Control Configuration Research Articles

Unprecedented 100% conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic nitrogen configuration for electrochemically active nitrogen-doped carbon materials

Nitrogen-doped carbons with promising electrochemical performance exhibit a strong dependence on nitrogen configuration. Therefore, accurate control of nitrogen configurations is crucial to clarify their influence. Unfortunately, there is still no well-defined conversion route to finely control nitrogen configuration. Herein, we proposed the concept of 100% conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic nitrogen in carbon materials through low-temperature pyrolysis and alkali activation of hydroxypyridine-3-halophenol-formaldehyde resins. Their dehalogenation pyrolysis promotes formation of carbon intermediates and conversion of tautomeric pyridone and hydroxypyridine into pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen through eliminating carbonyl and hydroxyl functionalities, respectively. Continuous thermal alkali activation introduces hydroxyl groups into carbon materials, converting pyridinic species to intermediate hydroxypyridine and pyridone; subsequently, these configurations transform to pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen, respectively, and finally, an excessive alkali ensures 100% conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic nitrogen. NaOH activation for pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen co-doped carbon and KOH activation for model nitrogen-containing compounds including acridine, phenanthridine, and acridone further confirm that alkali activation plays an indispensable role in 100% conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic units through the tautomeric hydroxypyridine and pyridone intermediates. Low-temperature alkali-induced controllable conversion of nitrogen configuration in carbon materials is suitable modulating nitrogen configurations for almost all nitrogen-doped carbon materials in electrochemical applications.

Suboptimal Relational Tree Configuration and Robust Control Based on the Leader-follower Model for Self-organizing Systems Without GPS Support

Suboptimal Relational Tree Configuration and Robust Control Based on the Leader-follower Model for Self-organizing Systems Without GPS Support

Aerodynamic force reduction of rectangular cylinder using deep reinforcement learning-controlled multiple jets

The drag and lift forces of rectangular cylinders with four aspect ratios (AR) are mitigated at a Reynolds number of 1000 using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) controlled multiple jet actuators at four corners of the cylinders in this study. Surface pressure probes are set to monitor the flow state, featuring a practical engineering solution. For each jet actuator, the control law is optimized using the powerful capabilities of DRL with the surface pressure signals as the control input and the jet velocities as the control output. Different jet configurations are tested on the rectangular cylinder with AR = 1, 2, 3, and 5 to choose the best multiple jet control configurations. The results have shown that under eight independent jets at the rectangular cylinder corners, the mean drag coefficient is reduced by 77.1%, 39.9%, 52.4%, and 2.8% for the rectangular cylinder with AR = 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the lift fluctuation is reduced by 94.2%, 66.6%, 77.1%, and 59.8%, indicating a significant stabilization of the wake. This configuration with eight independent jets shows the top performance among these jet configurations. This study highlights the significance of the multiple jet actuation and can guide the practical application of DRL-based active flow control of rectangular cylinders.

Last Deglacial Environmental Change in the Tropical South Pacific From Tahiti Corals

AbstractOn glacial‐interglacial time scales, changes in the Earth's orbital configuration control climate seasonality and mean conditions. Tropical coral skeletons can be sampled at a sufficient resolution to reconstruct past seasonality. Here, last deglacial Porites skeletons from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 310 to Tahiti are investigated and, supported by a modern calibration, monthly resolved time series in geochemical proxies (Sr/Ca, δ18O, δ13C) are constructed. For most of the deglaciation, Sr/Ca seasonality was similar to modern (0.139 ± 0.010 mmol mol−1; 2.8 ± 0.2°C) reflecting the small change in insolation seasonality. However, during the Younger Dryas, high values in Sr/Ca seasonality (0.171 ± 0.017 mmol mol−1; 3.4 ± 0.3°C) suggest a reduced mixed layer depth and enhanced influence of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre due to South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) inactivity. Furthermore, high amplitudes in Younger Dryas skeletal δ18O (0.40 ± 0.22 ‰) and δ13C (0.86 ± 0.22 ‰) seasonality compared to modern (δ18O = 0.29 ± 0.08 ‰; δ13C = 0.27 ± 0.08 ‰) point to elevated winter‐summer discrepancies in rainfall and runoff. Mean coral Sr/Ca variability suggests an influence of Northern Hemisphere climate events, such as the Younger Dryas cooling (+0.134 ± 0.012 mmol mol−1;−2.6 ± 0.2°C), or the Bølling–Allerød warming (+0.032 ± 0.040 mmol mol−1; −0.6 ± 0.4°C). Deglacial mean coral Δδ18O (δ18Oseawater contribution to skeletal δ18O), corrected for the ice volume effect, was elevated pointing to more saline, thus dryer conditions, likely due to a northward migration of the SPCZ. Seasonal cycles in coral δ13C were likely caused by variations in linear extension rates that were reduced during the last deglaciation (1.00 ± 0.6 cm year−1) compared to today (1.6 ± 0.3 cm year−1).

Synergistic Catalysis Involving Palladium for Stereodivergent Csp3-Csp3 Coupling Reactions.

ConspectusTransition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions of dienes (such as 1,3-dienes, alkoxyallenes, and aminoallenes) with carbon nucleophiles have proven to be a highly effective method for creating Csp3-Csp3 bonds. These reactions have perfect atom economy and typically occur under mild reaction conditions. By using chiral metal complexes as catalysts, it is possible to create enantioenriched molecules bearing allylic stereocenters with high enantioselectivities. However, challenges arise when Csp3-Csp3 bonds bearing two vicinal stereocenters are constructed through this type of coupling reaction. Due to the inherent diastereoselectivities, only the kinetically favored diastereoisomers (either the syn- or anti-product) are usually obtained through the transition-metal catalyst system. Achieving complementary stereoisomers with high selectivity, which require complete control of both absolute and relative configurations of multiple chiral centers in a single chemical transformation, is usually impossible.Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made in stereodivergent synthesis. Notably, iridium-related synergistic catalysis has been rapidly developed for stereodivergent allylic alkylation reactions. However, these systems were limited to using allylic alcohol derivatives as electrophilic partners. Finding ways to extend the use of synergistic catalysis to other types of stereodivergent reactions is a crucial issue that needs to be addressed.In 2019, we reported the first palladium-mediated synergistic system for the stereodivergent Csp3-Csp3 coupling between 1,3-dienes and aldimine esters. Lately, this strategy has proven successful in accessing stereodivergent coupling with diverse substrate patterns. In this Account, we will summarize our laboratory's efforts in developing a range of palladium-involved synergistic catalysis systems for the stereodivergent Csp3-Csp3 coupling reactions of dienes. We discovered several synergistic catalysis systems, including Pd/Cu(Ag), Pd/amine, Pd/Lewis base, and Pd/PTC. Additionally, we developed diverse dienes, such as 1,3-dienes, alkoxyallenes, and aminoallenes, to serve as suitable coupling partners for stereodivergent coupling. These processes provide an efficient method for constructing a range of chiral scaffolds bearing vicinal stereocenters. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and to rationalize the origins of the stereochemistry for some of the synergistic catalyst systems. Finally, the synthetic application of these methods has been demonstrated in the concise total synthesis of a number of natural products and bioactive molecules. It is anticipated that an increasing number of chemists will join in the research on stereodivergent Csp3-Csp3 coupling reactions and contribute to more elegant examples in this area. We believe future development will further push the boundary of asymmetric catalysis and find more innovative applications soon for synthesizing complex chiral molecules.

Emerging Sustainability in Carbon Capture and Use Strategies for V4 Countries via Biochemical Pathways: A Review

The world is moving towards decarbonization policies in the energy and industrial sectors to bring down carbon dioxide release and reach net zero emissions. Technologies to capture CO2 and use it as a feedstock to produce CO2-based chemicals and biofuels via chemical or biochemical conversion pathways can potentially reduce the amount of CO2 released. The paper serves the innovative scientific knowledge for CO2 transformation via a biochemical pathway to microalgal biomass with its subsequent treatment to biofuels and bioproducts assuming milder climatic conditions (Central or Eastern Europe, Visegrad countries or climatically related world regions). The recent trends were critically reviewed for microalgal biorefinery to reach the sustainability of microalgal-based chemicals with added value, digestion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification of microalgal residues. Knowledge-based chemical process engineering analysis, systematic data synthesis, and critical technical evaluation of available life cycle assessment studies evaluated the sustainability of microalgal biorefinery pathways. The research showed that biological CO2 fixation using water, seawater or wastewater to produce third-generation biomass is a promising alternative for bioethanol production via pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, digestion, and distillation, and can be realized on a large scale in an economically viable and environmentally sound manner. Its best economically promising and sustainable pathway is perceived in producing microalgal-based nutraceuticals, bioactive medical products, and food products such as proteins, pigments, and vitamins. Machine learning methods for data mining, process control, process optimization, and geometrical configuration of reactors and bioreactors are the crucial research needs and challenges to implementing microalgal biorefinery in an operational environment.

How do different management control configurations influence construction safety professionals' work attitudes

PurposeSafety professionals' primary job is to execute safety control measures towards frontline personnel, and previous studies focus on the effectiveness of such controls. Rare research efforts, however, have been devoted to the effectiveness of management control measures towards safety professionals themselves. This study aimed to fill up this knowledge gap by examining whether safety professionals under differing management control configurations differ in their work attitudes, including affective commitment, job satisfaction, career commitment and intention to quit.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on a holistic view of control, five forms of management control, i.e. outcome control, process control, capability control, professional control and reinforcement, were investigated. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey targeting at construction safety professionals was conducted. The latent profile analysis approach was employed to identify how the five forms of management control are configured, i.e. identifying the distinctive patterns of control profiles. The Bolck–Croon–Hagenaars method was then used to examine whether safety professionals' work attitudes were different across the identified control profiles.FindingsSeven distinct control profiles were extracted from the sample of 475 construction safety professionals. The overall test of outcome means showed that mean levels of affective commitment, job satisfaction and intentions to quit were significantly different across the seven profiles. The largest that was also the most desirable subgroup was the high control profile (n = 161, 33.9%). The least desirable subgroups included the low control profile (n = 75, 15.8%) and the low capability and professional control profile (n = 12, 2.5%). Pairwise comparison suggested that capability, professional and process controls were more effective than outcome control and reinforcement.Originality/valueIn theory, this study contributes to the burgeoning literature on how to improve the effectiveness of control measures targeted at safety professionals. The results suggested that effective management controls involve a fine combination of formal, informal, process and output controls. In practice, this study uncovers the ways in which managers leverage the efforts of safety professionals in achieving safety goals. Particularly, it informs managers that the control configurations, instead of isolated controls, should be executed to motivate safety professionals.

Soil gravel content and plant species configuration control vegetation restoration in Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

AbstractSoil gravel content strongly affects ecological restoration; however, the response and mechanism of plant traits to soil gravel content under the sensitive and fragile natural environment of Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau remains unclear. Herein, soils with three gravel content (10%, 30%, 50%) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau were selected, and three plant species (one native plants of Elymus dahuricus (Ed), and two introduced ones of Festuca elata (Fe) and Medicago sativa (Ms)) were used in seven planting patterns with different proportions (Fe, Ed, Ms, Fe + Ed (1:1), Fe + Ms (2:1), Ed + Ms (2:1), Fe + Ed + Ms (2:2:1)). Plant traits, phytochemical properties and soil stoichiometric characteristics were measured to explore the interactive effects of soil gravels and plant species on vegetation restoration. Average plant height, coverage, shoot biomass, and total biomass were most affected by plant species (F = 277–611, p < 0.01), followed by gravel content (F = 90–195, p < 0.01) and their interaction (F = 5–51, p < 0.05); root biomass was most affected by gravel content (F = 130, p < 0.01). Among plant species, shoot and root biomass, total biomass overall decreased in the order of Fe + Ed + Ms>Fe>Fe + Ms>Fe + Ed>Ms>Ms + Ed>Ed. Plant total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and shoot/root ratio among different soils overall decreased in the order of low> high> medium gravel contents. All plant species were restricted by soil nitrogen except for Ed and Ed + Ms (N:P > 14). In addition, increasing the gravel content in the soil will increase the soil bulk density and reduce the total soil porosity. The total soil porosity is significantly positively correlated with the average plant height, coverage, aboveground biomass, and total biomass of plants (r = 0.78–0.91, p < 0.05). The total nitrogen content, total phosphorus (TP) content, and N: P in rhizosphere soil were significantly positively correlated with the average plant height, coverage, aboveground biomass, root biomass, and total biomass of plants (r = 0.70–0.97, p < 0.05), but soil N was significantly positively correlated with aboveground biomass and total biomass (r = 0.69, 0.71, p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in soil TP content between them. The gravel content directly affects plant growth by changing bulk density and total porosity, but the combined effect of soil nutrients and plants affects plant growth. Therefore, optimizing the configuration of soil properties (mainly nitrogen and compactness) and plant species (isecologic niche plants) is an effective strategy for ecological restoration in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.

Common direct current (DC) bus integration of DC fast chargers, grid‐scale energy storage, and solar photovoltaic: New York City case study

AbstractThe mass deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) to achieve clean energy objectives has become a major goal across several states in the U.S. However, the viability and reality of achieving these goals in dense urban areas, such as New York City, are challenged by several ‘Techno‐Economic’ barriers associated with available land space and the number of AC/direct current (DC) conversion stages that requires multiple electrical balance of plant (BOP) equipment for pairing/interconnecting these resources to the grid. The fundamental issue of interconnection is addressed by assessing the use of a common DC bus in a one‐of‐a‐kind configuration (to pair grid‐connected energy storage, photovoltaic, and electric vehicle chargers (EVC) systems) and reduce the number of BOP equipment needed for deployment. Building on similar work that has touched on distribution‐level DC interconnection, this paper will also address the intricacies of interconnecting third‐party and Utility DERs to a DC‐based point of common coupling. It will examine the requisite site controller configuration (control architecture) and requirements to coordinate the energy storage system's use between managing Utility and Third‐Party EVC demand while prioritising dispatch. The result shows that the DC‐coupled system is technologically feasible and hierarchical control architecture is recommended to maintain stability during various use cases proposed. This will inform a lab demonstration of this system that aims to test DC integration of the DERs with recommendations for the microgrid (MG) controllers and reduction in the BOP equipment. These learnings will then be applied to practical grid‐scale deployment of the systems at Con Edison's Cedar Street Substation. This system, if proven successful, has the potential to change the way community distributed generation and MGs are interconnected to the Utility System.

Research on Configuration Control Technology for Civil Aircraft Flight Test Based on Modular Design

A configuration control method, based on modular design, is proposed to solve the problem that the aircraft configuration changes due to design changes, and the flight test is difficult to carry out. This method takes flight test requirements as input and flight test subjects as core to build flight test product structure, and realizes strong coupling between subjects and target software and hardware. On this basis, the flight test baseline is established to clarify the configuration state, and the configuration control strategy is adopted to ensure that the necessary changes will be implemented in time and reduce the impact of irrelevant changes on the subject. The engineering application shows that this technology can clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and traceability in more than 1000 subjects and effectively shorten the flight test cycle by 10%.

Redundant Configuration and Fault Tolerance Control Method for Enhanced Reliability of Energy Storage System

Redundant Configuration and Fault Tolerance Control Method for Enhanced Reliability of Energy Storage System

Analog real time tunable and configurable fractional order PID controller realization

Fractional-order controllers are modeled using irrational continuous-time transfer functions. Implementing these controllers in analogue form can be challenging, particularly if their parameters need to be adjusted in real-time. This paper presents an analogue implementation of a fractional PID controller that can be adjusted and configured in real-time. The controller can be configured as PIαDf, PIDβ, PIα, PDβ, Iα, Dβ. The signal within the proposed controller’s circuit stays analog and is not converted into discrete values. A prototype of the controller is tested. The results of the frequency and time domain validations indicated similarity between the theoretical, simulated and experimental measurements.

Optimal power distribution control in modular power architecture using hydraulic free piston engines

Vehicle modularization has become an emerging trend in the automotive industry, leading to research on modular configuration, composition, and related control strategies. In this paper, we propose a modular power system with a hydraulic free piston engine (HFPE) as the power unit and develop a power distribution control strategy to enhance the overall efficiency of the system. Firstly, we determine the configuration scheme of the modular power system and establish a simulation model of the HFPE using MATLAB/Simulink. We conduct principle verification of the simulation model. Secondly, based on the simulation model of HFPE, we research the power unit control strategy using the machine learning regression prediction algorithm, enabling dynamic working condition switching of the power unit. Next, we propose a power distribution optimization algorithm which is named as the Rule Based Double Iterative Optimization Algorithm (RBDI) and compare it with several mature optimization algorithms under the framework of model predictive control, considering related constraints. Finally, we validate the performance of the proposed power distribution control strategy using a hardware-in-loop system. The results demonstrate that the output power of the modular power system can be effectively ensured. Compared with the average distribution algorithm (AVE), the genetic algorithm (GA), and the ameliorated particle swarm optimization algorithm (APSO), the overall working efficiency of the modular power system using the proposed control strategy is increased by 6.57%, 6.13%, and 5.59%, respectively, under the three test driving cycles.

Model Predictive Control in buildings with thermal and visual comfort constraints

Model Predictive Control can cope with conflicting control objectives in building energy managements. In terms of user satisfaction, visual comfort has been proven in several studies to be a crucial factor, however thermal comfort is typically considered the only important aspect. Besides human well-being, visual comfort strongly impacts the productivity of the occupants in offices. Therefore, from an economic point of view, it is essential to include visual comfort in Model Predictive Control for buildings. In this paper semi-linear support vector machine is applied to learn suitable models for visual comfort measured by Daylight Glare Probability. The resulting model is incorporated into a Model Predictive Control framework, together with an autoregressive exogenous model accounting for the thermal dynamics of the building. The approach is validated through an extensive numerical case study, and the benefits of including visual comfort and blind control in the Model Predictive Control problem are evaluated. We observe that the proposed Model Predictive Control scheme ensures both the thermal and visual comfort constraints at the expense of 2.2% to 7.2% higher energy consumption compared to the benchmark Model Predictive Control configuration, which considers only the thermal comfort constraints.

Microwave-assisted exploration of the electron configuration-dependent electrocatalytic urea oxidation activity of 2D porous NiCo2O4 spinel

Urea holds promise as an alternative water-oxidation substrate in electrolytic cells. High-valence nickel-based spinel, especially after heteroatom doping, excels in urea oxidation reactions (UOR). However, traditional spinel synthesis methods with prolonged high-temperature reactions lack kinetic precision, hindering the balance between controlled doping and highly active two-dimensional (2D) porous structures design. This significantly impedes the identification of electron configuration-dependent active sites in doped 2D nickel-based spinels. Herein, we present a microwave shock method for the preparation of 2D porous NiCo2O4 spinel. Utilizing the transient on-off property of microwave pulses for precise heteroatom doping and 2D porous structural design, non-metal doping (boron, phosphorus, and sulfur) with distinct extranuclear electron disparities serves as straightforward examples for investigation. Precise tuning of lattice parameter reveals the impact of covalent bond strength on NiCo2O4 structural stability. The introduced defect levels induce unpaired d-electrons in transition metals, enhancing the adsorption of electron-donating amino groups in urea molecules. Simultaneously, Bode plots confirm the impact mechanism of rapid electron migration caused by reduced band gaps on UOR activity. The prepared phosphorus-doped 2D porous NiCo2O4, with optimal electron configuration control, outperforms most reported spinels. This controlled modification strategy advances understanding theoretical structure-activity mechanisms of high-performance 2D spinels in UOR.

Fault‐resilient control of parallel PV inverters using multi‐agent twin‐delayed deep deterministic policy gradient approach

SummaryGrid‐tied photovoltaic system (GTPS) are widely favored due to their inherent benefits. The interface of parallel power electronic converters in these systems is rapidly increasing. The inverter in GTPS has a very important role in power conversion, transfer, and control. However, their challenging working conditions contribute to susceptibility to power switching device failures. Traditional fault diagnosis and tolerant approaches exhibit limitations in control efficiency, model dependency, and slow recovery from fault. This study proposes a multi‐agent twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (MATD3PG) configuration for intelligent parallel inverter control, fault diagnosis, and fault‐tolerant operation in GTPS structure. By leveraging the multi‐agent reinforcement learning (RL) framework, an optimal control of the parallel inverter can be achieved, encompassing fault‐tolerant operation using MATLAB Simulink/PLECS. The major advantage the given technique offers is that it carries out optimum fault‐tolerant operation without causing the system derating. Experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed fault‐tolerant model based on RL traditional methods is able to ensure continuous supply to the connected loads even during fault events. Further, the transition time from fault occurrence to recovery is found to be 6 ms, which is quite less compared with the fault‐tolerant techniques presented in literature. Through real‐time fault diagnosis‐based results, the proposed approach ensures precise tracking of reference currents, quicker response times, uninterrupted supply, and smooth transition to the post‐fault operation mode.

Configuração do controle acionário, governança corporativa e valor da empresa: uma análise das empresas brasileiras

This work aims to analyze the effect of the shareholding control configuration on the effectiveness of the corporate governance system. Using regression analysis, the relationships between the type of shareholding control, the level of adoption of corporate governance practices, and firm value were explored using a sample of 160 Brazilian companies. The results indicate that a better structured corporate governance system has a positive effect on firm value, which proves its effectiveness. Furthermore, this relationship is positively moderated by majority control, and negatively by shared control. These findings indicate that shareholding control is a contingent factor on the effectiveness of adopting governance practices by firms. It is worth mentioning that firms with dispersed control exhibit greater adherence to corporate governance practices, majority control depreciates firm value, while shared and dispersed control create value. This paper contributes a categorization for shareholding control configuration and provides evidence of its key role on firm value.

Experimental Study on 3D RC Frame Structures with VE Energy Dissipation Braces Using STM32-Matlab-OpenSees Hybrid Test Platform

This study aims to reveal the control mechanism of viscoelastic (VE) energy dissipation braces with strong mechanical nonlinear characteristics on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. Firstly, a new STM32-Matlab-OpenSees joint hybrid test platform is developed by introducing OpenSees, which is convenient for structural modeling and fast for structural calculation. The overall architecture and operation of the hybrid test platform are comprehensively analyzed. Then, a series of simulated seismic hybrid tests on three-dimensional (3D) RC frame structures with VE energy dissipation braces under different seismic waves are successfully carried out. Lastly, the hybrid test results of this structure system at different working conditions are compared and analyzed comprehensively. The research results show that the developed platform breaks the boundary limitation that OpenSees relies on the framework software OpenFresco and can only be connected to specific control systems in the hybrid test. Thus, it greatly expands the application scope of flexible configuration controller and actuator categories for the hybrid test platform, and it also provides a good reference value for the establishment and implementation of similar hybrid test platforms. Under the action of various seismic waves, VE energy dissipation braces has good universality for the shock absorption of RC frame structures. The damping control effect and energy dissipation efficiency of VE energy dissipation braces are significantly different under various seismic waves. In the design of RC frame structures with VE energy dispersion braces, it is very necessary to conduct the seismic analysis of the structures under multiple ground motions with wide frequency domain. The additional position of VE energy dissipation braces should be an important analysis indicators in the optimization design of the structures.

Designing CO2 reduction microreactor systems under fluctuating renewable H2 supply by multi-objective stochastic optimization

Reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) microreactor systems offer the flexibility to efficiently utilize CO2 and renewable H2 for syngas production. However, the inherent fluctuation in the green H2 supply presents a substantial obstacle for cost-effective production, particularly at larger scales. In this work, the design and operation of RWGS microreactor systems with fluctuating H2 feed are addressed by multi-objective stochastic optimization. The optimization objectives are the reaction performance, the annual total cost, and the carbon footprint of the microreactor system, while the decision variables include the channel geometry, channel topology, and inter-stack flow controller configuration. The results demonstrate that a well-designed hierarchical microreactor system achieves excellent reaction performance even without inter-stack flow controllers under both deterministic and uncertain conditions. Small plate-level distribution channels and moderate-sized higher-level distribution channels allow good and stable reaction performance. To balance all the design objectives, it is suggested to first increase the number of stacks at smaller production scales and then increase the number of substrates within each stack at larger production scales. Our study provides new design insights for distributed production using modular devices under high penetration of renewable energy.

Configuration and Force-field Aware Variable Impedance Control with Faster Re-learning

Configuration and Force-field Aware Variable Impedance Control with Faster Re-learning