Connective Tissue Capsule Research Articles

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ БИОИНТЕГРАЦИИ ФТОРСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПОЛИМЕРОВ В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЕ

Background. There exist strict requirements for polymer materials to be used for implantation into living organisms, thus, no substance lacking negative properties has been found yet. Various groups of polymers are currently under research, including fluorinated polytetrafluoroethylene families. Objective. To evaluate the peculiarities of morphological reactions that occur during implantation of Belarusian fluoroplast-4 into various tissues of experimental animals. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on outbred white rats weighing 200-250 g, which were divided into four groups. In rats of the first group, a 5×10 mm liver wound was closed with a fluoroplast-4 fragment, in those of the second – with fluoroplast-4 modified by «Photolon» and calcium chloride, in those of the third - a flap of highly porous fluoroplast-4 was implanted into a 5×5×5 mm hip muscle defect, in those of the fourth - a flap of lowporous fluoroplast-4 was used. The morphology of surrounding tissues and that of an implant were studied at various points of time after surgery using light microscopy and morphometry. Results. Surgical trauma resulting from operation on various tissues followed by plasty using fluoroplast-4 activates a sequence of pathomorphological inflammatory-reparative processes, including three classical stages of inflammation and has a reversible character. Polymer materials act as a framework over which the synthetic material is both isolated by collagen fibers and integrated through the ingrowth of the latter into the pores of the polymer, resulting in the formation of a new connective tissue capsule. Conclusions. Fluorinated polymer materials originally manufactured in the Republic of Belarus are biocompatible polymers that can be used in functionally active areas.

Correction of morphofunctional changes in mice thymus and spleen by Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. extract at cyclophosphamide immunosupression

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of R. uniflorum dry extract on morphofunctional state of mice thymus and spleen at cyclophosphamide immunosuppression.Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on F1 (CBAxC57Bl/6) mice 18–20 g of weight. Immune deficiency was simulated by a single intraperitoneal introduction of cyclophosphamide in the dose 250 mg/kg. R. uniflorum dry extract in the dose 100 mg/kg was administered per os for 14 days. The thymus and spleen were fixed for histological studies on day 16. The thymus total area, the cortex and medulla area, the connective tissue capsule thickness, the spleen white and red pulp area were used to measure on micropreparations stained with hematoxylineosin and azure-eosin. The cell density and the cellular composition were calculated in the thymus cortical substance.Results. The R. uniflorum extract increased the thymus total area and the corticomedullary index by 37 and 26 % (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. The cells density increased in the cortical substance, it decreased in the medulla, as a result “layer inversion” is not observed in any animal of the experimental group. The number of proliferating lymphocytes, blasts and large lymphocytes increased; the number of destructive cells and macrophages decreased in the cortical substance. The spleen white pulp relative volume was 39 % higher than in the control.Conclusions. The R. uniflorum dry extract had an immunocorrective effect on the thymus and spleen morphofunctional state at cyclophosphamid immunosuppression.

Transmission electron microscopic investigation of the dark and light pancreatic acinar beta-cells of young-domesticated pig (Sus Suidae, Erxleben 1777).

The current study was designed to perform a transmission electron microscopic investigation focusing on the dark and light pancreatic acinar β-cells of young domesticated pig (Sus Suidae). This study depended on the fresh pancreatic specimens from 5 healthy young (2-month-old) pigs that were collected immediately after they were slaughtered at the abattoir of Abdelkader Alexandria, Egypt. In our findings, the acinar pancreas was formed of pyramidal pancreatic acinar cells with large spherical nuclei of condensed heterochromatin at the periphery and prominent eccentric nucleoli. Zymogen granules were observed at the apical region of the acinar cells, and they appear as electron dense bodies. Numerous mitochondria and Golgi complexes observed in the acinar cell cytoplasm. The electron dense acinar cells were joined by junctional complexes. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was more prominent in the electron-dense acinar cells than did electron-lucent acinar cells. There was no connective tissue capsule separate the acinar portion of pancreas from the pancreatic islets. The pancreatic islets mainly formed of β-cells. The irregular α-cells possess numerous small granules. The cytoplasmic β-cells granules were surrounded by hallow area and enclosed by a limiting membrane. Delta cells were generally polygonal in shape and found in clumps throughout the islet and they were also identified in between β-cells. Their granules were of moderate electron density and were generally smaller than β-cells' granules. The limiting membrane was tightly enclosed the delta cells granules and the hallow area around the granule were found similar to the granules of β-cells.

Pathomorphological Lesions in the Ovaries of Water Buffaloes

Background: Buffalo breeding is common in many countries. Buffalo's milk is used in the production of mozzarella, yoghurt, ice cream, and various dairy desserts; meat is preferred in sausage production. The female buffaloes are bred to benefit from their milk and to obtain offspring. These animals, which are not suitable for feeding in barns, generally live in pastures, especially on wet land, and are very difficult to follow. Therefore, diseases occur randomly in slaughterhouses. Studies on genital system problems are very limited. Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are animals with economic value as many buffalo products are provided. In this respect, inspection and control of female genital disorders is fundamental to ensure good reproductive performance of female buffaloes. The aim of the study was to investigate pathomorphological lesions occurring in the ovaries of water buffaloes which were sent to slaughterhouses. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 198 ovaries of water buffaloes were collected from various slaughterhouses located in Adapazarı, İstanbul, Kocaeli, Samsun and Trabzon cities of Turkey. After macroscopic examination; tissue samples were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, processed routinely and were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). As a histochemical staining, Masson's trichrome staining was applied to characterize the lesions. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 10 % neutral formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded, 4-6-μm-thick sections from ovaries using progesterone receptor (PR) with streptavidin-biotin complex peroxidase (StrepABC-P) method. Histopathologically, follicular cysts (n:147) and luteal cysts (n:22) were seen. While the cyst lumens were sometimes surrounded by granulosa and/or luteal cells, most of them were limited by the connective tissue capsule structure. This capsule structure was shown in blue by Masson's trichrome staining. Hemorrhage was observed in some cystic corpus luteum, diagnosed as corpus hemorrhagicum. In addition, cysts giving papillary extension into the lumen and inflammation of some ovaries were observed. Immunohistochemically, the staining with PR antibody in ovarian cysts showed no immunolabelling around the follicular cyst, while the nuclei of some of the luteal cells forming the luteal cyst had strongly nuclear positivity and slightly cytoplasmic positivity. In the biochemical examination of the fluids obtained from cystic ovaries (n: 37), the average of estradiol was 2.84 ng/mL (min: 0.01 ng/mL, max: 4.30 ng/mL) and progesterone average is 49.09 ng/mL (min: 1.88 ng/mL, max: 254.2 ng/mL). Discussion: Ovarian cysts in buffaloes seem to be among the serious fertility problems as in cattle. Although the exact cause of ovarian cyts has not been determined yet, it is known that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is disrupted in cyst formation in general. In this study, the mean estradiol value was within the standard range but close to the lower limit; progesterone value was above the limit. The increase in progesterone level was compatible with the pathogenesis of cyst genesis. Beside this result, staining with PR was positive in the luteal cells that formed the luteal cyst immunohistochemically. In addition, although the hemorrhages observed in the corpus luteum are considered physiological, it should not be forgotten that they can be vital if they rupture. All these results show us the animals sent for slaughtering mostly have serious genital problems threatening their fertility. Keywords: buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, ovarian cysts, fertility.

Anatomical, scanning electron microscopy, histological and histochemical studies of the orbital glands of the Egyptian agama Trapelus mutabilis

BackgroundThe orbital gland of the group agama (Agamidae) is not well-studied. Here is a first description of anatomical and histological studies on the orbital gland of the Egyptian agama Trapelus mutabilis.ResultsThe Harderian gland (HG) of the Egyptian agama is well-developed, with a tongue shape, appearing whitish in color, and reaching approximately 1.47 mm in length. The gland can be divided into head and tail regions and lies at the medial corner of the orbit ventral to the ventralis oblique muscle and dorsal to the medialis rectus muscle. Secretory product of the HG is released into the conjunctival fornix, which is deep into the nictitating membrane. The HG is a compound tubuloacinar type, consisting of columnar and pyramidal glandular cells with rounded nuclei and lumina that are variable in size and containing pigments in the connective tissue capsule that envelops the tail portion of this gland. The glandular cells of the HG react positively to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue staining at pH 2.5. In contrast, lacrimal gland (LG) of Egyptian agama is a reduced mucous gland that appears whitish in color, opens on the surface by numerous orifices at the base of nictitating membrane, and reaches approximately 0.1 mm in length. The lacrimal gland is composed of a simple tubulo-acini of columnar cells with narrow lumen and basal oval-shaped nuclei and exhibits a weak response to PAS but a strong response to alcian blue at pH 2.5.ConclusionsMorphology of LG and HG isn't impacted by features of the orbit, such as the existence or absence of nictitating membrane and/or fixed or movable eyelid. The small size of the LG of the Egyptian agama does not affect the performance of its main function in lubricating the surface of the cornea. The pigmentation envelope of the HG of the Egyptian agama allows heat to be absorbed in order to increase its secretion activity, thereby increasing the protection of the eyes against mechanical damage. Finally, both orbital glands may play a secondary function in digestion via indirect connection with the oral cavity.

Ultrastructure of the palatine tonsils of the donkey (Equus asinus): New insights by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy.

The study aimed to explore the ultrastructure of the donkeys' palatine tonsils. Palatine tonsils of five male donkeys (5 years old) were investigated macroscopically and microscopically. The tonsils appeared as a dome shape with slight elevation and a circular opening on the surface of the oropharynx. The central tonsillar crypt appeared on the medial side of the palate-pharyngeal folds and the floor of the oropharynx. The external surface of the palatine tonsil had different sizes of mucosal folds, some grooves directed to drainage at the tonsillar opening, and the tonsil crypt opening was a crescentic or irregular oval shape. The outer surface was covered by stratified squamous epithelium and modified to be reticular epithelium invaded by lymphocytes in the crypt called lympho-epithelium. The tonsil crypt had aggregated lymphoid nodules, and the cryptal epithelium has surrounded by diffused lymphocytes and hassles corpuscles-like structures. The lymphocytes infiltrated into different layers of the cryptal epithelium and transformed into reticular or lympho-epithelium. The organized lymphoid nodules were primary and secondary, and the secondary ones had a light germinal center. The interfollicular area had many high endothelial venules and blood capillaries. The endothelial venules were lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and had lymphocytes. The blood capillaries had red blood cells and neutrophils. The tonsil was surrounded incompletely by a connective tissue capsule with mucous glands under that capsule. In conclusion, the epithelial lymphocyte infiltration, crypt epithelium, lymphoid nodules, and intra-follicular area of the donkey's palatine tonsils indicate the humoral and cell-mediated immunological process.

Vitamin A Reduces the Mortality of Animals with Induced Liver Fibrosis by Providing a Multi-level Body Defense System

Liver diseases remain the most important medical and biological problem. Works devoted to the study of the vitamin A role have shown conflicting results of its effect on the fibrosis development. We tested the hypothesis that an increase of the copper content in the liver, an example of which is Wilson's disease, shifts the balance in the redox system towards pro-oxidants, which leads to the antioxidant systems inhibition, including a decrease in the vitamin A content; this affects the levels of liver function regulation and the development of fibrosis. In animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis, neutrophil activity, the immunocompetent cells content, the activity of alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamylaminotransferase, the content of urea and creatinine in blood serum, as well as the vitamin A content in the liver, copper ions and its regenerative potential were determined. It was found that three consecutive injections of copper sulfate to animals with an interval of 48 h between injections led to the death of 40% of the animals, and 60% showed resistance. The content of vitamin A in "resistant" animals at the beginning of the development of the fibrosis was reduced by 4 times compared to the control, the functional activity of the liver was somewhat reduced, and a connective tissue capsule was formed around the liver lobes in 75% of the animals. If animals with the initial stage of liver fibrosis received daily vitamin A at a dose of 300 IU/100 g of body weight, which was accompanied by its multiple increase in the liver (15 times on day 14), the mortality of animals decreased by almost 7 times, the functional activity of the liver did not differ from control. In the blood of these animals, the number of leukocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes was increased and phagocytic activity was increased. At the same time, the connective tissue capsule was developed more intensively than in animals receiving only copper sulfate, and was detected in 91% of the animals. Fragments of the liver, even more than in the case of fibrosis, lost the ability to regenerate in culture. We came to the conclusion that vitamin A leads to the connective tissue "specialization" formation of the liver and triggers vicious circles of metabolism and includes several levels of regulation systems. Further studies of the vitamin A effect mechanisms on the liver with fibrosis will allow the use of this antioxidant in the treatment.

Немалиновая миопатия редкой формы (случай из практики)

Introduction Nemaline myopathies (NM) are a group of neuromuscular diseases, the distinctive histological feature of which are nemaline rods in myosymplasts. The purpose of this work is to describe the morphology of a rare form of primary nemaline myopathy that progresses in adulthood. Material and methods The surgical material of the paravertebral muscles of a 51-year-old patient with scoliotic deformity at the level of L4-S1, who was repeatedly operated on to correct spinal deformity due to neurological disorders, was studied. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylineosin, according to Masson, using the Ptah method, studied using a 3DHISTECH Pannoramic MIDI II BF scanning microscope to digitize preparations using Whole slide imaging technology in two modes: Single layer mode and Extended focus (3DHISTECH, Hungary). Results In the fragments of the altered muscle tissue, filamentous structures of nemaline bodies in myosymplasts were identified, which were located diffusely-dotted throughout the sarcoplasm or formed clusters of various configurations. There was an increased variability in the diameters of muscle fibers, internal nuclei, myosymplasts altered by contraction and with signs of myophagy, patterns of gradual replacement of muscle fibers by adipocytes, massive fatty degeneration of fibers, and fibrosis of the interstitial space. Intramuscular nerve trunks showed signs of complete involution; fibrous perineurium was preserved, and there were single nerve fibers; neuromuscular spindles were distinguished by an enlarged connective tissue capsule. The vessels of the arterial flow had signs of fibrosis and obliteration of the lumen; the vessels of the venous bed were tortuous. Discussion Due to a large number of genes responsible for NM, genetic search can be difficult and is effective only in 50 % of cases. It has been established that nemaline bodies can be distributed diffusely or form clusters of irregular shape, more often subsarcolemmal and characteristic of small fibers. In the presented clinical case, nemaline bodies were observed over the entire area of the fibers and were characteristic of myosymplasts of various sizes. Conclusion The histopathological study of the paravertebral muscles established the neuromuscular nature of the disease, being nemaline myopathy that progressed in adulthood and had not been diagnosed at previous stages of treatment.

Histomorphological and carbohydrate histochemical study of the pancreas in native ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)

In the current study, the histomorphological and histochemical characteristics of the pancreas in native ducks are examined with a particular emphasis on the structure of pancreatic acini and Langerhans islets (LI). Five adult male native ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) are examined from the local market of Mosul. All samples are processed routinely for histological and histochemical analyses. Hematoxylin & Eosin, PAS-AB (pH 2.5), Toluidine blue, and Masson's Trichrome stains are used. The morphological examination reveals that male ducks’ pancreas is made up of three major lobes (dorsal, ventral, and third lobes). The pancreas is a small, semi-wide structure with a pale to white pinkish tone located between the duodenum branches. The findings show that the pancreas is enveloped in a thin layer of loose connective tissue capsule and mesothelial; septa extend from the capsule into parenchyma dividing it into many lobules. The study concludes that the pancreatic lobules are composed of a large area of exocrine acini and a small amount of LI, with an exocrine component consisting of round or oval acini with zymogen granules. The endocrine component is represented by three distinct LI types and lacks defined boundaries. Alpha islets are formed of alpha cells (ACs) and a few delta cells (DCs); beta islets are composed of peripherally located beta cells (BCs) and a few (DCs); and mixed islets are composed of alpha, beta, and delta cells. The present study sheds light on the morphological, histological, and histochemical characteristics of the indigenous duck pancreas. However, future research should focus on the pancreas of other bird species as well.

Ultrastructure, surface topography, morphology and histological observations of a new parasitic cnidarian of the marbled swamp eel from the world's largest tropical wetland area, Pantanal, Brazil

Myxosporeans are a diverse group of microscopic cnidarians of wide distribution that evolved into a parasitic lifestyle. A new myxosporean species, Myxobolus sp., is herein described infecting the mandible of wild specimens of Synbranchus marmoratus, caught in the world's largest tropical wetland area, Pantanal, Brazil. Light, scanning, transmission electron microscopy and histological observations unveiled detailed taxonomic information of the new myxosporean cnidarian. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a detailed description of plasmodia structures which can be used for comparison with plasmodia from other species of myxobolids. Both histological and ultrastructural observations evidenced a connective tissue capsule surrounding the plasmodia of Myxobolus sp. as a histopathological host reaction to the infection of this parasitic cnidarian. Histology showed that tissue tropism of the new myxosporean occurs in a well-defined part of the mandible, with development of plasmodia occurring in the epidermis layer. Mature myxospores from the valvular view featured an ovoid shape and had a short prolongation of the spore valves in the posterior end. Myxospores measured 22.7 ± 1.2 µm (21.5–23.9 µm) in length, 12.5 ± 0.4 µm (12.1–12.9 µm) in width and 11.3 ± 0.5 (10.8–11.8 µm) in thickness. Polar capsules were pyriform equally-sized and measuring 4.6 ± 0.3 µm (3.9–4.3 µm) in length and 2.9 ± 0.1 µm in width (2.8–3.0 µm). Finally, this study substantiates the still hidden myxosporean diversity from South America.

Method for non-invasive assessment of the structure of a heart valve bioprosthesis

Background. The study of explanted heart valve bioprostheses is a valuable source of information about the destructive processes in their components that develop as a result of prolonged contact with the recipient’s body. An analysis of the morphology, staging and degree of involvement of various valve prosthesis materials in the prevalence of pathological processes – calcification, mechanical damage, growth of the connective tissue capsule, is the basis for developing potential methods for increasing the service life of these products and reducing the risk of re-interventions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of computed microtomography to analyze the internal structure of a biological prosthetic heart valve explanted due to dysfunction. Material and methods. In this work, we investigated the prevalence of pathological mineralization of the PeriCor bioprosthesis, explanted as a result of the developed dysfunction of the leaflet apparatus with a clinical picture of grade 2B prosthetic insufficiency. The material was described macroscopically, after which it was subjected to high-resolution computed microtomography. In the structure of the sample, X-ray dense areas of pathological mineralization were identified and described, and the volume of the material involved in calcification was assessed. Results. It was shown that the main pathological changes that led to prosthetic dysfunction were degenerative changes in the biomaterial with signs of calcification, thickening and rupture of the leaflets. It was quantitatively determined that the areas of radiologically dense inclusions (calcifications) occupy 11.1 % of the volume of the material. It has been established that the described areas are associated with the sheathing of the frame and with the elements of the suture material used in the production of this bioprosthesis. Conclusion. The method of non-destructive analysis of the internal structure of altered materials of a biological prosthesis studied in this work has demonstrated the possibility of а qualitative and quantitative assessment of areas of pathological mineralization, their distribution and connection with other processes leading to the development of prosthetic dysfunction. The method makes it possible to visualize macro- and microsites of calcification and can become a valuable tool to complement existing approaches to the study of explanted bioprostheses.

Morphological examination of the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks (Capra hircus).

The present investigation was prepared to describe the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks grossly and by light microscopy. There are four sex glands: ampullary, vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral. The ampullary gland is an enlargement of the terminal part of the ductus deferens, its glandular part has branched tubuloalveolar glands, and its secretory alveoli lined with a pseudo-stratified epithelium composed of cuboidal to columnar cells. The vesicular gland takes the appearance of a cluster of grapes and the left vesicular gland is enlarged and higher than the right one. The vesicular gland is a lobulated tubuloalveolar gland with wide intralobular space and the gland contain a secretory unit which lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, and the interlobular ductules lined by the stratified epithelium, while the interlobular duct lined by simple cuboidal epithelium; moreover, the lining epithelium of secretory part consists of tall columnar cells. The prostate gland consists only of the disseminated part and is enclosed by a connective tissue capsule that was thin dorsally, thick laterally, and reduced in thickness ventrally. The prostatic acini are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The bulbourethral gland was similar in size to the walnut and surrounded by a capsule and there are interlobular connective tissue septa that divided the gland into lobes and lobules of different sizes. The bulbourethral gland contained secretory units lined by the tall simple columnar epithelium of mucous type with basely located nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm contains granular secretion. The gross and microscopic examination of the four accessory sex glands gave valuable information in the future pathology diagnosis of the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks.

SURGICAL CILIATED CYST: A CASE REPORT

This report describes a case of surgical ciliated cyst (SCC) in maxilla. A 25-year-old male patient was referred for diagnosis of a maxillary swelling with a duration of 6 months. During anamnesis, the patient reported having undergone orthognathic surgery 4 years ago. Imaging exams showed a unilocular radiolucent/hypodense lesion in the right maxilla associated with a rigid fixation plate. The main diagnostic hypothesis was radicular cyst. Therefore, excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Histopathologic examination revealed a cystic cavity lined mainly by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Simple cuboidal epithelium was also observed. The fibrous connective tissue capsule was infiltrated by a moderate chronic inflammatory reaction. The histopathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of SCC. No clinical or imaging signs of recurrence were observed after 4 years of treatment. SCC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of maxillary radiolucent images in patients who have previously undergone surgery.

UNERUPTED DECAYED TOOTH: A RARE CASE

Pre-eruptive intracoronal radiolucencies are a rare occurrence, detected occasionally on routine radiographs. The etiology is still unclear, but evidence suggests that these lesions have resorptive nature, not associated with caries. A 35-year-old female patient presented a radiolucent lesion around the crown of an unerupted tooth (with resorbed crown and roots) between the roots of teeth #13 and #15 (radicular remnant with endodontic treatment). With the clinical hypotheses of dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst, an excisional biopsy was performed. Microscopic examination revealed fragments of connective tissue capsule with intense inflammation partially covered by stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium. The removed unerupted tooth presented dentin destruction with foci of liquefaction containing bacteria, areas of dentin resorption, and tertiary dentin, in addition to bacterial colonies similar to Actinomyces. The diagnosis was inflamed odontogenic cyst associated with an unerupted decayed tooth, which may be explained by the infection of tooth #15. Pre-eruptive intracoronal radiolucencies are a rare occurrence, detected occasionally on routine radiographs. The etiology is still unclear, but evidence suggests that these lesions have resorptive nature, not associated with caries. A 35-year-old female patient presented a radiolucent lesion around the crown of an unerupted tooth (with resorbed crown and roots) between the roots of teeth #13 and #15 (radicular remnant with endodontic treatment). With the clinical hypotheses of dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst, an excisional biopsy was performed. Microscopic examination revealed fragments of connective tissue capsule with intense inflammation partially covered by stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium. The removed unerupted tooth presented dentin destruction with foci of liquefaction containing bacteria, areas of dentin resorption, and tertiary dentin, in addition to bacterial colonies similar to Actinomyces. The diagnosis was inflamed odontogenic cyst associated with an unerupted decayed tooth, which may be explained by the infection of tooth #15.

​​Comparative Micro and Macro Anatomical Observation on Preen Gland of Kamrupa (Gallus domesticus), White Leg Horn (Gallus domesticus) and Daothigir Fowl (Gallus domesticus) of Assam

Background: The study on the preen gland of Kamrupa, White leg horn and Daothigir fowl of Assam is of great value in regard to protection of skin and feather of avian species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the micro and macro anatomical observation of preen gland of integument system. Methods: The present study was conducted on the preen gland of fifteen healthy, adult birds of Kamrupa, White leg horn and Daothigir fowl of Assam in Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India for period of one year from 2020-2021. Those fowl were procured from different parts of Assam. The birds were sacrificed according to the method of Gracy (1968). After sacrifice, preen gland were removed very carefully from the base of the tail of fowl. After collection, the tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (Luna, 1968). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 µm thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer’s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details as per the standard method of Luna (1968). Result: In present investigation, it was observed that, macroscopically, the preen gland or oil gland or rump gland or uropygial gland of Kamrupa, White leg horn and Daothigir fowl of Assam was situated on the dorsal aspect of the base of the tail. Microscopically, the preen gland of Kamrupa, White leg horn and Daothigir fowl of Assam was bounded by connective tissue capsule. The interlobular connective tissues were observed among the secretary tubules of the gland. The preen gland parenchyma composed of secretary tubules; duct that formed trabeculae, which were differentiated by inter tubular connective tissue.

Histological and hemodynamic characterization of corpus luteum throughout the luteal phase in pregnant and non-pregnant buffalos in relation to nitric oxide levels based on its anatomical determination.

This study aims to compare the complete growth and development of corpus luteum (CL) in domestic buffalos from day 5 until day 40 after ovulation either in pregnant or non-pregnant animals and whether luteal vascularity (LV) with progesterone (P4) and nitric oxide (NO) could determine luteal functionality or not. Pluriparous buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) were categorized as pregnant (n = 6) or non-pregnant (n = 9) after pregnancy check at day 25. Animals were subjected to ultrasound analysis to determine the CL area (cm2) and LV. Blood sampling was performed following the Doppler examination. Ovarian tissue samples from non-pregnant buffalo genitalia (n = 18) and early pregnant buffalo genitalia (n = 3) were collected from great abattoirs. Luteal Doppler indices were lower in the pregnant group, while peak systolic velocity (PSV) was increased (p < 0.05) in the same pregnant females. Both P4 and NOMs were elevated (p < 0.05) in the pregnant group. There was a positive correlation (p < 0.01) between P4 and CL PSV. Based on our macroscopical examination, the CL of non-pregnant buffalos was classified into four stages. Histologically, stage I showed that CL was covered by a highly vascularized connective tissue (CT) capsule. It consisted of small and large lutein cells, whereas stage II was similar to stage I except for the presence of numerous fibroblast cells and vacuolated cells. Stage III was characterized by increasing the number of collagen fibers and the thickness of the blood vessels. Stage IV revealed thickening of the CT capsule and septae, regressed capillaries and arterioles, in addition to shrunken degenerated lutein cells. CL of pregnant buffalos revealed the same structure as CL at stage II. CL area was increased in the pregnant group. The collective data suggested that evaluation of the luteal artery could be extremely helpful to determine the potential benefits of colored and pulsed Doppler in CL vascularization assessment in both luteal and early pregnancy phases.

Features of the histological organization of pancreatic tissues on the example of a domestic bull

The aim of the study was to establish the features of the histological organization of pancreatic tissues on the example of a domestic bull. For its implementation, pancreatic tissue samples of five sexually mature one-year-old cows of a black-and-white breed obtained by biopsy were used. The selected material was fixed in a 10.0% solution of neutral formalin for a day, after which it was poured into paraffin according to the generally accepted method. Histological sections were made from the obtained blocks, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson and trichrome according to Mosson. It has been established that the studied organ in the studied animals belongs to complex alveolartubular glands. From the outside, it is covered with a delicate connective tissue capsule, giving rise to connective tissue strands (trabeculae) passing between its lobules. Vascular elements, nerve trunks and excretory ducts are identified as part of these structures. The gland itself, in accordance with its function, includes two parts – endocrine and exocrine. The terminal sections of its exocrine part are represented by pancreatic acinuses. As part of the latter, two departments can be distinguished - secretory (formed by serous endocrinocytes) and ductal (formed by epithelial cells (centroacinous) of the initial sections of the insertion excretory ducts). The secretory department of the acinus includes from seven to eleven cells having a pyramidal shape. They contain one welldeveloped basophilic rounded nucleus, and two zones are revealed in their cytoplasm. The basal – homogeneous – zone has a basophilic color and is located in the basal part of the cell. The apical – zymogenic (apical) zone contains secret granules and is colored oxyphilically. The endocrine part of the gland is represented by pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) formed by strands of closely interconnected endocrine cells (isulocytes) surrounded by abundant capillary loops forming branched networks inside the islet. Insulocytes are small cells having a polygonal shape with a poorly defined border. In their composition, one rounded or oval nucleus is revealed, containing evenly distributed small-smiley chromatin.

Pathogenicity of Clinostomum complanatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) in naturally infected chub (Squalius cephalus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Metacercariae of the digenetic trematode Clinostomum complanatum Rudolphi, 1814 were observed in chub (Squalius cephalus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Orljava River (Croatia). Both the prevalence and infection intensity were higher in the chub (prevalence 23.4%, average intensity 70.5) than in the common carp (5.9%, 4.5). In general, the metacercariae were located in the wall of the anterior part of the digestive tract and branchial cavity, the supraocular region, and the hypaxial musculature near the paired fins. Histology revealed the obvious affinity of the parasite for striated muscles and connective tissue. In situ, the metacercariae were surrounded by wellvascularized connective tissue capsules composed primarily of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and fibrocytes. This study provides some insight into the parasite’s pathogenicity and the relationship between host and parasite.

THE SRUCTURE OF THE HARDERIAN, EXTRAORBITAL AND INFRAORBITAL LACRIMAL GLANDS DUCTS OF THE LABORATORY RATS

The aim of the study was to determine and compare the structure of the excretory ducts of the Harderian gland, extraorbital and infraorbital lacrimal glands of laboratory rats. Object and methods. Five male laboratory rats were examined by dissecting the lacrimal glands, from which series of thin paraffin sections were obtained for histological examination. Micropreparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope.Results. It was found that the tubuloalveolar epithelial components of the extraorbital gland of rats in the middle of the lobe are even denser than in the infraorbital gland, as evidenced by very narrow interstitial fissures. The lacrimal glands of laboratory rats have an individual well-defined connective tissue capsule. Inside the capsule and between the lobes there are slitlike interepithelial interstitial spaces, in which we don`t detect clusters of lipocytes, as occurs in the lacrimal glands of human. In the volume of lobes, both extraorbital and infraorbital glands, the interepithelial interstitial spaces contain vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory tract, mainly capillaries, precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules. Arterioles and venules are usually visualized outside the lobes in more pronounced interstitial spaces.

Malignant course of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the new coronavirus infection COVID-19

Respiratory infections caused by fungal pathogens are the main cause of death in immunocompromised patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the registration of respiratory fungal pathology, especially pulmonary aspergillosis, has increased significantly.&#x0D; We present a histopathologically confirmed case of fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating COVID-19. A 65-year-old patient with long-term diabetes backgrounded with a severe course of COVID-19 (the virus was identified ICD-10 code U07.1) described. During the illness bilateral polysegmental pneumonia of fungal-bacterial (Klebsiella pneumoniae) etiology with necrosis and sequestration of the affected tissue the lower lobe of the right lung with the formation of a fungal ball and the development of a right-sided pneumothorax was developed. In other parts of both lungs, focal destruction of the interalveolar septa was determined with the formation of small cavities filled with detritus and accumulations of segmented neutrophils, with the proliferation of fungal mycelium, positively stained in the PAS reaction. Fungal hyphae and conidial heads were also found in the lumens of individual bronchi and vessels with invasion of their walls. Long-term (more than one month) course of the disease, clinical and radiological dynamics, and detection of a forming connective tissue capsule along the periphery of the necrosis zone during microscopy testifies in favor of the subacute nature of the infection.&#x0D; The presented clinical case, as well as a review of current publications and meta-analyses on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, point to diagnostic problems and poor outcomes of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with COVID-19.&#x0D; Pulmonary aspergillosis associated with COVID-19 is a serious and potentially life ― threatening complication in patients with severe COVID-19 receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Early diagnosis of fungal infections is crucial to ensure the survival of such patients. Targeted biopsy examination with microscopy and/or seeding of a lung biopsy allows not only to establish the diagnosis of aspergillosis, but also to determine the presence of tissue invasion.&#x0D; Further research should include approaches aimed at developing an effective diagnosis of fungal tissue invasion and respiratory tract damage, determining the patients immune status in order to conduct personalized immunotherapy.