Face Configuration Research Articles

Micromagnetic Simulations of Emergent Monopole Defects and Magnetization Reversal in Connected and Dipolar Kagome Artificial Spin Ice

Artificial spin ice (ASI) materials, created by lithographically patterning nanoscale magnets in desired geometries, have shown a number of interesting phenomena, such as emergent magnetic monopoles (monopole defects), collective dynamics and phase transitions. The control of monopole defects with external stimuli such as magnetic and electric fields, strain, electric currents etc. would be of much interest in fabrication of future devices. In this work, we investigate the magnetization reversal as a function of the connectivity of the Kagome ASI, using micromagnetic simulations. The domain wall motion is expected to play an important role in the connected spin ice, whereas the dipolar interactions dominate for the unconnected case. The magnetic microstate of each lattice is uniquely determined by the vertex configuration, with the Kagome lattice supporting a six-fold-degenerate vertex state, obeying either a two-in/one-out (vertex charge +q) or one-in/two-out (vertex charge q) ice rule. We analyze the fraction of each vertex type to highlight changes in the magnetic microstate as a function of applied magnetic field. Our results could be correlated with magneto-transport measurements and direct imaging of vertex states in ASI using magnetic force microscopy.

Overwhelmed by the man in the moon? Pareidolic objects provoke increased amygdala activation in autism

An interesting feature of the primate face detection system results in the perception of illusory faces in objects, or pareidolia. These illusory faces do not per se contain social information, such as eye-gaze or specific identities, yet they activate the cortical brain face-processing network, possibly via the subcortical route, including the amygdala. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), aversion to eye-contact is commonly reported, and so are alterations in face processing more generally, yet the underlying reasons are not clear. Here we show that in autistic participants (N=37), but not in non-autistic controls (N=34), pareidolic objects increase amygdala activation bilaterally (right amygdala peak: X = 26, Y = −6, Z = −16; left amygdala peak X = −24, Y = −6, Z = −20). In addition, illusory faces engage the face-processing cortical network significantly more in ASD than in controls. An early imbalance in the excitatory and inhibitory systems in autism, affecting typical brain maturation, may be at the basis of an overresponsive reaction to face configuration and to eye contact. Our data add to the evidence of an oversensitive subcortical face processing system in ASD.

Three-dimensional undrained face stability of circular tunnels in non-homogeneous and anisotropic clays

The advanced 3D finite element limit analysis is employed to examine three-dimensional (3D) face stability of circular tunnels in undrained clays with the impact of strength non-homogeneity and anisotropy. The soil behaviour for all analyses is governed by the anisotropic undrained shear (AUS) strength model, which requires three anisotropic undrained shear strengths that are simply evaluated from conventional laboratory tests. The upper and lower bound solutions of 3D face stability of circular tunnels are accurately analyzed by considering four dimensionless parameters, including the cover-to-depth ratio, the overburden stress factor, the strength gradient ratio, and the anisotropic strength ratio. The significance of four dimensionless parameters on the stability load factor of the 3D face stability of circular tunnels, and the predicted failure mechanisms due to the influence of cover depth ratios, are also illustrated. A nonlinear regression analysis is employed to the computed data, which enables a new design equation of the factor of safety incorporating the conventional stability number. Thus, the new tunnel stability factors are proposed for the first time in the literature. A comprehensive application of the proposed safety factor equation is also presented and compared. The 3D effects of the tunnel face configuration between 3D geometry and 2D plane strain heading on the tunnel stability factors are also discussed. The new proposed design equation of the factor of safety provides an accurate and practical tool in assessing face stability of circular tunnels in non-homogeneous and anisotropic clays.

Mesh modeling of system geometry and anatomy phantoms for realistic GATE simulations and their inclusion in SPECT reconstruction

Objective. Monte-Carlo simulation studies have been essential for advancing various developments in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, such as system design and accurate image reconstruction. Among the simulation software available, Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) is one of the most used simulation toolkits in nuclear medicine, which allows building systems and attenuation phantom geometries based on the combination of idealized volumes. However, these idealized volumes are inadequate for modeling free-form shape components of such geometries. Recent GATE versions alleviate these major limitations by allowing users to import triangulated surface meshes. Approach. In this study, we describe our mesh-based simulations of a next-generation multi-pinhole SPECT system dedicated to clinical brain imaging, called AdaptiSPECT-C. To simulate realistic imaging data, we incorporated in our simulation the XCAT phantom, which provides an advanced anatomical description of the human body. An additional challenge with the AdaptiSPECT-C geometry is that the default voxelized XCAT attenuation phantom was not usable in our simulation due to intersection of objects of dissimilar materials caused by overlap of the air containing regions of the XCAT beyond the surface of the phantom and the components of the imaging system. Main results. We validated our mesh-based modeling against the one constructed by idealized volumes for a simplified single vertex configuration of AdaptiSPECT-C through simulated projection data of 123I-activity distributions. We resolved the overlap conflict by creating and incorporating a mesh-based attenuation phantom following a volume hierarchy. We then evaluated our reconstructions with attenuation and scatter correction for projections obtained from simulation consisting of mesh-based modeling of the system and the attenuation phantom for brain imaging. Our approach demonstrated similar performance as the reference scheme simulated in air for uniform and clinical-like 123I-IMP brain perfusion source distributions. Significance. This work enables the simulation of complex SPECT acquisitions and reconstructions for emulating realistic imaging data close to those of actual patients.

Low-power continuous-wave all-optical magnetic switching in ferromagnetic nanoarrays

All-optical magnetic switching promises ultrafast magnetization control without a magnetic field. Existing schemes typically require power-hungry femtosecond-pulsed lasers and complex magnetic materials. Here, we demonstrate deterministic, all-optical magnetic switching in simple ferromagnetic nanomagnets (Ni81Fe19, Ni50Fe50) with sub-diffraction limit dimensions using a focused low-power, linearly polarized continuous-wave laser. Isolated nanomagnets are switched across a range of dimensions, laser wavelengths, and powers. All square-geometry artificial spin ice vertex configurations are written at low powers (2.74 mW). Usually, switching with linearly polarized light is symmetry forbidden; here, the laser spot has a similar size to the nanomagnets, producing an absorption distribution that depends on the nanoisland-spot displacement. We attribute the deterministic switching to the transient dynamics of this asymmetric absorption. No switching is observed in Co or Ni nanostructures, suggesting the multi-species nature of NiFe plays a role. These results usher in inexpensive, low-power, optically controlled devices with impact across data storage, neuromorphic computation, and reconfigurable magnonics.

Correlation of the golden proportion between the intercanine distance and the vertical measurement of the middle third of the face in fourth year students of the faculty of dentistry of the University of Cuenca, 2023

Introduction: The human face is a disconcerting source of information, since cultural influences, masculine-feminine characteristics, the aging process, the subtleties of light that change with the orientation of the face, rest, smiling and others configurations endow each particular face with a uniqueness that is difficult to quantify. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not there is a golden ratio between the intercanine distance and the vertical measurement of the midface of fourth-year students of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Cuenca. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional and randomized study. The sample consisted of 40 fourth-year students from the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Cuenca, Ecuador. The observation technique was used. The following were observed and analyzed: 1) the intercanine distance and 2) the vertical measurement of the middle third of the face, to determine if there is a presence or absence of the golden ratio. Results: For the frequency of values about whether there is a Golden Ratio or not, it is shown that: in the intervals 2.65 - 12.90 mm (very close) there are 4 men with 13.33 % and 3 women with 6 00 %, in the interval 12.91 - 23.16 mm (close) there are 8 men with 26.66 % and 15 women with 30.00 %, and in the interval 23.27 - 33.52 mm (distant) there are 3 men with 10.00 % and 7 women with 14.00 %. Conclusion: It is observed that in 56.66 % of the fourth-year students of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Cuenca there is a close correlation to the golden ratio between the intercanine distance and the middle third of the face, this being the most representative of the three intervals analyzed (very close, close and distant).

Evaluation of the face configuration changes during extrusion of the buccal fat pad. Pilot study

Evaluation of the face configuration changes during extrusion of the buccal fat pad. Pilot study

Seismic Pushover Analysis of Global Emulative Response of Precast Reinforced Concrete Frames with Dextra Groutec Couplers

The effects of Dextra Groutec couplers on the global performance of precast reinforced concrete frames are investigated by comparing the performance criteria of conventional RC structures to that of the said structures such that precast elements are connected end-to-end using these couplers. As couplers provide continuity of the reinforcement, precast elements that are connected using this mechanism can perform as a unit, and the entire structural system can be considered emulative as long as the structural performance is comparable to that of the conventionally designed cast-in-place. Dextra couplers inherently have lower strain compared to reinforcing rebar, affecting the global performance of a structure if placed within critical regions such as near the beam-column connection. The present study is conducted therefore to perform a comparative study to determine the effect of these couplers on the emulative behavior of the precast frames to the cast-in-place frames by considering the following factors: Coupler location, Dextra Groutec Coupler size and length, and the story height of the frame. Static pushover analysis of 30 models is carried out using the finite element software, Seismostruct. Pushover curves are compared based on the three criteria such as global ultimate displacement, displacement ductility, and energy dissipation. The results revealed that the Dextra Groutec Couplers reduce the capacity of the precast frame according to the three performance criteria. Hybrid configuration, where the bottom part is CIP and the upper part is precast connected by couplers is found to be the most viable option to obtain an emulative response. The longer and bigger Dextra Groutec coupler, S28 also manifested more inferior performance compared to S25. Lastly, the height of the structure is not a strong factor in the emulative response except for the hybrid and coupler placed at D distance away from the joint face configurations.

Adaptive Damping Control Scheme for Wind Grid-Connected Power Systems With Virtual Inertia Control

With the large-scale wind power integration into the power system, the inertia and damping characteristics of the system have been weakened, which is not conducive to fulfill the grid-friendly operation of wind power. Aiming at this, an adaptive control scheme combining virtual inertia control (VIC) and supplementary damping controller (SDC) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the mathematical model of wind grid-connected power system with VIC is established. Secondly, the polytopic linear parameter varying (LPV) system is built to describe the uncertainty of system operating points, and the gap metric-based nonlinear evaluation method is used for polytope vertex configuration. Next, Youla-Kucera parametrization are extended to polytopic LPV system to design an adaptive damping control, in which VIC and SDC are coordinated to provide damping and virtual inertia simultaneously. Finally, the proposed adaptive control scheme is compared with several existing control techniques to validate its effectiveness and advantages in suppressing system oscillation in the modified IEEE 39-bus system integrated with 2 wind turbines.

Configural properties of face portraits change between childhood and adulthood

Adult observers are sensitive to the configuration of facial features within a face, able to distinguish between relative differences in feature spacing, and detecting deviations from typical facial appearance. How does the representation of the typical configuration of facial features develop? While there is a great deal of work describing children’s developing abilities to detect differences in feature spacing across face images, there is substantially less work examining what children think constitutes a typical arrangement of facial features. In the current study, we investigated this issue using a production task in which adults and 5- to 10-year-old children created a face “portrait” by arranging the eyes, nose, and mouth of a standard face within an empty outline. Using this simple task, we found differences in face configuration across age groups, such that children of all ages made far larger errors than adult participants, expanding facial features outward from the center of the face more than adults. These results were not affected by face inversion, potentially implying a domain-general rather than face-specific process. We also found that children of all ages endorsed the correct configuration as a best likeness in a perceptual task. We discuss these results in terms of ongoing debate regarding the extent to which configural processing is a meaningful component of face recognition and the conclusions we can draw from production paradigms as compared to purely perceptual tasks.

Spatio-temporal brain dynamics of self-identity: an EEG source analysis of the current and past self

Current research on self-identity suggests that the self is settled in a unique mental representation updated across the lifespan in autobiographical memory. Spatio-temporal brain dynamics of these cognitive processes are poorly understood. ERP studies revealed early (N170-N250) and late (P3-LPC) waveforms modulations tracking the temporal processing of global face configuration, familiarity processes, and access to autobiographical contents. Neuroimaging studies revealed that such processes encompass face-specific regions of the occipitotemporal cortex, and medial cortical regions tracing the self-identity into autobiographical memory across the life span. The present study combined both approaches, analyzing brain source power using a data-driven, beamforming approach. Face recognition was used in two separate tasks: identity (self, close friend and unknown) and life stages (childhood, adolescence, adulthood) recognition. The main areas observed were specific-face areas (fusiform area), autobiographical memory areas (medial prefrontal cortex, parahippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus), along with executive areas (dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior temporal cortices). The cluster-permutation test yielded no significant early effects (150–200 ms). However, during the 250–300 ms time window, the precuneus and the fusiform cortices exhibited larger activation to familiar compared to unknown faces, regardless of life stages. Subsequently (300–600 ms), the medial prefrontal cortex discriminates between self-identity vs. close-familiar and unknown. Moreover, significant effects were found in the cluster-permutation test specifically on self-identity discriminating between adulthood from adolescence and childhood. These findings suggest that recognizing self-identity from other facial identities (diachronic self) comprises the temporal coordination of anterior and posterior areas. While mPFC maintained an updated representation of self-identity (diachronic self) based on actual rewarding value, the dlPFC, FG, MTG, paraHC, PCC was sensitive to different life stages of self-identity (synchronic self) during the access to autobiographical memory.

Intercellular Ca2+ waves propagate by regenerative IP3‐induced IP3 release

The endothelium is a sheet of highly‐specialised cells that line every blood vessel. Endothelial cells detect, integrate and respond to information from numerous signals, passing this information to neighbouring endothelial cells via intercellular communication to coordinate vascular contractility, inflammation and exchange of products between the blood and surrounding tissues. A significant form of intercellular communication occurs by travelling spatial gradients of Ca2+ (‘Ca2+ waves’) that move between cells. While the underlying mechanisms are not understood, Ca2+ and IP3 diffusion through gap junctions are each proposed to underlie Ca2+ wave propagation in the endothelium. Our results show that IP3, but not Ca2+ or gap junctions, is required for Ca2+ wave propagation.To investigate the mechanisms underlying endothelial signal propagation, second order mesenteric arteries were dissected from rats, pinned out in an en face configuration and Ca2+ signals measured using Cal‐520 (5μM). Localised photorelease of caged‐IP3 (5μM) generated rapid rises in endothelial Ca2+ at the site of photo‐activation. The Ca2+ rise subsequently propagated across cells outside the photolysis site. The propagated Ca2+ rise reflects cell‐cell communication since no uncaging occurred outside the photolysis site.To investigate the contribution of Ca2+ to signal propagation, Ca2+ buffering was spatiotemporally controlled using local photoactivation of the membrane permeant Ca2+ buffer, Diazo‐2. Release of the Ca2+ buffer prevented signal propagation within the uncaging region alone; signal propagation still occurred outside the uncaging area. This result suggests that IP3, but not Ca2+, underlies wave propagation. Supportive evidence for this conclusion was provided by photolysis of caged Ca2+(NP‐EGTA AM, 5μM). Photorelease of caged Ca2+ generated a Ca2+ rise that remained localised to the uncaging region and did not propagate outside the photolysis site, even with progressively increased Ca2+ loads. To verify these results, ACh (1μM) or ionomycin (10μM) were applied to restricted populations of cells by pressure ejection from a puffer pipette. A comparable Ca2+ rise was generated in each case, however the ACh generated a substantial Ca2+ wave that propagated upstream of the activated cells while the Ca2+ rise from ionomycin did not. These results suggest that Ca2+ is not responsible for propagating Ca2+ waves in the endothelium. The data also questions the involvement of gap junctions in wave transmission. If gap junctions were present and open, the Ca2+ rise generated by ionomycin would have been expected to diffuse to neighboring cells. This was not observed. Furthermore, the gap junction blockers gap27 and 18αGA, while successful in blocking FRAP, did not inhibit wave propagation. Together, these results suggest that IP3 is essential for Ca2+ wave propagation, but Ca2+ or gap junctions are not.

A CAE-oriented mesh hole-filling algorithm focusing on geometry and quality

PurposeIntegrality of surface mesh is requisite for computational engineering. Nonwatertight meshes with holes can bring inconvenience to applications. Unlike simple modeling or visualization, the downstream industrial application scenarios put forward higher requirements for hole-filling, although many related algorithms have been developed. This study aims at the hole-filling issue in industrial application scenarios.Design/methodology/approachThis algorithm overcomes some inherent weakness of general methods and generates a high-level resulting mesh. Initially, the primitive hole boundary is filled with a more appropriate triangulation which introduces fewer geometric errors. And in order for better performances on shape approximation of the background mesh, the algorithm also refines the initial triangulation with topology optimization. When obtaining the background mesh defining the geometry and size field, spheres on it are packed to determine the vertex configuration and then the resulting high-level mesh is generated.FindingsThrough emphasizing geometry recovery and mesh quality, the proposed algorithm works well in hole-filling in industrial application scenarios. Many experimental results demonstrate the reliability and the performance of the algorithm. And the processed meshes are capable of being used for industrial simulation computations directly.Originality/valueThis paper makes input meshes more adaptable for solving programs through local modifications on meshes and perfects the preprocessing technology of finite element analysis (FEA).

Performance Comparison of Single and Double Masks: Filtration Efficiencies, Breathing Resistance and CO2 Content.

The emergence of a pandemic affecting the respiratory system has resulted in a significant demand for face masks. Masks have always been mentioned as an effective tool against environmental threats. This includes the use of double masks by large sections of the public, as can be seen during the current global spread of COVID-19. However, there is limited knowledge available on the performance of the various commonly available double face masks used. In this study, we have compared the performance of single and double face configurations. Three types of 3-ply face mask (FM), three types of fabric face mask (CM) and nine configurations of these face masks were investigated based on morphology, filtration efficiencies, breathing resistance and carbon dioxide (CO2) content. The filtration efficiencies of the double face masks are enhanced when combined with a fabric mask, and were found to improve by 500% compared to those of a fabric mask. The lowest breathing resistance among the double masking was observed in the combination of FM1 and fabric face masks. From the results, it was found that all combinations of double face mask are suitable to use since the measurements indicate that the breathing resistance and CO2 contents are still lower than the acceptable value set by the Malaysian Standard (MS 2323:2010) and European Standard (EN 149:2001 + A1:2009). The performance of double masks is comparable with that of N95 respirators. The double masking combination can be used as an alternative method to reduce inhalation exposure to airborne contaminants.

Substitutions of vertex configuration of Ammann–Beenker tiling in framework of Ammann lines

The Ammann–Beenker tiling is a typical model for two-dimensional octagonal quasicrystals. The geometric properties of local configurations are the key to understanding its formation mechanism. We study the configuration correlations in the framework of Ammann lines, giving an in-depth inspection of this eightfold symmetric structure. When both the vertex type and the orientation are taken into account, strict confinements of neighboring vertices are found. These correlations reveal the structural properties of the quasilattice and also provide substitution rules of vertex along an Ammann line.

An Ex Vivo Study of Outward Electrical Impedance Tomography (OEIT) for Intravascular Imaging.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory condition emerging in arteries and considered the cause of a myriad of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic lesion characterization through invasive imaging modalities is essential in disease evaluation and determining intervention strategy. Recently, electrical properties of the lesions have been utilized in assessing its vulnerability mainly owing to its capability to differentiate lipid content existing in the lesion, albeit with limited detection resolution. Electrical impedance tomography is the natural extension of conventional spectrometric measurement by incorporating larger number of interrogating electrodes and advanced algorithm to achieve imaging of target objects and thus provides significantly richer information. It is within this context that we develop Outward Electrical Impedance Tomography (OEIT), aimed at intravascular imaging for atherosclerotic lesion characterization. We utilized flexible electronics to establish the 32-electrode OEIT device with outward facing configuration suitable for imaging of vessels. We conducted comprehensive studies through simulation model and ex vivo setup to demonstrate the functionality of OEIT. Quantitative characterization for OEIT regarding its proximity sensing and conductivity differentiation was achieved using well-controlled experimental conditions. Imaging capability for OEIT was further verified with phantom setup using porcine aorta to emulate in vivo environment. We have successfully demonstrated a novel tool for intravascular imaging, OEIT, with unique advantages for atherosclerosis detection. This study demonstrates for the first time a novel electrical tomography-based platform for intravascular imaging, and we believe it paves the way for further adaptation of OEIT for intravascular detection in more translational settings and offers great potential as an alternative imaging tool for medical diagnosis.

Twenty Vertex Model and Domino Tilings of the Aztec Triangle

We show that the number of configurations of the 20 Vertex model on certain domains with domain wall type boundary conditions is equal to the number of domino tilings of Aztec-like triangles, proving a conjecture of the author and Guitter. The result is based on the integrability of the 20 Vertex model and uses a connection to the U-turn boundary 6 Vertex model to re-express the number of 20 Vertex configurations as a simple determinant, which is then related to a Lindström-Gessel-Viennot determinant for the domino tiling problem. The common number of configurations is conjectured to be $2^{n(n-1)/2}\prod_{j=0}^{n-1}\frac{(4j+2)!}{(n+2j+1)!}=1, 4, 60, 3328, 678912...$ The enumeration result is extended to include refinements of both numbers.

Neural responses to facial attractiveness in the judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty.

The judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty objectively refer to the perception and evaluation of moral traits, which are generally influenced by facial attractiveness. For centuries, people have equated beauty with the possession of positive qualities, but it is not clear whether the association between beauty and positive qualities exerts a similarly implicit influence on people's responses to moral goodness and moral beauty, how it affects those responses, and what is the neural basis for such an effect. The present study is the first to examine the neural responses to facial attractiveness in the judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty. We found that beautiful faces in both moral judgments activated the left ventral occipitotemporal cortices sensitive to the geometric configuration of the faces, demonstrating that both moral goodness and moral beauty required the automatic visual analysis of geometrical configuration of attractive faces. In addition, compared to beautiful faces during moral goodness judgment, beautiful faces during moral beauty judgment induced unique activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and midline cortical structures involved in the emotional-valenced information about attractive faces. The opposite comparison elicited specific activity in the left superior temporal cortex and premotor area, which play a critical role in the recognition of facial identity. Our results demonstrated that the neural responses to facial attractiveness in the process of higher order moral decision-makings exhibit both task-general and task-specific characteristics. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the essence of the relationship between morality and aesthetics.

A novel and robust contact detection algorithm for arbitrarily shaped blocks

A novel 3D contact detection algorithm for arbitrarily shaped, concave and convex blocks is presented. The algorithm comprises a new neighbouring search technique and a novel method to detect the true contact type between two neighbouring blocks, regardless of their shape. The new neighbouring search technique uses a convenient geometrical plane to reduce the number of searches and an efficient boundary covering to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the solution. The algorithm to detect the true contact type includes three sub-algorithms. The first sub-algorithm uses the geometry of concave faces to find the true contact type between a vertex and face. The second sub-algorithm finds multiple intersections and overlaps between an edge and a concave face using the location of the midpoint created by two adjacent intersections or overlapping vertices. The third sub-algorithm uses both current and new vertices made by the intersection between the edges of two faces to create a new edge and vertex configuration, which is used to determine the single or multiple overlapping areas between two concave faces. This novel algorithm is shown to be more accurate and efficient for detecting neighbours and contact types than other commonly used algorithms.

Age-Related Differences in Emotional Conflict Control Between Adolescents and Adults: A Behavioral and ERP Study

Facial expressions are the dominant way of human emotional and social communications. However, it remains unclear that how can perceivers extract emotion from the face. In the present study, we adopted a repetition-priming paradigm in combine with event-related potentials (ERP) to examine neurocognitive processing stages of facial expression perception. Results showed that emotional words were recognized faster than emotional faces, when both of which were primed by emotional faces, indicating the involvement of concepts processes in facial expression recognition. ERP results showed that all emotional faces could evoke responses of N170, while there was no significant difference between positive and negative emotional faces, suggesting that geometrical configurations of faces rather than emotional concepts of faces are processed at the stage of N170. In contrast, both emotional words and faces showed larger P2 in response to anger than happiness, which suggests that emotional concepts are extracted from faces at the stage of P2. To examine the underlying dynamic causal connectivity between facial structure and emotional conception, we conducted information flow analysis, which showed significant decreases of information flow from the fusiform gyrus to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and increases of information flow from the fusiform gyrus to posterior insula. These results revealed neural mechanisms underlying processes from physical structure to emotional concepts. Our findings suggest that facial expression recognition consists of two stages from geometrical structure of faces to emotional concepts of facial expressions, which provides evidence for facial expression processing and has important implications in the diagnosis and treatment of emotion recognition related disorders.