Confucian Research Articles

Three Streams: Confucian Reflections on Learning and the Moral Heart-Mind in China, Korea and Japan by Philip J. Ivanhoe

Three Streams: Confucian Reflections on Learning and the Moral Heart-Mind in China, Korea and Japan by Philip J. Ivanhoe

文史异辙：宋儒范祖禹二子的学术歧异及原因

文史异辙：宋儒范祖禹二子的学术歧异及原因

Electronic Peer Feedback, EFL Academic Writing and Reflective Thinking: Evidence From a Confucian Context

Electronic peer feedback (e-PF) has offered a number of benefits to English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ academic writing competence and reflective thinking. However, little research has been conducted to examine whether e-PF can be incorporated in Confucian heritage culture (CHC) contexts. With a sample of 40 Vietnamese university students, the purpose of this study was threefold: (a) to explore whether e-PF improved students’ global and local features of EFL academic writing; (b) to investigate whether e-PF provoked students’ reflective thinking; and (c) to determine whether the two core principles of Confucian values, namely, the concept of face and power distance influenced the implementation of e-PF. Data were collected through pre- and post-questionnaires, e-PF content, and reflective logs. The qualitative and quantitative results showed that e-PF improved the quality of global and local writing aspects. Using e-PF also espoused both e-PF providers and receivers to develop reflective thinking by heightening their cognitive processes. Students were found to overcome the Confucian cultural barriers to get engaged in giving and receiving critique from their peers. The study, therefore, adds to the existing knowledge about the significance of e-PF in improving students’ writing skills and nurturing reflective thinking in CHC cultures.

The joy of obligation: Human cultural worldviews can enhance the rewards of meeting obligations.

Is it particularly human to feel coerced into fulfilling moral obligations, or is it particularly human to enjoy them? I argue for the importance of taking into account how culture promotes prosocial behavior, discussing how Confucian heritage culture enhances the satisfaction of meeting one's obligations.

Formation of a Chosŏn Buddhist Tradition: Dharma Lineage and the Monastic Curriculum from a Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective

A new Buddhist tradition was formed in the seventeenth century in Korea that was a projection of the aim and identity of Chosŏn Buddhism at the time. Ironically, this took place during a period of great change in the international geopolitical order and during a time when wars changed the contours of East Asia. Until Chosŏn Buddhism was fully established, there were two diverging identity narratives; one that combined the various dharma lineages of the Koryŏ tradition, and the other based on the Chinese orthodox Linji lineage. In the end, the narrative of China-centered orthodoxy prevailed, which I argue to be reflective of a diachronic and synchronic situatedness. Furthermore, the monastic education that was established in the seventeenth century is examined, wherein the importance of both Sŏn and doctrine (Kyo) were openly adopted. The synchronicity of the situatedness of Buddhism and Confucianism in a close relationship of inter-adaptation is discussed through a comparison of the monastic educational process and Confucian education system. In the end, Chosŏn Buddhism was not an isolated island that was suppressed internally and isolated externally from the larger East Asian world. Past research on Chosŏn Buddhism has limited its scope to the area of Chosŏn and, relative to Confucianism, as existing under a cloud of heterodoxy and removed from the center of power. The current essay proposes the adoption of diachronic and synchronic perspectives in order to expand the scope and breadth of research on Chosŏn Buddhism, whereby an active and dynamic Buddhism can be revealed.

‘홀로 있음’과 노년 - 유가와 도가를 중심으로

‘홀로 있음’과 노년 - 유가와 도가를 중심으로

“The World Belongs to All” (天下为公) – China: Between Confucianism, Marxism and Democracy

“The World Belongs to All” (天下为公) – China: Between Confucianism, Marxism and Democracy

‘천하질서’와 유교적 ‘보편주의’의 재구성의 가능성-Ⅱ: ‘대륙신유가’ 의 ‘신캉유웨이주의’(新康有爲主義)에 대한 비판적 분석

유교의 화이지변과 왕도사상을 핵심으로 하는 ‘천하질서’ 담론은 사실상 ‘지배의 정당성’의 문제이기도 하다. 중국 모델이 아직 그 형체를 분명히 드러내지 않은 상황에서 ‘천하질서’가 중국에서 뜨거운 담론이 되고 있는 것은 이것이 사실상 ‘지배의 정당성’이라는 문제와 밀접하게 관련이 있기 때문이다. 그렇다면 여기서 ‘지배의 정당성’을 어떻게 이해해야 하는가. 21세기라는 현시점에서 ‘지배의 정당성’이란 결국 유교의 보편성의 재구성 속에서 분열이 아닌 통합의 제국적 메카니즘을 확보하는 것이다.<BR>이 글은 ‘대륙신유가’라는 학문집단이 ‘신캉유웨이주의’를 매개로 하여 시도하는 천하질서와 유교적 보편주의의 재구성의 가능성을 타진하고자 하는 기초적 작업이다. 그 초점은 두가지이다. 하나는 현실적인 문제로, 이들이 캉유웨이가 문제로 삼았던 중국강역의 보전과 ‘문명중국’의 회복이라는 문제에서 그 정당화전략을 설득력 있게 짜고 있는가이다. 동중서(董仲舒)는 천하사상에 의한 ‘지배의 정당성’ 탄생의 사이클을 완성함으로써 유교를 내용으로 하는 제국의 통치원리를 탄생시켰다. 동중서가 유교를 내용으로 하는 제국의 통치원리를 완성한 이후 유교는 종족보다는 보편의 계기로 받아들여졌다. 유교는 이후 종족보다는 국가(제국)에 내속되었다. “중국에서 ‘지배의 정당성’은 지배자의 민족적 출신으로 판단하는 것이 아니고 ‘대일통’을 실현한 왕조야말로 ‘정통’의 중화왕조라고 하는 사고방식은 이 때부터 보편화되었다. 모든 중화왕조가 목숨을 걸고 제국적 구조를 구축하여 중화제국으로 변신하려 노력한 이유도 천하사상 즉 ‘대일통’의 사상의 틀로 자신의 정당성이 확보될 수 있었기 때문이다. 캉유웨이가 100년 전에 고민한 이 문제는 지금의 중국에도 그대로 존재한다. 그러나 이 문제는 주변에 대한 차별관계의 청산, 대등한 협력 관계의 구축이라는 21세기적 발상의 전환 없이는 실현 불가능하다.<BR>다른 하나는 규범적 문제로, 천하질서와 유교적 보편주의의 재구성이라는 작업을 통해 ‘성찰적 유학’을 보여줄 수 있는가의 여부이다. ‘성찰적 유학’의 두가지 조건은 타자성과 윤리성이다. 이두 조건이 결여된 신유학 논의는 ‘봉건’으로의 자기회귀라는 비난을 받을 수 있으며 이 형태로는 중국의 안과 밖을 설득시킬 수가 없다. 더 나아가 이들의 기획은 또 다른 ‘중국중심주의’를 꽤하려는 것이라는 오해를 피할 수 없다. 중국의 유학이 재보편화하기 위해서는 서양이라는 타향을 표류하고 난 이후 다시 고향에 돌아온 상태에서 이제 다시금 ‘나는 누구인가’, ‘나의 가치는 어디에 있는가’라는 질문을 낯설게 해야 한다. 그랬을 때 자기에 대한 진정한 객관화과정이 시작될 수 있으며 자기상대화를 통한 타자성을 확보할 수 있다. 이 과정을 거쳐야만 ‘성찰적 유학’이라 칭할 수 있으며 ‘지속가능성’을 말할 수 있다. 이를 기준으로 본다면 ‘대륙신유가’의 ‘신캉유웨이주의’를 통한 천하질서와 유교적 보편주의의 재구성의 가능성은 지켜봐야 하겠지만 그렇게 높다고 할 수 없다. 현실적 문제든 규범적 문제든 재구성의 가능성이 높지 않다면 그것은 아마 20세기를 거친 21세기적 인식의 부재에서 비롯된 것일 가능성이 높다.

『論語』를 통해 본 孔子의 교육관과 활용 방안 - 외국인의 한국어 교육 시 시사할 교육방안 제시 -

This study looks at the modern utilization plan through the Confucian educational philosophy as described in the Analects. Specifically, the literary and educational philosophy of Confucius can be applied to teaching Korean to foreigners by identifying how to teach in an effective way. Confucius placed emphasis on the literature function, including purifying the temper and teaching folk's custom , in the Analects and chose Ininsigyo (因人施敎), with learning according to the level, as a teaching method. This study focuses on this point among the Confucian teachings and on Confucian literature function and Ininsigyo teaching method. Then, this suggested the learning method according to the level with Korean the acquisition method of Korean while foreigners learn Korean purifying the temper and teaching folk's custom after researching Ininsigyo teaching method. Confucius said that people can purify their temper and reform folk’s custom through the poems of Shih Ching. Composers and singers need to compose, and the poems should be sung by people by selecting good lyrics and melody. The learning effect would be maximized when learners are taught according to the level (Ininsigyo). Thus, the effect would be doubled by considering the standards for textbook selection, subjects, and a learning method suited to the learners’ level when foreigners learn Korean . Moreover, the function of purifying the temper and teaching folk's custom would make the world overflow with compassion and morality. In addition, the beautiful songs and lyrics applied to teaching Korean to foreigners will gradually raise the status of the Korean language.

‘孔子問禮於老子’句로 보는 司馬遷의 ‘筆法’과 ‘一家之言’

‘孔子問禮於老子’句로 보는 司馬遷의 ‘筆法’과 ‘一家之言’

Three Streams: Confucian Reflections on Learning and the Moral Heart-Mind in China, Korea, and Japan, written by Philip J. Ivanhoe (2016)

Three Streams: Confucian Reflections on Learning and the Moral Heart-Mind in China, Korea, and Japan, written by Philip J. Ivanhoe (2016)

Reflexión Weberiana del Maestro Darío Mesa Chica Sobre Administración Pública.

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Christian and Confucian Rapprochement in the UDHR Debate

Christian and Confucian Rapprochement in the UDHR Debate

Discuss Confucianism and Buddhist Taoism Thoughts in Folk Ceremonial Dramas

Discuss Confucianism and Buddhist Taoism Thoughts in Folk Ceremonial Dramas

Understanding China

China's Confucian heritage has much to bear on its business customs. Fully understanding that in the West will be critical to building trust, says Tammy Erickson

공자서사(孔子敍事)로서 「공문도통(孔門道統)」의 서술 체제와 창작의 의미 고찰

공자서사(孔子敍事)로서 「공문도통(孔門道統)」의 서술 체제와 창작의 의미 고찰

Analysing the Needs of EFL/ESL Learners in Developing Academic Presentation Competence

The literature on how to develop competence in giving academic presentations (AP) (e.g. Zappa-Hollman, 2007) shows that apart from basic communication skills (i.e. the ability to speak accurately, fluently and appropriately), university students are expected to perform specific roles and develop advanced skills for intellectual exchange and the construction of new knowledge (e.g. skill in expressing their personal voice through evaluation). However, these advanced speaking skills are often neglected by English as a Second Language (ESL)/English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in Asian contexts, such as Hong Kong, as generally observed by English for Academic Purposes’ (EAP) instructors (e.g. Bankowski, 2010). Although there has been some discussion on factors that potentially inhibit the development of ESL/EFL learners (e.g. Confucian education values and an exam-dominated culture), more research is needed on the design of EAP courses to cater for learners’ needs. To fill this gap, this article reports the results of a needs analysis of a group of undergraduates (N=81) in Hong Kong. The study was based on a triangulation of data which included sources, and included questionnaires administered to both students and the course instructors of their major subject disciplines to identify the perceived importance of specific AP skills/features and learning needs, semi-structured follow-up interviews, and a diagnosis of students’ AP competence using a research-based assessment rubric. The findings reveal gaps in students’ understanding of their required roles and performance in both EAP and content courses, gaps in expectations between the students and their content course instructors, and gaps in their AP competence (e.g. ability to use linguistic and discourse features to structure interpretations and facilitate the audience’s understanding of the information they present). An EAP instruction course design framework is then proposed to develop ESL/EFL learner competence in AP, based on the teaching and speaking cycle of Goh and Burns (2012).

Reconstruction of Rights in Confucianism and Its significance

Reconstruction of Rights in Confucianism and Its significance

An Exploration of the Leisure Thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism in Zhang Wu Zhi (Treatise on Superfluous Things)

Current Western leisure theory is primarily based on Western research, although social scientific leisure research has been carried out for approximatelly 70 years. The goal of this essay is to introduce the leisure thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism as presented in the Chinese classic Zhang Wu Zhi. Hitherto, two Western historians who study Zhang Wu Zhi have opened a window for the study of Zhang Wu Zhi world wide, although they do not pay attention to leisure practice and thinking because of their academic backgroud. This research reflects the leisure thoughts of the rich Chinese traditional literati under the influence of Confucianism and Taoism. As presented in Zhang Wu Zhi and as a tradition, these religious traditions profoundly affect the leisure activities and characteristics of modern Chinese people currently and in the future. In this case, the Chinese text needs to be reintroduced to contribute to global leisure research.

Ing, Michael D. K.,The Vulnerability of Integrity in Early Confucian Thought

Ing, Michael D. K.,The Vulnerability of Integrity in Early Confucian Thought