I. Franko, L. Ukrainka, M. Hrushevsky, D. Dontsov, V. Lypynsky, G. Vashchenko, V. Sukhomlynsky, S. Krymsky, V. Baranivsky, O. Khmilyar.In the Western philosophical thought of the XX century the understanding of the heroic can be divided into four areas. The first direction continues to develop the concept of T. Carlyle (understanding the hero as a «superman»), the second considers the hero as a social myth and tool of psychoanalysis, for the third direction the hero is a phenomenon of social consciousness, a regulator of social life. The fourth is the concept of degeneration, the representatives of which reject the existence possibility of the heroic in a postmodern society.Paper objective. The one of the most important phenomena in a range of scientific interests of philosophy, psychology, ethics and history was discussed. The essence of concepts «hero», «heroism» based on the analysis of philosophical literature was explored. The description of the history of the phenomenon of heroism in different sources was made. The connection of aforementioned phenomena could be traced with such concepts as «patriotism» and «identity», the motives of selfless devotion and death, variants coexistence of different concepts of «hero» were distinguished, specific signs of heroic action were demonstrated. It reflected social and cultural settings of a specific historical period and indicated the variability of ideas about the status of this phenomenon. It was defined that people constantly were coming back to that category and fixing with that fact the highest level of spiritual beauty and activity of personality, which was able to give hope and to lead, to provoke the desire to imitate.The attention in the research work was focused on the philosophical idea ofthe twentieth century because at that period there was intensification of scientific research for clarification of those concepts.Conclusions of the research. Modern Ukrainian patriotism must be the result of the practical realization of a responsible sense of citizenship as an integrated quality of a modern man. Forming patriotic feelings in Ukrainian youth, teachers should rely on such basic characteristics of patriotism as the socially consolidating nature of its manifestation, civic responsibility and active position of all members of the community. As a result, patriotic feelings for Ukrainian youth should become not only a stable and conscious identification with their native country, but also a readiness for responsible and effective civic action.

PRIVATIZED VIOLENCE: THE ESSENCE AND TYPES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN MODERN WORLD

The social nature of violence and its forms, peculiarities of manifestation and realization are considered in the article. The concept of «privatized violence» was conceptualized in the context of theoretical and general cultural studies of violence, which made it possible to distinguish it from the general conceptual term «social violence» and to define it as an objective factor of social development, as well as to organize it on various grounds. The reasons for the occurrence of privatized violence and the factors that cause it to intensify in the current context. On the basis of the historical experience analysis and modern practice, the content and specifics of the privatized violence manifestation, mechanisms and factors of its implementation in the modern world are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the impact of globalization processes on violence, the establishment and strengthening of its indirect, privatized forms. The manifestations of violence and aggression state the importance of biological and psychological qualities, but the determining factor is the social factor. The peculiarity of different approaches to the problem of privatized violence is the search for tools, a certain theoretical model that will exclude or regulate the manifestations of this social phenomenon at all levels of human practices. Analysis of the anthropological determinants of human aggressiveness shows that centuries of socio-genesis, a person's internal ability to contain his tendency to violence and aggression, is easily overcome by the influence of external factors, such as ideology. In addition, the sphere of human corporeality is now increasingly regulated through medicine, psychology, genetics, educational and manipulative technologies. If political violence is institutionalized, incorporated into the mechanism of action of society's values, embedded in the social structure by various methods, and transformed into an instrument of social order organization, primarily through coercion, stimulation and persuasion, then hidden violence, on the contrary, stimulates the increase of uncertainty and chaotic life of everyday life. The anthropological component of privatized violence turns it into a phenomenon of social consciousness, which is an essential factor determining the process of cultural and historical society development. The function of punishment exercised by the subjects of privatized violence to establish «social justice» is the modern equivalent of the institute of vengeance, which is based on a specific irrational understanding of people's perceptions of damages through revenge. The peculiarities of the political culture of transformational Ukrainian society are revealed, which influence the intensification of socio-political tensions and motivation for privatized forms of violence. Social groups that resort to privatized violence and models of communicative behavior and management styles in conflict and post-conflict situations are considered. The conclusion is made about the social conditionality of privatized violence and the feasibility of forming a culture of nonviolence, tolerance and consent in the current context.

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FATHER EDUCATION ON THE PERCEPTION OF FATHERHOOD IN THE LIFELONG LEARNING PROCESS

In this study, the perceptions of fathers with children in the preschool period towards the concept of fatherhood, a lifelong learning process, and father education after the father education they received, were examined. The study was carried out with a qualitative research method. The sample of the study consisted of 14 fathers who had children attending two kindergartens in Kocaeli in the 2018-2019 academic year and volunteering to participate in the study. Fourteen fathers in the group were interviewed after the training program was applied. As a result of the face-to-face interviews with the semi-structured interview form, what they expressed about fatherhood, how they expressed themselves as fathers in the lifelong learning process, and their thoughts on participation in father education were obtained. It is known that the father has a critical role in the formation of the child's personality. Father education should be given importance to raise happy and healthy individuals. Today, it has been observed that there is a transition from the patriarchal social structure to modernity, and the fathers' traditional thoughts have changed, and they have started to think more child-oriented. It has been revealed that fathers gain awareness after education and fatherhood is a conscious and learnable phenomenon when an effort is made.
 
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Human Being in History vs History in Human Being – Part 2: Recipe of Unity of History and Life from Benedetto Croce

This article continues the author’s study initiated in the previous number of a given collection. It also regards the specific problem of interconnection between history and psychology. However, in this sequel the main accent is on the style of thinking and value criteria of Benedetto Croce, who is an outstanding European theoretician and methodologist in the sphere of History, original philosopher, authoritative connoisseur of Culture and Arts, an unswerving supporter of high ideals of Italian Risorgimento. The concept of absolute historicity, grounded by the scholar on the basis of deep philosophic probation into mechanisms of historic thinking, had a significant impact both on further development of historic theory and on the formation of new understanding of a role of historic experience for social practice of a full-fledged democracy. Croce’s works help to comprehend the paradoxy of a phenomenon of historic consciousness, which is always modern by its nature. It remains modern irrespective of whatever temporal layers it resurrects at each particular moment of human life. Historic consciousness is an important component of psychologic reality of any human being and that is why it requires a subtle feeling of profound homogeneity. It’s important not to forget that historic consciousness preserves a considerable potentiality of an actual impact on human behaviour in particular and on communicative processes within the frames of society in general. It proves the fact that history is always with the human being and within him. That is why historic policy on the stage of democratic transformation should be especially grounded and should be characterized by a high level of psychologic culture