Conical Beam Research Articles

CLPr_in_ML: Cleft Lip and Palate Reconstructed Features with Machine Learning

Background: Cleft lip and palate are two of the most common craniofacial congenital malformations in humans. It influences tens of millions of patients worldwide. The hazards of this disease are multifaceted, extending beyond the obvious facial malformation to encompass physiological functions, oral health, psychological well-being, and social aspects. Objective: The primary objective of our study is to demonstrate the importance of imaging in detecting cleft lip and palate. By observing the morphological and structural abnormalities involving the lip and palate through imaging methods, this study aims to establish imaging as the primary diagnostic approach for this disease. Methods: In this work, we proposed a novel model to analyze unilateral complete cleft lip and palate after velopharyngeal closure and non-left lip and palate patients from the Department of Stomatology of Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Conical Beam CT (CBCT) images in silicon. In order to demonstrate the generalization, the simulated dataset was constructed using the random disturbance factor, which is from the actual dataset. We extracted several raw features from CBCT images in detail. Then, we proposed a novel feature reconstruction method, including six types of reconstructed factors, to reconstruct the existing features. Then, the reconstructed features weretrained with machine learning algorithms. Finally, the testing and independent data model was utilized to analyze the performance of this work. Results: By comparing different operator features, the min operator, max operator, average operator, and all operators can achieve good performances in both the testing set and the independent set. result: none Conclusion: With the different operator features, the majority of classification models, including Gradient Boosting, Hist Gradient Boosting, Multilayer Perceptron, lightGBM, and broadened learning, classification algorithms can get the well-performances in the selected reconstructed feature operators.

Optical Interferometric Device for Rapid and Specific Detection of Biological Cells.

Here, we report a rapid and accurate optical method for detecting cells from liquid samples in a label-free manner. The working principle of the method is based on the interference of parts of a conical laser beam, coming from a single-mode optical fiber directly, and reflected from a flat glass surface. The glass is functionalized by antibodies against the cells to be detected from the liquid sample. Cells bound to that surface modify the reflected beam, and hence, change the resulting interference pattern, too. By registering and interpreting the variation in the image, the presence of cells from the sample can be detected. As for a demonstration, cell suspensions from a U937 cell line were used in glass chambers functionalized by antibodies (TMG6-5 (mIgG1)) to which the cells specifically bind. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was also estimated. This proof-of-concept setup offers a cost-effective and easy-to-use way of rapid and specific detection of any type of cells (including pathogens) from suspensions (e.g., body fluids). The possible portability of the device predicts its applicability as a rapid test in clinical diagnostics.

A Projection Integration Method for X-ray Collimator Design.

One of the recent trends in radiation therapy is to increaseconformal and accurate dose deliverysuch as in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Treating small lesions and brain disorders requires the accurate placement of small radiation fields deep inside the human cranium.To design a collimator meeting these requirements, a new numerical concept was developed, which is presented here. The algorithm proposed here can generate beam profiles of plural collimation apertures and arbitrary initial beam spot distributions in a time-efficient method. It is an ideal tool to optimize collimator design for penumbra, dose rate, and field size. The intensity of the source beam spot is divided into slices, and each slice is projected onto the treatment plane at the isocenter through the collimator apertures.The illuminated field range and intensity are determined by geometry and the intensity of that slice of beam source, respectively.By integrating the projected intensity across all the slicesof the source profile, the profile on the treatment plane is obtained. The algorithm is used to generate beam profiles of a conical pencil beam collimator system and compare them to the Monte Carlo simulation as well as measurements. It canalso be used to demonstrate the impact of collimator shape on the beam penumbra, dose rate, and field size. The projection integration method provides a quick and informative tool for collimator design. The results were validated with the Monte Carlo simulation and measurements. This method was demonstrated to be effective for optimizing beam characteristics.

Epoxy/polymercaptan microcapsules composite: Synthesis, mechanics, and self-healing behavior

To enhance the longevity of materials, minimize maintenance expenses, and optimize material performance. The wall material employed in this study was urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF), and a dual microcapsule self-healing system was established by synthesizing two distinct microcapsules of epoxy resin and polymercaptan via an in situ polymerization technique. Moreover, the reaction conditions were optimized. The reaction parameters were as follows: core-shell ratio of 2:1, surfactant concentration of 0.6 g/L (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS): Arabic gelatin (GA) = 2:1), polymerization pH = 3.5, stirring rate of 700r/min. Then, the two microcapsules (The mass ratio of the two microcapsules is 1:1) were added to the epoxy resin matrix at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 wt% to prepare the resin matrix with self-healing properties. The conical double cantilever beam (TDCB) was used to test the mechanical properties of the matrix. The results showed that the matrix with microcapsule content of 10 wt% had relatively better comprehensive properties, and the self-healing rate was 49.87% at room temperature. These findings provide valuable insights and potential for advancing the development of self-healing materials.

Low-Profile and Wideband Surface-Wave Antenna of Conical Beam for UAV Applications

Low-Profile and Wideband Surface-Wave Antenna of Conical Beam for UAV Applications

A density correction method for radioactive waste drum based on SRGS technology

The segmented ringed gamma scanning (SRGS) technique represents an advancement in segmented gamma scanning (SGS) technology used for detecting the density of radioactive waste drums, offering enhanced measurement accuracy. However, significant occur errors in the reconstruction of matrix densities due to the non-uniform distribution of density in radioactive waste and the conical beam emitted from the transmission source collimator. This paper proposes a density correction method based on dichotomy to address this issue. The efficacy of this method was verified through both simulations and experiments on a sample containing five different materials, utilizing 137Cs and 60Co for transmission and emission measurements, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the errors in the corrected matrix densities are reduced, falling within a margin of 16.8%. Additionally, the corrected reconstruction error of the activity is approximately 25% of the uncorrected results.

Thermal and Structural Analysis on Simulated Model of a Beam Dump

This paper deals with the design, thermal and structural analysis for stopping the proton beam. A conical beam dump is being designed to handle the thermal and structural stresses resulting due to high heat load and hydraulic pressure of coolant, while handling 600 KW proton beam power in CW operation at 20 MeV energy. Pressure drop and heat transfer calculations are done considering spiral channel cooling system. The heat flux has been calculated by using Bi-Gaussian distribution density function of particles in beam. Nickel is selected as the beam dump material because of its favorable properties. In order to understand the thermal performance of beam dump a finite element model has been developed to predict the steady state temperature and stress distributions within the beam stop material. Key Word: Beam dump design, FEM, Thermal and Structural stress.

Conical quasi-phase-matching second harmonic generation in a 2D photonic crystal with hybrid Ewald geometric method

The direction variation of the fundamental wave in the same nonlinear photonic crystal would cause different pattern of harmonics generation. In a 2D/3D crystal with dense reciprocal lattice vectors, there will be large numbers of conical harmonic beams evolving with direction change of the fundamental wave. By rearranging the Ewald sphere and superposing it into the Ewald shell, we have a hybrid Ewald construction. It becomes a simple but useful geometric method to comprehensively depict the distribution of these quasi-phase-matching second harmonics and their conical form evolution. It presents conical second harmonic beams by their related reciprocal lattice vectors and simplifies the beams’ distribution according to spatial arrangement of those reciprocal lattice vectors. It finds that the conical beams will create, annihilate, or get enhanced in specific order when fundamental waves change incident directions. We applied the method on a periodically poled 2D LiTaO3 crystal and all observed phenomena, meet the method’s predictions. In our experiment, we observed that the conical beams distorted along the optic axis of the sample due to anisotropy, which was generally overlooked by earlier researches. The eccentricities of their ring projections suggest a potential auxiliary approach for crystal dispersion measurement.

The design and decoupling of TX/RX antenna with omnidirectional conical beam operating at V band

Abstract In this work, a high isolation transmitter–receiver antenna with omnidirectional conical beam operating at 61.5 GHz is presented. The proposed dual-antenna system consists of a transmitter (TX) antenna and a receiver (RX) antenna with the same structure, composed of a circular metal patch with ring slot and metal shorting vias, fed by a coaxial probe at their respective geometric center. And both antennas are placed on a circular metal platform, positioned symmetrically with each other. To increase the isolation between them, three different decoupling methods are proposed, and the one with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure added in-between shows the most promising decoupling effect, as the surface wave current can be maximally suppressed. The overall size of the antenna system is 2.2552 × π × 0.579 λ 0 3, where λ 0 is the free space wavelength at 61.5 GHz. A prototype of the proposed antenna system with EBG decoupling structure is fabricated and measured, demonstrating that the TX–RX isolation is 57.9 dB at 61.5 GHz, 21.6 dB better than that without decoupling structure, with omnidirectional conical beam radiation achieved at the same time.

A conical beam antenna array with filter characteristics for multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle measurement system

ABSTRACT This paper proposed a novel filter antenna with the conical beam, which consists of four magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antennas. By printing parasitic patches and etching open slots on the bottom of the substrate, two radiation nulls near the high frequency of the passband are introduced. Combined with the intrinsic radiation null of the ME-dipole antenna, the filtering response is obtained. In order to verify the design method, a prototype is manufactured and measured. The measurement results show that the impedance bandwidth (VSWR <2) of the antenna is 1.48 ~ 2.61 GHz (55.3%). In addition, the out-of-band suppression is more than 17.4 dB and the maximum radiation direction of the conical beam is stable around to Theta = 30°. The proposed antenna array can be promising candidates for multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) measurement systems.

Nonlinear vibrations of a cantilevered conical beam with axially functionally graded material carrying a longitudinally loaded mass

In this article, the free and forced vibrations of a cantilevered conical beam with axially functionally graded material 1 , carrying a concentrated mass and subjected to a distributed load, are investigated. The beam has a rectangular cross-section with a variable thickness and properties along the length. The governing equation of the system is derived using the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory based on the Hamilton principle. The response of the system is determined under the assumption of the first mode dominance using the method of multiple scales 2 . The validity of the results is confirmed by comparing them with the results of the numerical solution. This investigation breaks new ground by examining the nonlinear effects of curvature and inertia, which contribute to the occurrence of hardening and softening behavior in the frequency response. Additionally, this article provides new insights into the profound impact of material distribution on the system’s frequency response at the initial resonance state. Therefore, the motivation of this study lies in the convergence of FGM, nonlinear behavior, and resonance of a beam.

Custom lens design for ultrasonic inspection of immersed anisotropic parts

Inspection of anisotropic parts using immersion ultrasonic waves poses resolution challenges caused by directionally dependent wave properties. Currently, focused lenses with spherical or cylindrical geometries are the standard method for creating convergent, small cross-section, and high amplitude beams within solids. These lenses form a conical beam that uniformly refracts at the fluid-solid interface of the immersed part when the solid is isotropic, producing the desired focusing behavior. However, for anisotropic solids, refraction becomes directionally dependent, which distorts the beam and causes non-uniform focal profiles and, in some cases, multiple foci. In this work, the forward wave propagation for an immersed anisotropic solid is modeled and exploited to develop custom lens geometries. These custom lenses utilize inverted slowness profiles to produce conical beams within the anisotropic solid. By incorporating these lenses, the focused beam behavior is improved and becomes more circular, higher in amplitude, and smaller in the cross-sectional area. These lenses have the potential to improve inspection resolution in anisotropic solids, an effort beneficial to the additive, aerospace, and electronics industries.

Investigation of Parameters Affecting Finite Element Modeling of Cold Formed Steel Conical Roof Beams Under Bending

Makalede ABAQUS programı kullanılarak oluşturulan doğrusal olmayan modellemelerin deney sonuçları ile doğrulanması basamakları sunulmuştur. Bu amaçla deneysel çalışmada, dairesel form verilmiş, C kesit geometrisine sahip, aynı yöne bakan, iki adet kirişten oluşan ve tek açıklıklı kiriş sistemine dört noktalı eğilme deneyi uygulanmıştır. Sonlu elemanlar analizinde ise deney elemanı modellenerek farklı ağ model tiplerinin, farklı ağ boyutlarının ve farklı büyütme katsayıları içeren global ve lokal geometrik kusurların modele işlenmesi gibi farklı parametrelerin etkisi incelenmiştir ve sonucunda model kalibre edilmiştir. Nihai model ile deney sonuçları karşılaştırılarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmada, global kusurların tek başına yeterli olmadığı global ve lokal etkilerinin modelde birlikte tanımlanması gerektiği sonuçları elde edilmiştir.

Efficient laser methods for producing spherical powders

A new process of laser gas atomization has been developed to obtain a spherical metal powder with a particle size of 30-100 μm using laser beams of conical geometry. A process for obtaining a spherical powder in a wide size range of 50 nm - 100 μm, in which a continuous near-surface optical discharge with a temperature of 20 kK is formed using conical laser beams in an inert gas flow, into which the material is introduced in the form of a wire or a powder flow has been designed. Particle condensation is strongly and rapidly quenched by the inert gas flow, resulting in high supersaturation. The efficiency of the proposed laser methods for producing powders is up to 0.5 kg/kWh at an electric power of 16 kW, while the existing, most efficient methods of plasma and gas spraying provide an efficiency of no better than 0.1-0.25 kg/h kW. The method can be used to obtain powders from various materials - metals, ceramics, plastics, suspensions. The new process of laser centrifugal atomization has been elaborated. Melting or evaporation of the end of a rotating hollow cylinder by a laser system ensures a highly efficient process for obtaining spherical powder in the nano and micro size range

Microstrip ESPAR Antenna With Conical Beam Scanning

Microstrip ESPAR Antenna With Conical Beam Scanning

Conical shell X-ray beam tomosynthesis and micro-computed tomography for microarchitectural characterisation

Bone quality is commonly used to diagnose bone diseases such as osteoporosis, with many studies focusing on microarchitecture for fracture prediction. In this study a bovine distal femur was imaged using both micro-computed tomography (µCT) and tomosynthesis using focal construct geometry (FCG) for comparison of microarchitectural parameters. Six regions of interest (ROIs) were compared between the two imaging modalities, with both global and adaptive methods used to binarize the images. FCG images were downsampled to the same pixel size as the µCT images. Bone morphometrics were determined using BoneJ, for each imaging modality, binarization technique and ROI. Bone area/total area was found to have few significant differences between FCG and µCT (p < 0.05 for two of six ROIs). Fractal Dimension had only one significant difference (p < 0.05 for one of six ROIs) between µCT and downsampled FCG (where pixel size was equalized). Trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing were observed to follow trends as observed for the corresponding µCT images, although many absolute values were significantly different (p < 0.05 for between one and six ROIs depending on image types used). This study demonstrates the utility of tomosynthesis for measurement of microarchitectural morphometrics.

New Approach for Manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V+40%TiC Metal-Matrix Composites by 3D Printing Using Conic Electron Beam and Cored Wire. Pt. 1: Main Features of the Process, Microstructure Formation and Basic Characteristics of 3D Printed Material

In this paper, a new approach for additive manufacturing metal-matrix composites based on Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy reinforced with titanium carbide particles, as well as layered structures consisted of such composite and Ti–6Al–4V alloy layers is considered. The approach is based on 3D printing with a conical electron beam using a special cored wire, whose composition corresponds to metal-matrix composite. The issues of production such a wire, the features of the 3D printing process, when using it, as well as the features of formation of the microstructure and phase composition of the printed composite material are described. The issues of titanium-carbide particles’ wetting with Ti–6Al–4V melt during process of 3D printing, as well as possible thermogravitational effects (floating or drowning) for solid TiC particles within the melt are considered in detail with additional experiments. The influence of individual components of the wire composition on the formation of the microstructure and its uniformity over the cross section of the printed layer is shown. The possibility of controlling the formation of homogeneous structural state and obtaining sufficiently high values of the hardness (of above 600 HV) of the metal-matrix composite layer printed on the Ti–6Al–4V baseplate is shown.

Generation of highly azimuthal symmetric conical beam using the planar uniform circular array antenna for vehicular communication

Generation of highly azimuthal symmetric conical beam using the planar uniform circular array antenna for vehicular communication

A Multi-Mode Pattern Diverse Microstrip Patch Antenna Having a Constant Gain in the Elevation Plane

This study investigates a multi-mode pattern diverse microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.45 GHz. The study aims to have a flat top gain covering more than 900 in the elevation plane to provide equal service quality to everyone in the region of interest. In order to achieve such a crucial goal, the cavity model approach for the rectangular patches is employed. TM01 and TM02 modes are selected for the design since their corresponding radiation patterns are suitable for scanning a wide range. The superposition of boreside and conical (monopole-like) beams form a wide beam radiation pattern in elevation. Coupling between different modes is reduced by placing two radiators perpendicular to each other. In addition, the design aims to reduce both initial dimensions of the antenna by using fractalization, slotting, and perpendicular positioning techniques. These techniques reduce the original dimension of the design to less than its 60%. The simulation and experimental results reveal many similarities regarding the scattering parameters, radiation patterns, and gain. The scattering parameters, |S11| and |S22| at the operating frequency, are less than -10 dB, and the wide beam radiation pattern (more than 900) is obtained in the elevation plane.

Computed Tomography Artifact Reduction Employing a Convolutional Neural Network Within the Context of Dimensional Metrology

Abstract Utilizing accurate, nondestructive testing methods to improve quality control and reduce manufacturing errors has gained prominence in light of industry development in various fields. Industrial computed tomography (CT) scanning carries considerable weight among all conventional methods because of their unique features, such as providing a three-dimensional specimen model. Due to the prevalence of metals with high linear attenuation coefficients in industrial applications, beam hardening and scatter artifacts are two of the most prevalent artifacts in any reconstructed volume. Other notable artifacts include those with a nonideal focal spot and conical beam radiation. These artifacts may manifest as a distortion of gray value peaks, systematic discrepancies, blurring-like cupping, and streaking in reconstructed images, degrading volume reconstruction quality. In this paper, the effect of these artifacts is illustrated and mitigated by adopting our proposed method, a combination of conventional and contemporary techniques, including the use of a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN). Five tests are replicated in different geometric parameters to perform a geometric configuration analysis, indicating how effective the proposed approach is at encountering different geometric situations. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has substantially achieved its goal of improving the accuracy of dimensional metrology performed on our phantom.