Congruence Model Research Articles

Revealing mental representations of arithmetic word problems through false memories: New insights into semantic congruence.

What can false memories tell us about the structure of mental representations of arithmetic word problems? The semantic congruence model describes the central role of world semantics in the encoding, recoding, and solving of these problems. We propose to use memory tasks to evaluate key predictions of the semantic congruence model regarding the representations constructed when solving arithmetic word problems. We designed isomorphic word problems differing only by the world semantics imbued in their problem statement. Half the problems featured quantities (durations, heights, elevator floors) promoting an ordinal encoding, and the other half used quantities (weights, prices, collections) promoting a cardinal encoding. Across three experiments, in French and in English, we used surprise memory tasks to investigate adults' mental representations when solving the problems. After the first solving task, the participants were given an unexpected task: either to recall the problems (Experiments 1 and 2) or to identify, from memory, the experimenter-induced changes in target problem sentences (Experiment 3). Crucially, all problems included a specific mathematical relationship that was not explicit in the problem statement and that could only be inferred from an ordinal encoding. We used the presence or absence of this relationship in the participants' responses to infer the structure of their representations. Converging results from all three experiments bring new evidence of the role of semantic congruence in arithmetic reasoning, new insights into the relevance of the cardinal-ordinal distinction in numerical cognition, and a new perspective on the use of memory tasks to investigate variations in the representations of mathematical word problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Heterosexual couples' initial role and outcome expectations as predictors of the therapeutic alliance and relationship satisfaction prior to the fourth session.

We sampled routinely collected measures of role and outcome expectations, the expanded therapeutic alliance, and relationship satisfaction completed by 253 heterosexual couples seen by 35 therapists in the Marriage and Family Research Practice Network (Johnson et al., 2017) and investigated these variables as interdependent dyadic processes using the latent congruence model (Cheung, 2009) and the mediated actor-partner interdependence model (Ledermann et al., 2011). Taken together, we found a direct association between a couple's mean role and outcome expectation scores at Session 1 and individual partners' alliance perceptions at Session 3. Further, men rated the alliance more favorably when their outcome expectations were higher and the partners' outcome expectations were less discrepant. In terms of role expectations, both men and women began therapy expecting to be more actively engaged in the process than their partner. Whereas women rated the alliance more favorably when they had high role expectations for their partner as well as themselves, men rated the alliance more favorably when they had high expectations for their female partner's engagement in the therapy. Notably, alliance at Session 3 did not mediate the association between initial expectations and Session 4 relationship satisfaction due to a strong association (r = 0.85) between relationship satisfaction rated prior to Sessions 1 and 4. In other words, although the best predictor of relationship status before the fourth session was how the relationship was perceived before couple therapy began, men's and women's initial role and outcome expectations were important contributors to the early alliance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

An encounter with the Nadler–Tushman congruence model and organizational ambidexterity

An encounter with the Nadler–Tushman congruence model and organizational ambidexterity

Performance evaluation of scientific research system in Chinese universities: A view of goal congruence

The performance of scientific research system is a key element in the assessment of higher education institutions (HEIs). The scientific research system mainly be constructed by two sub-systems: scientific research achievements production and the transformation of these achievements. Different from prior literature, this paper attempts to evaluate the performance of scientific research system of HEIs from a view of goal congruence. Specifically, it examines how and to what extent such two sub-systems are consistent with the goal of overall scientific research system. To this end, this study employs data envelopment analysis (DEA), a non-parametric frontier analysis approach, to present a goal congruence model which is used to measure the degree of both the overall goal congruence and the internal goal congruence. Then, the proposed model is applied to evaluate the performance of scientific research systems of 40 “first-class” universities and 62 “first-class disciplines” universities in China. Results show that only the scientific research systems of Tsinghua University and Central China Normal University achieve the goal congruence. Finally, both higher education policy recommendations and implications are discussed.

Ustanawianie obecności jako mechanizm przywództwa politycznego. Przykład Szymona Hołowni

ESTABLISHING PRESENCE AS A MECHANISM OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: THE EXAMPLE OF SZYMON HOŁOWNIA The article touches upon building the political leadership of Szymon Hołownia, which is analysed in the light of the interactive theory of the emergence of leaders. The issues of complementarity of the needs of the leader and his voters and their mental matching are indicated, including research within the framework of the A Congruency Model of Political Preference (Caprara, Zimbardo). Establishing a presence by Szymon Hołownia via social media is a process in which he exposes content referring to the psychological and cultural sphere to a greater extent and to the sphere of politics to a lesser extent.

Paleofidelity: An R Package for Measuring and Visualizing Live-Dead Fidelity

Live-dead fidelity analysis, one of the key approaches of conservation paleobiology, aims to measure the congruence between living communities and sympatric death assemblages. Typically, data involve compositional matrices with counts of specimens grouped by variables (typically taxa) and observations (typically sampling units). The most common targets of live-dead comparisons are diversity fidelity (especially alpha diversity and evenness) and compositional fidelity (faunal agreement). A beta version of a new package dedicated to analyzing and visualizing live-dead fidelity is available on GitHub (R package: “PaleoFidelity”). The package allows for measuring diversity fidelity (dead-live offset in sample-standardized species richness), evenness fidelity (dead-live offset in Hulbert’s Pie evenness), and compositional fidelity estimated by correlation (Spearman, Kendall, and Pearson) and similarity (Bray, Chao, etc.) measures. The package includes a resampling model for assessing expected values of correlation and similarity measures under the null model of perfect live-dead congruence. In addition, tests and confidence intervals based on resampling protocols are provided to allow for statistical assessment of fidelity patterns. Finally, PaleoFidelity includes plot functions for visualizing live-dead congruence in diversity or faunal composition. The current version of the package can be installed in R or R Studio using the following statement: devtools::install_github(‘mjkowalewski/PaleoFidelity’, build_vignettes = TRUE).

EVALUATION PROGRAM APPROACH IN EDUCATION

This paper describes the evaluation program approach in education. This approach is carried out to evaluate the student’s achievement level in learning. This activity needs to be conducted to help teachers thoroughly so that inputs and processes in learning can be contained in the learning process. The use of method is applied based on a literature review through meta-analysis derived from the results of reviewing journals regarding the implementation of the evaluation program approach in learning that has the same topic in this paper, analyzed, and compared to the review results, which are described in good language. The research result indicates eight approach models in the evaluation of educational programs, which are the CIPP model, Provus model, Stake model, Kirkpatrick model, Brinkerhoff model, Congruence model, Illuminative model, and Logical model. The CIPP model is an approach that teachers often use because it includes context, input, process, and outcome evaluation. The results of applying this approach model can be carried out thoroughly so that it can be applied to every learning subject.

Investigation of space-continuous deformation from point clouds of structured surfaces

Abstract One approach to estimate space-continuous deformation from point clouds is the parameter-based epochal comparison of approximating surfaces. This procedure allows a statistical assessment of the estimated deformations. Typically, holistic geometric models approximate the scanned surfaces. Regarding this, the question arises on how discontinuities of the object’s surface resulting from e.g. single bricks or concrete blocks, influence the parameters of the approximating continuous surfaces and in further consequence the derived deformation. This issue is tackled in the following paper. B-spline surfaces are used to approximate the scanned point clouds. The approximation implies solving a Gauss–Markov-Model, thus allowing accounting for the measurements’ stochastic properties as well as propagating them on the surfaces’ control points. A parametric comparison of two B-spline surfaces can be made on the basis of these estimated control points. This approach is advantageous with regard to the transition of the space-continuous deformation analysis to a point-based task, thus ensuring the applicability of the well-established congruency model. The influence of the structure’s geometry on the surfaces’ control points is investigated using terrestrial laser scans of a clinker facade. Points measured in the joints are eliminated using an own developed segmentation approach. A comparison of the results obtained from segmented as well as from unsegmented laser scans for the B-spline approximation and the subsequent deformation analysis provides information about the structure-related influence. An aqueduct arc is used as measuring object in this study. For the intended comparison, data sets, which contain possible influences due to changes of the mechanical loads, are analysed.

From Nirvana to Shiva in Impact Investing: Value (In)congruence in Investor–Investee Relationships

In the rapidly emerging field of impact investing, investors and investees collaborate to generate financial returns while addressing social and environmental challenges. This article conceptualizes impact investing as a value-based activity whereby value (in)congruence shapes relationships between investors and investees. Based on Schwartz’s basic values theory and the concept of value congruence, we examine 18 investor–investee dyads and identify four types of dynamic value–(in)congruent relationships: Nirvana, Yin and Yang, Soul-Searching, and Shiva. We capture these dynamic relationship types in the proposed impact-investing value (in)congruence model, showing the complexity of value (in)congruence in such relationships, as both congruence and incongruence have positive and negative outcomes. The article provides the implications for practice and directions for further research.

Adolescents' psychological adjustment during challenging times: The role of mothers', fathers', and adolescents' ratings of parental warmth.

Parent-adolescent interactions can be very loving, although both parties might not always agree. The level of and discrepancy between ratings on parenting style are indicators for functioning within the family, affecting adolescents' psychological adjustment. This 4-year multiinformant study focuses on emotional warmth in parenting as a precursor for changes in adolescents' psychological adjustment. Altogether, 1,817 German adolescents and their parents report on the quality of their parental warmth, and the former additionally rates their emotional and social problems. Combining the latent true intraindividual change (TIC) and latent congruence (LCM) models, the results indicated that a higher level of jointly perceived parental warmth is linked to more positive adjustment for adolescents, whereas a discrepant rating in terms of a parental overreporting is associated with a lower adjustment. The meaning of shared and discrepant mother-adolescent and father-adolescent ratings for adolescents' psychological adjustment during late childhood and early adolescence is discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Leadership in the Context of Corporate and Employee Social Responsibility in the Czech Company

Nowadays CSR research concentrates mainly on the macro-level analysis of the phenomena connected to CSR. However, differences exist among the members of stakeholder groups concerned with CSR, which can cause different results in implementing CSR strategies, it is crucial to study CSR also on the individual (micro) level. The article aims to analyse the Czech brewery’s corporate and employee social responsibility in the context of leadership. Several studies reveal how important ethical leadership is because it can affect not only organizational culture, which fosters employee commitment to corporate values but also the range of CSR activities, individuals’ engagement and participation. The authors of these studies stress the importance of ethical leadership, managers' encouragement, and supervisors' attitude toward the topic. The method chosen for the research is the micro-level analysis of employee perceptions, reactions, and attitudes towards the company's CSR together with their determinants. The model of psychological micro-foundations and the ESR-CSR congruence model are used. We opted for semi-structured interviews to gain in-depth and detailed inside into the thinking and perceiving of 13 administrative employees of the company. The coding and content analysis of the respondents' testimonies was conducted in the program MAXQDA. We found amongst our respondents, who represent the group of administrative employees of the Czech brewery, that the most important determinant of their CSR engagement was corporate socialization. Many of the respondents engaged in CSR activities that were related to their job. Therefore, we found room for improvement in the extra-role CSR participation of administrative employees, but also in the encouragement from the part of their supervisors. The chosen group of employees framed their CSR perceptions by trying to look at the issue from the point of view of different stakeholders. They saw the sense of doing CSR in the need for sustainability, and a positive for the company is that these employees regarded its CSR as authentic. We found mainly positive CSR reactions on the side of respondents, such as job satisfaction, organizational pride, or job pursuit intention.

Strategic orientation, innovation, and the effects of entrepreneurial support mechanism in SMEs in South Korea: an application of subject-mechanism-performance congruence model

ABSTRACT This study investigates the causal relationships among strategic orientation, innovation, and entrepreneurial support mechanisms. Strategic orientation is significant for innovation, and support mechanisms are organizational processes that mediate the innovation generating path. This study hypothesizes that the support mechanism consists of Culture, Structure, Reward, and Procedure and advances the existing theory, exemplifying an SMP (subject-mechanism-performance) framework based on empirical data collected through a national survey for 3,085 SMEs in South Korea. The findings suggest that strategic orientation affects innovation, and tangible interventions such as Procedure, Reward, and Structure might be differently applied from Culture to nurture innovative outcomes of SMEs.

Do You See What I See? Longitudinal Associations Between Mothers’ and Adolescents’ Perceptions of Their Relationship and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms

This 6-year community study examined how discrepancies in mothers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of their relationship were longitudinally associated with adolescent internalizing symptoms, and vice versa. 497 adolescents (57% boys, Mage T1 = 13.03, SDage = 0.46) and their mothers reported in 6 annual waves on conflict and warmth in the mother-adolescent relationship and adolescents reported on their depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) symptoms. Latent Congruence Models suggested that both adolescent depressive and GAD symptoms significantly predicted higher levels of conflict as well as stronger discrepancies in perceptions of conflict 1-year later. In turn, higher levels of conflict significantly predicted both adolescent depressive and GAD symptoms 1-year later. For warmth, lower levels significantly predicted adolescent depressive symptoms 1-year later. Concluding, these findings suggest (1) more systematic evidence for longitudinal associations between conflict than warmth in the mother-adolescent relationship and adolescent internalizing symptoms; (2) support for a transactional model, including support for both interpersonal scar or symptom-driven effects (concerning both levels of and mother-adolescent discrepancies in conflict) and interpersonal risk or relationship-driven effects (concerning levels of both conflict and warmth); (3) longitudinal effects from adolescent internalizing symptoms to mother-adolescent discrepancies, but not vice versa; and (4) strong consistency in patterns of findings across both adolescent depressive and GAD symptoms, with few differential longitudinal associations with aspects of mother-adolescent relationship quality. Thereby, this study provides a more nuanced understanding of the direction of effects between adolescent internalizing symptoms and both levels of and discrepancies in mothers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of their relationship.

Enhancing trainee clinical scientists' self‐regulated learning in the workplace

BackgroundTrainee health professionals must be competent self‐regulated learners, particularly when learning in busy, unpredictable clinical settings. Whilst research indicates self‐regulated learning (SRL) is influenced both by learners' individual actions and their interactions with others, how these combine to foster SRL requires further exploration. We have used Zimmerman's learner‐focused SRL model and the situative perspective of communities of practice (CoPs) to investigate how UK trainee clinical scientists regulate their learning. Our aims were to develop a holistic understanding of SRL in the clinical workplace incorporating both individual and social aspects and to suggest ways of maximising learning for trainee clinical scientists and other health professionals.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 trainees on the Scientist Training Programme. Transcripts were analysed both inductively and deductively (abductively) using Zimmerman's model and CoPs to explore how trainees regulate their learning.ResultsThematic analysis yielded four themes: approach to learning, engagement and execution of tasks in practice; self‐reflection and reaction; and autonomy and role construction. Themes linked concepts from Zimmerman's model and CoPs, as illustrated by our trainee–workplace congruence model. Our model suggests optimal conditions for SRL, and we highlight the importance of trainers in supporting trainee development.ConclusionsOur trainee–workplace congruence model links concepts from Zimmerman's model and CoPs to provide a framework for understanding how trainee clinical scientists regulate their learning and navigate its social aspects. Whilst trainees must take responsibility for their learning, trainers can facilitate SRL through attention to trainee‐workplace ‘fit’ and encouraging trainee participation in communities of practice.

Linking perceived ethical leadership to workplace cheating behavior: A moderated mediation model of moral identity and leader-follower value congruence.

According to social learning theory, we examine the effect of ethical leadership by investigating how moral identity resulting from ethical leadership influences employees’ workplace cheating behaviors. Adopting a moderated mediation framework, this study suggests that leader-follower value congruence moderates the positive relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ moral identity and mitigates the indirect effect of ethical leadership on employees’ workplace cheating behaviors. The results of this study, drawn from a sample of 243 full-time employees and their direct supervisors, support these hypotheses. As such, this study provides novel theoretical and empirical insights into ethical leadership and workplace cheating behavior.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activity for Service Brand: Effects of CSR-Brand Fit, Consumer-CSR Fit on Skepticism and Brand Loyalty

Because of the widespread CSR practice, the quality and outcome of CSR activities vary, and the tendency of consumers to become suspicious of CSR activities is increasing. This paper intends to examine how the antecedents “CSR-brand fit” and “consumer-CSR fit” impact on consumers’ skepticism and how skepticism influences service brand loyalty. A questionnaire is designed with the case “Meituan’s Green Mountain Project” and conducted to examine the relationship of different variables. Adopting survey data methodology, there are 91 Chinese Meituan users participated in the survey, and significant results were generated through simple linear regression analysis in SPSS. The result indicates that the increase in CSR-brand fit and consumer-CSR fit can reduce consumers’ skepticism, and there is no significant relationship between skepticism and brand loyalty. Thus, it is found through the results that enhancing consumers’ perception of the congruity between brand image and CSR activities, and improving the perceived fit between CSR activities and personal relevance, can contribute to minimizing consumers’ skepticism. In this case, the author proposes practical solutions with the functional theory of attitudes and the self-image congruence model. The solutions guide practitioners to pay attention to the compatibility, fit, and logic of content when planning CSR activities, with the aim of reducing the level of skepticism, leading to an effective outcome for brands.

A new registration method with improved phase congruency for application to GPR images

ABSTRACT In this letter, we propose an edge detection algorithm and a framework of points matching for ground penetrating radar (GPR) images to achieve the B-Scan image registration of GPR. In our proposed algorithm, the robust edge feature information of GPR images is detected by the improved phase congruency model. Then, the feature points are detected by the GPR image’s edge feature in the curvature scale space. Finally, a novel similarity metric is defined for feature point registration. Experimental results show that compared to the classic registration method and the state-of-the-art feature points registration methods, the proposed method shows the best matching performance and robustness in GPR images.

Robust image similarity metric method for SAR images

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image similarity metric is at the core of SAR image interpretation techniques, however, it is still a challenging task due to complex nonlinear intensity, scale, and rotation differences between SAR images and other remote sensing images. This letter addresses this problem by proposing a novel similarity metric method for SAR images using structure and shape properties. The magnitude and orientation representation of the phase congruency model is first built based on the local phase of images. Then a new scale and rotation-invariant local binary pattern (SRI-LBP) descriptor is proposed using local structure and shape information. Finally, a similarity metric is defined using the symmetry Kullback Leibler divergence (SKLD) of the SRI-LBP descriptors. Numerical experiment results verify its robustness in terms of nonlinear intensity, scale, and rotation differences.

Dropout in adult education as a phenomenon of fit – an integrative model proposal for the genesis of dropout in adult education based on dropout experiences

In adult training practice, dropout marks the transition from participation to non-participation. There are only a few theoretical models, especially from the second half of the 20th century, that address this phenomenon. With special consideration to the congruence model of Boshier (1973) and the integration model of Tinto (1975, 1993) the study focuses first on the theoretical discussion of empirically grounded models for the explanation of dropout in the field of adult education. Against the background of analyses of 40 problem-centered interviews with dropouts from adult education, the two models are examined as to their explanatory contributions. Based on these empirical and theoretical explorations, a newly developed typology of as well as a model for dropout are proposed which topicalize dropout in adult education as a phenomenon of fit.

Digital surface model generation from high-resolution satellite stereo imagery based on structural similarity

In this study, we proposed an automatic approach to extract DSMs from VHR satellite imagery. This study aims to apply the histogram of orientated phase congruency (HOPC) descriptor and SIFT-Flow algorithm to match multi-view VHR satellite images densely and extract detailed DSMs competitive with ones generated from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds. The HOPC descriptor relies on detecting features by calculating the phase congruency model, which allows the image features to be highly robust against illumination changes. Moreover, we developed an automatic algorithm to extract precise and homogenously distributed tie-points and subsequently conduct bias correction of the Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC). We tested our proposed algorithm on four WorldViw-3 datasets captured from different viewpoints, and compared the results with the DSMs obtained by the Semi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm. The experimental results indicated the proficiency of our proposed method in generating accurate and reliable DSMs using VHR satellite data.