Configuration Of Units Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Slow-Release Chitosan Oligosaccharide Pyridine Schiff Base Copper Complexes with Antifungal Activity.

Herein, a series of chitosan oligosaccharide copper complexes modified with pyridine groups (CPSx-Cu complexes) were successfully prepared via the Schiff base reaction and ion complexation reaction for slow-release fungicide. The structures of the synthesized derivatives were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the unit configuration of the complexes was calculated using Gaussian software. The slow-release performance experiment demonstrated that the cumulative copper ion release rate of CPSx-Cu complexes was dependent on the type of substituents on the pyridine ring. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the CPSx-Cu complexes were investigated. At a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, CPSx-Cu complexes completely inhibited the growth of Pythium vexans and Phytophthora capsici. Results indicated that CPSx-Cu complexes with slow-release ability exhibited better antifungal activity than thiodiazole-copper and copper sulfate basic. This study confirmed that combining chitosan oligosaccharide with bioactive pyridine groups and copper ions is an effective approach to further developing slow-release copper fungicides, providing new possibilities for the application of copper fungicides in green agriculture. This study lays the foundation for further studies on biogreen copper fungicides.

Automated facial expression measurement in a longitudinal sample of 4- and 8-month-olds: Baby FaceReader 9 and manual coding of affective expressions

Facial expressions are among the earliest behaviors infants use to express emotional states, and are crucial to preverbal social interaction. Manual coding of infant facial expressions, however, is laborious and poses limitations to replicability. Recent developments in computer vision have advanced automated facial expression analyses in adults, providing reproducible results at lower time investment. Baby FaceReader 9 is commercially available software for automated measurement of infant facial expressions, but has received little validation. We compared Baby FaceReader 9 output to manual micro-coding of positive, negative, or neutral facial expressions in a longitudinal dataset of 58 infants at 4 and 8 months of age during naturalistic face-to-face interactions with the mother, father, and an unfamiliar adult. Baby FaceReader 9’s global emotional valence formula yielded reasonable classification accuracy (AUC = .81) for discriminating manually coded positive from negative/neutral facial expressions; however, the discrimination of negative from neutral facial expressions was not reliable (AUC = .58). Automatically detected a priori action unit (AU) configurations for distinguishing positive from negative facial expressions based on existing literature were also not reliable. A parsimonious approach using only automatically detected smiling (AU12) yielded good performance for discriminating positive from negative/neutral facial expressions (AUC = .86). Likewise, automatically detected brow lowering (AU3+AU4) reliably distinguished neutral from negative facial expressions (AUC = .79). These results provide initial support for the use of selected automatically detected individual facial actions to index positive and negative affect in young infants, but shed doubt on the accuracy of complex a priori formulas.

Evaluation of hydrological and sediment connectivity in catchments with mining activity in semiarid central Mexico

Source–sink systems in arid and semiarid regions contain low plant cover areas (inter-patches) functioning as sources of runoff, sediments, and nutrients that are retained by vegetated patches, which act as sinks. The spatial configuration of these hydrological units largely determines the connectivity network of runoff sources. At the same time, their dynamics are essential for assessing ecohydrological functionality, which mining can modify through the alteration of the system's ability to retain water and sediments, causing increased runoff and soil erosion. The objectives of this work were to: (1) identify the spatio-temporal changes in ground cover (i.e., vegetated patches and inter-patches) in two areas with mining activity: Cerro de San Pedro (1970–2015) and Villa de la Paz (1983–2014); and (2) evaluate, from an ecohydrological perspective, the changes in hydrological and sediment connectivity as the result of changes in ground cover in the two periods within each study area. Ground cover maps were obtained from aerial photographs and high-resolution WorldView 2 satellite images calibrated with 2 × 2 m plots measured in the field. For each study area, a transition matrix was used to assess spatio-temporal changes of patches and inter-patches, while hydrological and sediment connectivity were evaluated with the index of connectivity (IC). The results showed that the area with vegetated patches has decreased in Cerro de San Pedro and Villa de la Paz, leading to increased hydrological and sediment connectivity related to mining infrastructure and urbanization. The results can be used to prioritize areas for restoring ecohydrological functioning by reducing the connectivity of runoff sources.

Experimental Study on Wave Transmission Coefficient of Double Cylindrical Floating Breakwater in a Wave Basin

Floating breakwater is a better alternative than the conventional method. It is an effective coastal engineering unit used to protect coastal regions such as harbours and marinas from erosive waves. It has many other applications such as offshore renewable energy generation, infrastructure preservation, temporary structure, and provides a controlled environment for aquaculture activities. The floating breakwater such as the double cylindrical floating breakwater (DCFB) is claimed to have effective wave attenuation characteristics. A lab scale investigation was done by placing the DCFB in a controlled wave basin in with wave generator to generate wave and wave gauge to quantify the wave transmission coefficient. The wave transmission coefficient represents the effectiveness of the breakwater system in attenuating incoming waves, where an effective breakwater system will result in a low transmission coefficient value. In this study, the DCFB’s effectiveness in terms of wave transmission coefficient was investigated with two different configurations where the spacing between the cylinders of the DCFB units are 0.2 m and 0.6 m respectively. Results show that the configuration of DCFB units with 0.5 m cylinder spacing are more effective in absorbing incoming wave height resulting in lower transmission coefficient. Furthermore, some prospective areas had been identified for future enhancement.

Two new rotenoid glycosides from the rhizomes of Stemona curtisii Hook. f

Two new rotenoid glycosides named stemonal 11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 6-O-methylstemonal 11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside together with ten known metabolites were isolated from the rhizomes of Stemona curtisii. The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS, while the sugar unit and absolute configuration were determined by chemical hydrolysis and ECD analysis. Among the tested compounds for anti-α-glucosidase assay, stemonal showed an inhibitory effect (IC50 = 38.67 µM), which is 2.4-fold more potent than acarbose. Cytotoxic evaluation against the lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line indicated that none of the compounds were strongly active to suppress the cancer cell growth at 100 µM. This work describes the occurrence of rotenoids bearing a sugar moiety, which are reported for the first time in the genus Stemona. The isolated compound’s α-glucosidase inhibitory potential provides insight for further investigation of natural rotenoids as anti-diabetic agents.

Topology Design of Modular Unit and Cable Network of On‐Orbit Modular‐Assembled Antenna

With the increasing demands of ultra‐large space antennas, on‐orbit assembly stands out as a promising solution. However, this achievement necessitates the reconfiguration design of the whole antenna structure to maintain structural integrity and stability. In light of this challenge, a novel rapid design method is proposed for the unit configuration of modular‐assembled antennas in this paper. The method utilizes an inscribed regular hexagon, which is positioned within a horizontal topological circle. The hexagon is subsequently projected onto a spinning paraboloid, resulting in the creation of unit nodes that conform to the shape of the paraboloid. The configuration of the unit topology is then determined based on the arrangement of these nodes. By using the method, two units of space‐assembled antennas are designed. The topology design of the cable network is carried out for the modular unit. The pretensions of the cables are calculated. The results of the case study reveal that the developed modular units fulfill the requirements of the on‐orbit‐assembly antenna structure and can solve the engineering application difficulties of this type of antenna.

A Novel Configuration of Hybrid Reverse Osmosis, Humidification–Dehumidification, and Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Modeling and Exergy Analysis

The pressing demand for clean water worldwide has increased attention to developing innovative desalination processes. In this work, the second law of thermodynamics is used to examine and assess two coupled desalination systems: a separation-based reverse osmosis (RO) system and a thermal desalination-based humidification–dehumidification (HDH) system. The HDH unit configuration used here is based on the working principle of the heat pump, where the process is open-air, open-water, and air-heated. The RO system is equipped with a pressure exchanger (PX) and has been examined under various operating circumstances, such as different feed water pressures, salinities, and flow rates. To improve the system’s sustainability, a solar photovoltaic system (PV) was integrated. An exergy model was used to precisely evaluate the system components and the hybrid systems by employing a proper exergy efficiency definition. The evaluation of the second law of thermodynamics for the RO–HDH–PX and RO–HDH–PX–PV systems indicated maximum efficiencies of 23% and 23.25%, respectively. A cost analysis was also performed on the hybrid RO–HDH–PX–PV desalination system using two approaches: the first included a battery storage system, whereas, in the second, the battery was not considered. When a battery storage system is included, the cost per cubic meter varies from USD 3.22 to USD 5.10. In contrast, it varies from USD 3.96 to USD 7.12 without a battery storage system.

Deep CNN-Based Static Modeling of Soft Robots Utilizing Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation.

Soft continuum robots, inspired by the adaptability and agility of natural soft-bodied organisms like octopuses and elephant trunks, present a frontier in robotics research. However, exploiting their full potential necessitates precise modeling and control for specific motion and manipulation tasks. This study introduces an innovative approach using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for the inverse quasi-static modeling of these robots within the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) framework. The ANCF effectively represents the complex non-linear behavior of soft continuum robots, while the CNN-based models are optimized for computational efficiency and precision. This combination is crucial for addressing the complex inverse statics problems associated with ANCF-modeled robots. Extensive numerical experiments were conducted to assess the performance of these Deep CNN-based models, demonstrating their suitability for real-time simulation and control in statics modeling. Additionally, this study includes a detailed cross-validation experiment to identify the most effective model architecture, taking into account factors such as the number of layers, activation functions, and unit configurations. The results highlight the significant benefits of integrating Deep CNN with ANCF models, paving the way for advanced statics modeling in soft continuum robotics.

Optimal Capacity Configuration of Pumped-Storage Units Used to Retrofit Cascaded Hydropower Stations

As flexible resources, cascaded hydropower stations can regulate the fluctuations caused by wind and photovoltaic power. Constructing pumped-storage units between two upstream and downstream reservoirs is an effective method to further expand the capacity of flexible resources. This method transforms cascaded hydropower stations into a cascaded pumped-hydro-energy storage system. In this paper, a flexibility reformation planning model of cascaded hydropower stations retrofitted with pumped-storage units under a hybrid system composed of thermal, wind, and photovoltaic power is established with the aim of investigating the optimal capacity of pumped-storage units. First, a generative adversarial network and a density peak clustering algorithm are utilized to generate typical scenarios to deal with the seasonal fluctuation of renewable energy generation, natural water inflow, and loads. Then, a full-scenario optimization method is proposed to optimize the operation costs of multiple scenarios considering the variable-speed operation characteristics of pumped storage and to obtain a scheme with better comprehensive economy. Meanwhile, the proposed model is retransformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem to simplify the solution. Case studies in Sichuan province are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Engineering equipment conceptual design methodology: using function units configuration and schemes iterative solution

Engineering equipment can efficiently assist humans in completing engineering projects and reduce work intensity. As the difficulty and scope of operations increase, higher requirements are placed on function and integration. In product design, excessive user requirements and design constraints lead to discrete results, difficult to converge. Under multi-functionality and high integration constraints, traditional mapping sub-functions to structures one by one results in overabundant mappings, and discrete, redundant structures after mapping, poorly achieving integration and reducing subsequent iteration efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposes a conceptual design methodology for engineering equipment with function units configuration and schemes iterative solution. First, the Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment (FQFD) method applies fuzzy theory to requirement-to-function conversion, overcoming ambiguity and subjectivity of user requirements. Second, with the goal of integrated structures, an improved FBS method, i.e. Function-Function Units-Structure (FFUS), aggregates sub-functions after decomposition into function units, and then maps to structures, improving engineering equipment integration. Moreover, the Interactive Genetic Algorithm (IGA) method involves users in an interactive process to generate an optimised design scheme, overcoming blind solution generation. Prototype design and simulation of 8VN1 Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) handing equipment demonstrate that the methodologies are effective in aiding engineering equipment conceptual design.

Design and Characterization of New 3D Reentrant Rhombic Auxetic Structures with Enhanced Mechanical Properties

In this study, a new reentrant rhombic auxetic structure is first designed by replacing the reentrant strut of the regular reentrant structure with a rhombic structure. A simulation calculation method verified by experimental results is comprehensively developed to reveal the compressive behavior of the proposed structures in terms of deformation pattern, compression strength, Poisson's ratio, and energy absorption (EA). Based on the validated simulation method, the results indicate that compression load can give rise to an “X” deformation pattern of the rhombic auxetic structures. In the structure parametric study, it is further proved that the unit configuration exhibits a significant influence on the compression stress and EA of the structures. Furthermore, the rhombic auxetic structures present diverse Poisson's ratios with the structure parameters and compression global strain, that is, the structures with larger H, smaller D, and θ are found to present more pronounced auxetic effect. The compression direction also exhibits a remarkable effect on the performance of the structure, which accordingly indicates the anisotropic characteristic of the proposed structures. Moreover, compared with the other regular auxetic structures, the rhombic auxetic structures exhibit superior mechanical behavior and EA feature due to the introduction of the rhombic structure.

Local probe-induced structural isomerization in a one-dimensional molecular array

Synthesis of one-dimensional molecular arrays with tailored stereoisomers is challenging yet has great potential for application in molecular opto-, electronic- and magnetic-devices, where the local array structure plays a decisive role in the functional properties. Here, we demonstrate the construction and characterization of dehydroazulene isomer and diradical units in three-dimensional organometallic compounds on Ag(111) with a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Tip-induced voltage pulses firstly result in the formation of a diradical species via successive homolytic fission of two C-Br bonds in the naphthyl groups, which are subsequently transformed into chiral dehydroazulene moieties. The delicate balance of the reaction rates among the diradical and two stereoisomers, arising from an in-line configuration of tip and molecular unit, allows directional azulene-to-azulene and azulene-to-diradical local probe structural isomerization in a controlled manner. Furthermore, our theoretical calculations suggest that the diradical moiety hosts an open-shell singlet with antiferromagnetic coupling between the unpaired electrons, which can undergo an inelastic spin transition of 91 meV to the ferromagnetically coupled triplet state.

Comparative study of three hybrid air-conditioning systems based on multiple evaporative coolers and run-around reheating coils

Existing evaporative-cooling hybrid air conditioning systems cannot fully utilize the synergistic energy-saving potential of multiple evaporative-cooling technologies. Moreover, they cannot meet simultaneously the energy-saving requirements of standard mechanical vapor compression (MVC) systems in the terms of fresh air pre-treatment, condenser pre-cooling and supply air reheating. Therefore, in this paper, integrating MVC system with the indirect evaporative cooler, outdoor-air evaporative-cooling unit, and run-around reheating coils, three alternative hybrid systems were proposed to meet the aforementioned three requirements. The three hybrid systems have different outdoor-air unit configurations (single condenser with direct evaporative cooler, dual condenser with direct evaporative cooler, and dual condenser with two-stage evaporative-cooling configuration) and reheat sources (exhaust, outdoor, and mixed air of fresh and return air). Then, the parameter effects and application potentials of the three hybrid systems were analyzed comparatively based on detailed numerical models. The results showed that the third proposed hybrid system (HAC-R3) exhibits the best energy-saving advantages in almost the range of ambient temperature, relative humidity and fresh airflow rate studied. The first proposed hybrid system (HAC-R1) has the simplest outdoor-air side configuration, which is also a good choice in medium–low humidity conditions. In hot-humid summer in southern China, HAC-R3 has the highest average energy-saving rate and seasonal COP of 16.0 % and 7.0 respectively. In addition, HAC-R1 has the lowest static equipment payback period of 3.3 years, slightly lower than that of HAC-R3 (3.4 years).

Collaborative Optimization Scheduling of Resilience and Economic Oriented Islanded Integrated Energy System under Low Carbon Transition

With the development of new energy sources and the increase in the installed scale of energy coupling equipment, the low-carbon transformation of the energy supply of the integrated energy system (IES) has a serious impact on the reliability of the IES supply, and there is an urgent need for a reasonable and accurate assessment and trade-off between the IES resilience and economics. In this regard, this paper models the overall optimization of the resilience and economic configuration and operation scheduling of the IES in the islanded operation mode after grid faults, proposes a two-layer optimization strategy model of resilience and economy, and solves the unit configuration, coupled output characteristics, and optimal scheduling of the islanded IES using the Markov decision-making process and forbearing stratified sequencing method, and evaluates and analyzes the resilience and cost of the various types of IES configuration schemes. Resilience and cost are also evaluated and analyzed. Finally, an example analysis is carried out in an electric-heat-cooling integrated energy system. The results show that the proposed two-tier optimization strategy model can optimize the IES configuration scheme and coordinate the scheduling of each equipment, and the overall annualized cost of the energy system decreases by CNY 45.21 thousand, or a percentage decrease of 5.24%, compared to the same configuration of the conventional strategy. The typical day toughness index improved by 7.33%, 7.56%, and 13.01% in the spring, summer, and autumn, respectively.

Enhancing the photo-stability of narrow-bandgap acceptors via non-covalent interactions

It is widely acknowledged the significant impact of narrow-bandgap non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) in the field of organic electronics. However, most NFAs suffer from stability issues, attributed to their strong intra-molecular charge transfer interaction (ICT) effect and large conjugated plane. The exo-cyclic double bond between the end group and donor core is particularly susceptible. Herein, 4-IF4F and 6-IF4F were designed and synthesized with diverse configurations of π-bridge units to study the effect of non-covalent interaction on the photo-stability. Although the device based on 4-IF4F shows a slight low photovoltaic performance compared with 6-IF4F, the photostability of 4-IF4F is much better, attributed to its non-covalent interaction between the fluorine atom of the π-bridge and the hydrogen atom of the exocyclic double bond. Briefly, this work systematically investigated the incorporation of FTT units in NFAs and their photovoltaic performance, further demonstrating that it is a promising strategy by using non-covalent interaction to improve the stablility of narrow-bandgap NFAs.

Microscopic Analysis of Heterochromatin, Euchromatin and Cohesin in Cancer Cell Models and under Anti-Cancer Treatment.

The spatial organization of euchromatin (EC) and heterochromatin (HC) appears as a cell-type specific network, which seems to have an impact on gene regulation and cell fate. The spatial organization of cohesin should thus also be characteristic for a cell type since it is involved in a TAD (topologically associating domain) formation, and thus in gene regulation or DNA repair processes. Based on the previous hypotheses and results on the general importance of heterochromatin organization on genome functions in particular, the configurations of these organizational units (EC represented by H3K4me3-positive regions, HC represented by H3K9me3-positive regions, cohesins) are investigated in the cell nuclei of different cancer and non-cancerous cell types and under different anti-cancer treatments. Confocal microscopic images of the model cell systems were used and analyzed using analytical processes of quantification created in Fiji, an imaging tool box well established in different fields of science. Human fibroblasts, breast cancer and glioblastoma cells as well as murine embryonal terato-carcinoma cells were used as these cell models and compared according to the different parameters of spatial arrangements. In addition, proliferating, quiescent and from the quiescent state reactivated fibroblasts were analyzed. In some selected cases, the cells were treated with X-rays or azacitidine. Heterogeneous results were obtained by the analyses of the configurations of the three different organizational units: granulation and a loss of H3K4me3-positive regions (EC) occurred after irradiation with 4 Gy or azacitidine treatment. While fibroblasts responded to irradiation with an increase in cohesin and granulation, in breast cancer cells, it resulted in decreases in cohesin and changes in granulation. H3K9me3-positive regions (HC) in fibroblasts experienced increased granulation, whereas in breast cancer cells, the amount of such regions increased. After azacitidine treatment, murine stem cells showed losses of cohesin and granulation and an increase in the granulation of H3K9me3-positive regions. Fibroblasts that were irradiated with 2 Gy only showed irregularities in structural amounts and granulation. Quiescent fibroblasts contained less euchromatin-related H3K4me3-positive signals and cohesin levels as well as higher heterochromatin-related H3K9me3-positive signals than non-quiescent ones. In general, fibroblasts responded more intensely to X-ray irradiation than breast cancer cells. The results indicate the usefulness of model cell systems and show that, in general, characteristic differences initially existing in chromatin and cohesin organizations result in specific responses to anti-cancer treatment.

Research on frequency modulation capacity configuration and control strategy of multiple energy storage auxiliary thermal power unit

The rapid development of new energy sources has had an enormous impact on the existing power grid structure to support the “dual carbon” goal and the construction of a new type of power system, make thermal power units better cope with the impact on the original grid structure under the background of the rapid development of new energy sources, promote the consumption of new energy sources such as solar and wind energy, and further expand the channels for upgrading and flexibility transformation of thermal power energy storage, improve the stability, safety and economy of thermal power unit operation. Therefore, based on the research status at home and abroad, a hybrid energy storage system is added to solve the above problems. The lithium battery-flywheel control strategy and the regional dynamic primary frequency modulation model of thermal power units are proposed, and study the capacity configuration scheme of flywheel‑lithium battery hybrid energy storage system under a certain energy storage capacity, the frequency modulation performance is evaluated by the system frequency fluctuation degree, fluctuation peak range and other indicators. Study under a certain energy storage capacity thermal power unit coupling hybrid energy storage system to participate in a frequency modulation of the optimal capacity configuration scheme, and perform simulation verification using MATLAB/Simulink. When the thermal power unit is coupled with a 10.8612 MW/2.7151 MWh flywheel energy storage system and a 4.1378 MW/16.5491 MWh lithium battery energy storage system, while adaptive variable coefficient droop control is adopted, the system frequency range is 0.00328 p.u.Hz, and the fluctuation degree of the output power of the thermal power units is 0.00498 p.u.MW, compared to the individual frequency regulation of thermal power units, it reduces 52.07 % and. The results show that when the thermal power unit is disturbed by external load, hybrid energy storage assisted thermal power unit frequency modulation reduces the mechanical loss of thermal power unit to a certain extent and extends the service life of the unit, effectively improve the operation stability and economy of thermal power units, further reduce the phenomenon of abandoning wind and light, and better promote the utilization of new energy.

Impacts of different AHU configurations on health and students’ performance in Italian schools in post-pandemic era

With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, several countermeasures in HVAC systems operation have been undertaken to reduce the risk of infection, guaranteeing proper indoor conditions for occupants’ health and performance. Especially in school buildings, where students spend most of their time inside classroom, ensuring a good indoor air quality represents a key factor. For this reason, to gradually return to normal HVAC systems operation, innovative technologies, among which photocatalytic air filters, are in the spotlight. Due to their higher investment costs, there is the need to develop proper methodological approaches able to make their energy, health and performance benefits quantifiable and apparent to consumers, to support the decision-making process. In this context, the paper aims to develop a cost-benefit analysis to compare the impacts of two air handling unit configurations installed in typical Italian schools, being representative of both COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 conditions. The benefit-cost ratio indicator is chosen to present the results showing the goodness of the installation of innovative filtering technology in the post-COVID-19 configuration, in terms of energy-, health- and performance-related benefits.

Modulatory role of terminal monomeric flavan-3-ol units in the viscoelasticity of dentin.

Flavan-3-ol monomers are the building blocks of proanthocyanidins (PACs), natural compounds from plants shown to mediate specific biologic activities on dentin. While the stereochemistry of the terminal flavan-3-ols, catechin (C) versus epicatechin (EC), impacts the biomechanical properties of the dentin matrix treated with oligomeric PACs, structure-activity relationships driving this bioactivity remain elusive. To gain insights into the modulatory role of the terminal monomers, two highly congruent trimeric PACs from Pinus massoniana only differing in the stereochemistry of the terminal unit (Trimer-C vs. Trimer-EC) were prepared to evaluate their chemical characteristics as well as their effects on the viscoelasticity and biostability of biomodified dentin matrices via infrared spectroscopy and multi-scale dynamic mechanical analyses. The subtle alteration of C versus EC as terminal monomers lead to distinct immediate PAC-trimer biomodulation of the dentin matrix. Nano- and micro-dynamic mechanical analyses revealed that Trimer-EC increased the complex moduli (0.51 GPa) of dentin matrix more strongly than Trimer-C (0.26 GPa) at the nanoscale length (p < 0.001), whereas the reverse was found at the microscale length (p < .001). The damping capacity (tan δ) of dentin matrix decreased by 70% after PAC treatment at the nano-length scale, while increased values were found at the micro-length scale (~0.24) compared to the control (0.18 ; p < .001). An increase in amide band intensities and a decrease of complex moduli was observed after storage in simulated body fluid for both Trimer-C and Trimer-EC modified dentin. The stereochemical configuration of the terminal monomeric units, C and EC, did not impact the chemo-mechanical stability of dentin matrix.

3D유닛패턴 체계도 기반의 장식용 아트타일 개발과 호환성 검토

This study developed basic units such as cells and units based on the FDP design methodology with the product scalability of flexible design patterns (FDP) that simultaneously evoke images of order and change in mind, and verified the compatibility of design by combining cells of different shapes. The cells developed for verification are largely divided into straight lines and curves, lines and area shapes, and the colors are black, white, and yellow tricolors, which are combined with the same color, similar color, and contrast color. Combination methods were divided into isomorphism, similarity, and heteromorphic, and examined in connection with color. The deployment method was performed by comparing the regular deployment (configuration) of cells and units with the irregular deployment (configuration). As a result, most of the combinations of cells with different shapes were found to have visual effects of order, change, and unity. Above all, it was confirmed that the combination of shapes has a strong characteristic of inducing unity and harmony, and the contrast between black and white has a side that triggers a change.On the other hand, the visual effect of FDP is possible because of the division method based on golden division, the enhancement of connectivity using diagonal and connection pointer, and the symmetric manipulation. This formative technique is expected to be used as educational contents for experiential learning of basic molding in connection with 3D printing technology.