Confirmatory Factor Analysis Modeling Research Articles

Does formal teacher competence matter for students’ mathematics achievement? Results from Swedish TIMSS 2019

ABSTRACT Research has accumulated on the effects of teachers on student achievement, especially in mathematics. However, empirical evidence regarding the impact of formal teacher competence indicators presents a mixed picture. This study explores the influence of educational level, subject – and grade-specific specialization, teaching experience, and professional development as indicators of formal teacher competence on student mathematics achievement in grade 4 in Sweden. Utilizing data from TIMSS 2019, the study employs confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel structural equation modeling to also test a latent model of formal teacher competence. Results reveal a positive relationship between formal teacher competence and students’ mathematics achievement, even after controlling for students’ socio-economic status and immigration background. Additionally, selection effects were found, suggesting that students in classrooms with a more advantaged composition had more competent teachers. The study underscores the need for an equitable distribution of qualified teachers across schools, highlighting implications for teacher specialization and allocation.

How perceived overload leads to WeChat passive usage intention: the mediating roles of social network exhaustion and discontented feeling

PurposeThe principal purposes of the research are to empirically investigate three forms of perceived overload on social media and shed light on their associations with users’ passive usage intention by contemplating the mediating influence of social network exhaustion and discontented feelings.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a cross-sectional methodology to collect statistical data (N = 679) from WeChat users in mainland China. Primitive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to test the corresponding hypotheses.FindingsThe findings reveal that three dimensions of perceived overload influence social network exhaustion positively. In addition, communication overload and system feature overload exert positive impacts on the discontented feeling. Furthermore, it is uncovered that social network exhaustion and discontented feeling are related to passive usage intention positively.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, this paper offers a conceptual framework to explicate passive usage intention through elucidating social network exhaustion and the discontented feeling that arises from perceived overload in contemporary social media-mediated environments. Practically, the current research has certain realistic implications for WeChat users and SNS operators.Originality/valueProbing what triggers people’s passive usage intention of social media has been an emerging theme in recent years, yet there is a dearth of discourse that delves into the antecedents of WeChat users’ passive usage intention. The results obtained from the study have enhanced the understanding of the adverse consequences associated with the utilization of social media in mainland China.

Aspects of Identity Questionnaire-IV: An Examination of Structural Validity, Gender Invariance, and Relationships with Mental Health and Basic Psychological Needs Among Adolescents

The present research evaluated evidence for structural and convergent validity and measurement invariance across gender of the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire-IV (AIQ-IV), which is designed to measure four identity orientations: Personal, Relational, Public, and Collective. We recruited two independent samples of Serbian adolescents aged 15–19 years (n 1 = 436, n 2 = 452). Both exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were applied to examine the factor structure of the AIQ-IV. The ESEM model with four factors demonstrated a superior fit to the data in both samples and resulted in well-defined factors and deflated latent factor correlations compared to the CFA model. Multiple-group analysis supported the scalar invariance of the four-factor ESEM model across gender. The evidence for the convergent validity of the ESEM AIQ-IV factors was supported by meaningful correlations with various mental health indicators (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, internalizing behaviors, and externalizing behaviors) and basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, and competence) satisfaction and frustration. Our findings support the use of AIQ-IV as a multidimensional measure of identity orientations among adolescents and confirm the usefulness of applying the ESEM framework to evaluate the validity aspects of this scale.

The mediating role of organizational culture between transformational leadership and organizational performance in SMEs

PropósitoConsiderando la naturaleza emprendedora y el elevado número de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) en Latinoamérica, este artículo busca probar empíricamente la relación entre cultura organizacional (OC), liderazgo transformacional (TF) y desempeño organizacional (OP), con el fin de contribuir a su sobrevivencia en el largo plazo.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueBajo el paradigma post-positivista, con un enfoque cuantitativo y un alcance correlacional, esta investigación analiza la interrelación entre las variables OC, el TF y el OP en PYMES peruanas. Para ello se utilizó análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) y modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) considerando las respuestas de 276 altos ejecutivos de PYMES provenientes de las industrias de comercio, servicios, manufactura, construcción y agricultura.ResultadosLa cultura organizacional media completamente la relación entre el liderazgo transformacional y el desempeño organizacional. Aunque el liderazgo transformacional por sí solo no influye en el desempeño organizacional, el efecto mediador del TF es clave para la supervivencia a largo plazo de las PYMES, especialmente si se tiene en cuenta su contribución al empleo, su impacto en la reducción de la pobreza y el PBI, en los países en desarrollo. Los emprendedores con liderazgo transformacional inspiran a sus seguidores para alcanzar objetivos, se esfuerzan por desarrollar las habilidades de cada individuo, transmiten confianza y dejan de lado sus intereses personales para centrarse en el objetivo común del crecimiento de su emprendimiento con competitividad.Originalidad/valorLas tres variables en estudio han sido aplicadas en empresas grandes y PYMES. Sin embargo, esta investigación enriquece los hallazgos previos, destacando la necesidad de contar con una adecuada cultura organizacional derivada de un emprendedor con liderazgo transformacional, contribuyendo con la supervivencia de las PYMEs, cuyos resultados son críticos para la economía de los países en desarrollo.

CRM impact on customer satisfaction in Islamic-based hotels: exploring a mediation model

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between operational CRM technologies, human CRM resources, organizational CRM resources and customer satisfaction toward Islamic-based hotels in Indonesia. The role of customer knowledge is examined as the moderating variable in each relationship, intertwining both independent and dependent variables. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a quantitative deductive approach. Descriptive and other statistical analyses, namely, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model of Smart partial least squares, are used. The questionnaires are disseminated to employees of 24 Islamic-based hotels located in Indonesia. The selection of 136 respondents is made using the stratified sampling technique. Findings The results established that the three variables of technological resources, human resources and organizational resources have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Next, customer knowledge moderates the effect of technological resources, human resources and organizational resources on customer satisfaction insignificantly. Originality/value This study highlighted the role of the newly adopted customer knowledge as a moderating factor in the relationship between the three components of CRM and customer satisfaction in a vulnerable industry (hotels, especially the Islamic-based one) in a developing country.

User-centred exploration of m-governance adoption: identifying and analysing determinants

PurposeThis study tries to examine the factors that influence the adoption of e-governance mobile applications among Indian citizens. In addition, this study aims to analyse the impact of these factors on the adoption process.Design/methodology/approachThe study used convenience sampling procedure to collect the data from 431 citizens of India. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling techniques were used to assess the validity of scale and test the hypotheses.FindingsThe finding reveals that the information quality (IQ), perceived usefulness, social influence and government appeal (GA) significantly and positively impacted the attitude of citizen towards the m-governance. In addition, perceived ease of use was not significantly and positively impacted the citizen towards the m-governance.Practical implicationsThis study aims to contribute to the existing literature on m-governance adoption in the developing nation. The study intends to provide insightful information on the factors influencing the adoption of m-governance. Also, this study seeks to make a scholarly contribution and provide practical insights for professionals in the industry and government departments.Originality/valueMobile applications transform the government operations and enhance the efficiency of government service delivery. Although there are numerous benefits of m-government application, but still the adoption rate of m-governance is steady. The study uses technology acceptance model along with incorporated two additional constructs, i.e. IQ and GA, to make model more comprehensive and robust to understand the m-governance adoption intention.

The role of job resources and psychological empowerment in enhancing innovative work behavior in Chinese higher education

This research examined the relationship between job resources (social support, job autonomy, and colleague feedback) and innovative work behaviors of university teachers based on social exchange theory. The mediating role of psychological empowerment (meaning, competence, self-determination, impact) was also examined in the relationship between job resources and innovative work behaviors. Based on the established measurement scales, the questionnaire was used to collect data through quota sampling and purposive sampling methods. Empirical investigation was conducted with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. The results reveal that job resources were significantly and positively correlated with innovative work behaviors, and psychological empowerment mediated the relationship between job resources and innovative work behaviors.

The mediating role of science intrinsic motivation: effects of homework on science achievement in Western and Asian regions

ABSTRACT This study investigated cross-cultural differences in the relationships between science intrinsic motivation, teacher-perceived and student-perceived homework practices, and science achievement in Asian (Chinese Taipei, Japan, South Korean, and Singapore) and Western (Australia, US, England, and Ireland) top-performing regions according to ranking of science achievement in TIMSS. Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel structural equation modelling were conducted using data from 45,448 eighth graders in the 2019 TIMSS study. In Western regions, the teacher control of homework was significantly negatively associated with whole-class science achievement and positively associated with whole-class intrinsic motivation. A higher student-perceived frequency of homework is negatively related to their individual intrinsic motivation and science achievement. However, in Asian regions, teacher-perceived frequency and time spent on homework positively predicted the whole-class intrinsic motivation and science achievement, while in contrast, a higher student-perceived frequency of homework was positively associated with their individual intrinsic motivation and a longer time spent on homework was negatively associated with their intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation in science plays a significant mediating role between students’ and teachers’ homework practices and science achievement at individual and whole-class levels in Asian top performers. There, we discuss at the end that the cultural contexts might influence how teachers and students can use homework best to promote science intrinsic motivation and hence their science achievement.

Deciphering dynamic interactions among multidimensional psychological motivations, academic performance, and sociocultural adjustment: The critical influence of excessive WeChat use

As the preeminent mobile social media platform in Mainland China, WeChat's meteoric expansion has revolutionized the dynamics of interpersonal communication and the modalities of mutual interaction among individuals. Despite the escalating significance of mobile social media in the cross-cultural adaptation of international students, existing scholarly works have largely neglected the underlying relationship between psychological motivations, excessive WeChat use, academic performance, and sociocultural adaptation of these students. Anchored in uses and gratifications theory and cross-cultural adaptation paradigm, the primary objectives of this study are to devise a theoretical model and to scrutinize differential psychological motivations propelling international students' WeChat usage, its association with excessive WeChat use, and impacts on academic performance and sociocultural adjustment. The proposed model undergoes meticulous evaluation through data amassed online from 598 Chinese international students studying in Germany. Sequential analytical techniques, especially Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling, were employed to elucidate the dynamic interplay among key variables. The final results validate the path effect suggesting that both hedonic and social motivations are positive predictors of excessive WeChat use. Moreover, excessive WeChat use is negatively correlated with academic performance and sociocultural adjustment. However, utilitarian motivation is not significantly related to excessive WeChat use. By demystifying the driving factors and consequences of excessive WeChat use, these findings not only accentuate the pivotal role of mobile social media in the cross-cultural adaptation of international students but also enrich the theoretical landscape and enhance the strategic approaches for educators and academic institutions.

Competing Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models in Management Research: Bifactor Modeling of the Employee Work Assessment Tool

Competing Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models in Management Research: Bifactor Modeling of the Employee Work Assessment Tool

스크린골프 서비스품질과 인지적, 감정적 반응에 관한 태도 관계

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship among screen golf service quality, cognitive and emotional responses on attitudes. The study recruited participants who had experience participating in screen golf facilities as the target population. Surveys were distributed primarily at screen golf facilities located in the capital area of Seoul and Gyeonggi province. A total surveys of 294 were used for analysis. The data processing methods included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Based on the above results, the following conclusions are suggested. First, it was found that the physical environment aspect of screen golf facilities' service quality influences cognitive responses. Second, the physical environment aspect of screen golf facilities' service quality influences emotional responses. Third, cognitive responses were found to influence attitudes. Screen golf facilities should devise measures to improve the physical environment aspect of service quality.

Sustainable Transport in the European Union: Exploring the Net-Zero Transition through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Gaussian Graphical Modeling

The sustainability of the transport sector is targeted by various policies adopted by the European Union, and their impact must be constantly monitored in order to maximize the desired objective. This paper, through a two-stage investigation, aims to present a systemic approach of the sustainability dimensions in transport and to introduce an innovative technique to analyze the interdependencies between them. In the first stage, relevant indicators were selected from the Eurostat database for the content of four dimensions: economic, environmental, social and technological. The robustness of the developed dimensions was assessed and validated through a confirmatory factor analysis. In the second stage, a Gaussian graphical model was estimated as a technique integrating graphical and statistical modeling to identify complex structures of linkages between variables (as components of each dimension of sustainability). The structure of the network clearly highlights the dependence of transport on fossil fuel consumption as the main determinant of pollution in the sector (CO2 emissions). In addition, the central role of railways in decarbonizing transport is highlighted, in contrast to the limited, and isolated at one end of the network, role of electric vehicles. The findings support that affordability of this new technology plays an important role in its impact on zero-emission transition. Concentrating on the period 2013–2022, at EU27 level, the results are relevant in the context of decarbonization policies, offering useful insights both for future research and policy makers.

프로축구의 CSR활동, 구단동일시, 관람만족도와 충성도 간의 구조적 관계 분석

This study investigated the relationships among corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities within K-League(South Korea’s professional football league), team identification, spectator satisfaction, and team loyalty. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted targeting individuals aged 20 and above, employing the primary data collection method of gathering a total of 251 questionnaires through non-probability convenience sampling. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 20.0, involving techniques such as frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. The key findings were summarized as follows: Firstly, CSR activities within K-League significantly influence team identification. Secondly, team identification significantly impacts spectator satisfaction. Thirdly, team identification influences team loyalty. Lastly, spectator satisfaction does not affect team loyalty. This research not only presented the directionality of CSR activities within the K-League but also provided valuable theoretical support and data for the K-League aiming to implement CSR activities.

Factors affecting brand attachment in the social media channels: Case of university in Vietnam

Originated from the reason that Hanoi University of Industry (HaUI)’s current social media network is still limited, specifically HaUI's Fanpage has not yet been green-checked, thereby leading to weak brand attachment have little impact on university admissions. From collecting data from information sources such as newspapers, social networking sites, the author has inherited previous studies to propose a research model and conduct quantitative research analysis. Through designing a survey questionnaire and randomly sending it to individuals who are studying and working at HaUI, specifically lecturers, staff and especially the university students. The study obtained 338 valid responses that were coded and cleaned using SPSS and AMOS software. After the cleaning and coding step, reliability testing, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were conducted. The research has made a significant theoretical contribution in terms of the important mediation role of brand awareness, perceived quality and university reputation in the relationship between social media communication and brand attachment. From there, it also provided the practical contribution to improve the association of the brand with students, to perfectionate the social networking sites,to share positive things, interesting, attractive and relevant lessons.

Make a Charitable Birthday Wish on Facebook: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

ABSTRACT Social media fundraising has become an important tool for nonprofits to raise money. Focusing on one specific fundraising tool, Facebook birthday fundraiser, the current study developed an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model and included three external variables, relationship strength with the fundraiser creator, perceived risk regarding personal information safety, and personal relevance of the fundraising cause. An online survey was conducted to investigate their influences on Facebook users’ donation intention and behaviors. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted, and hypothetical correlations were tested. Results showed that relationship strength significantly influenced subjective norms, attitude toward the fundraiser, self-efficacy, and perceived behavior control. Perceived risk positively influenced subjective norms. Personal relevance positively affected donation intention. Relationships among factors from previous TBP studies were also tested and verified. Implications and limitations of the study were discussed.

COVID-19 experiences and cruise booking behavior: Insights from YouTube viewers applying revised protection motivation theory

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between risk perceptions (crowding risk perception, health risk perception) and self-protective behavioral intentions and booking intention for COVID-19 using the theory of protection motivation previously verified in the study and to analyze the structural relationship between all variables. In particular, it was intended to investigate the specific impact relationship between COVID-19 risk perception, including crowding risk perception and health risk perception, and self-protective behavior and cruise booking intention. The survey was conducted on subscribers of travel YouTube channels with cruise video content, and the respondents actively responded by providing convenience store beverage coupons. In an online survey conducted for a month from January 15, 2023, 312 samples were collected from travelers who have experienced cruises in the past five years. SPSS and AMOS statistical programs were used, and first, frequency analysis and discriminant validity analysis were verified. In addition, the verification of structural relevance between variables was analyzed by the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). Demographic characteristics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural model analysis verified the hypothesis. Based on the results of the analysis, this study presents basic evidence useful for establishing management strategies for cruise companies.

Receptivity to Instructional Computer-Based Feedback (RIF)

Abstract: Feedback can play a pivotal role in learning but is only effective when students use it. However, the use of feedback varies greatly from student to student and these differences must be explained. Hence, the construct receptivity to instructional feedback (RIF) was introduced to assess students’ attitudes towards and engagement with human-provided feedback in multiple English-speaking countries. However, RIF scales have not yet been used in computer-based assessment contexts nor in German-speaking countries; their application is thus limited. This study examined an adapted and translated RIF scale using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). We capitalized on data sets comprising German-speaking university ( N = 464) and secondary school ( N = 1,207) students. The bifactor-CFA model showed a good model fit and revealed a general receptivity factor alongside the four specific factors: experiential attitudes, instrumental attitudes, cognitive engagement, and behavioral engagement with feedback. Scalar measurement invariance allowed for cross-gender and educational level comparisons. The relationships with broader personality characteristics were consistent with other contexts, thus indicating discriminant validity. General receptivity, cognitive engagement, and experiential attitudes positively correlated with GPA, suggesting convergent validity. Results support the stability of the RIF scale’s adaptation and translation. Assessment implications are discussed.

Rural tourism in India and pro-tourism behavior

Purpose This paper aims to understand tourist behavior in Indian rural tourism by integrating the stimuli-organism-response (SOR) framework, service quality model (SERVQUAL) model and theory of planned behavior. It investigates the role of positive tourist-host interactions, destination image, trust and attitude in shaping pro-tourism intentions. Additionally, it explores the moderating effect of Indian traditionality on these relationships. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative data from 15 respondents with quantitative analysis involving 580 tourists engaged in Indian rural tourism. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling are used to examine relationships among tourist-host interactions, destination image, trust, attitude and pro-tourism intentions. Findings The study reveals that positive interactions and a positive destination image play crucial roles in building trust and shaping favorable attitudes toward rural tourism. Trust and attitude, in turn, significantly drive pro-tourism intentions. Furthermore, tourist attitude partially mediates the relationship between trust and intentions. The study introduces the novel concept of Indian traditionality as a moderator, highlighting its impact on trust, attitude and pro-tourism intentions. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the focus on Indian rural tourism, which may limit generalizability, and potential response bias due to self-reported data. Future research could explore other cultural contexts and use diverse data collection methods. Practical implications This research offers practical insights for policymakers and stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of fostering positive tourist–host interactions and cultivating a positive destination image to enhance the overall tourist experience and promote sustainable rural tourism practices. Originality/value This study’s innovation lies in harmonizing theoretical frameworks to shed light on Indian rural tourism’s multifaceted aspects. It introduces Indian traditionality as a cultural moderator, enriching understanding of tourist behavior. The research contributes to academia and industry by guiding the development of sustainable tourism practices and improving the tourist experience.

Crafting a Job among Chinese Employees: The Role of Empowering Leadership and the Links to Work-Related Outcomes.

The present study aims to examine the process through which empowering leadership shapes employees' work engagement and in-role performance by facilitating job-crafting behaviors, specifically seeking resources, seeking challenges, and reducing demands. Based on the extensive data from 733 Chinese employees across various organizations located predominantly in Chongqing and Xi'an, China, we carried out different types of statistical analysis such as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships among empowering leadership, specific job-crafting behaviors, work engagement and in-role performance, test our hypothesis and our conceptual model. The results from structural equation modeling (SEM) suggested that empowering leadership was positively related to employees' work engagement and in-role performance; empowering leadership was positively related to employees' job crafting (seeking resources, seeking challenges and reducing demands); seeking resources, seeking challenges and reducing demands were positively related to in-role performance, and seeking challenges and reducing demands were positively related to work engagement. In the relationship between empowering leadership and in-role performance, seeking resources serves as a mediating factor. Similarly, seeking challenges mediates the association between empowering leadership and both work engagement and in-role performance. Furthermore, reducing demands mediates the links between empowering leadership and both work engagement and in-role performance. The implications of these findings are subsequently discussed.

Are the Signs of Factor Loadings Arbitrary in Confirmatory Factor Analysis? Problems and Solutions

The replication crisis in social and behavioral sciences has raised concerns about the reliability and validity of empirical studies. While research in the literature has explored contributing factors to this crisis, the issues related to analytical tools have received less attention. This study focuses on a widely used analytical tool - confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) - and investigates one issue that is typically overlooked in practice: accurately estimating factor-loading signs. Incorrect loading signs can distort the relationship between observed variables and latent factors, leading to unreliable or invalid results in subsequent analyses. Our study aims to investigate and address the estimation problem of factor-loading signs in CFA models. Based on an empirical demonstration and Monte Carlo simulation studies, we found current methods have drawbacks in estimating loading signs. To address this problem, three solutions are proposed and proven to work effectively. The applications of these solutions are discussed and elaborated.