Conductive Reduced Graphene Oxide Research Articles

Interface engineering of MoS2–CoS2 heteronanosheets for enhanced electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction

The heterostructured electrocatalysts with tunable electronic interaction and distinct synergetic effects have been confirmed as an efficient strategy for realizing high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a simple synthetic strategy is reported for the growth of MoS2–CoS2 nanosheets on highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (MoS2–CoS2/RGO) to innovatively construct an electron-reconfiguration heterointerface. The strong electronic interactions between MoS2 and CoS2 interfaces lead to the redistribution of charge, which optimizes the adsorption-desorption of intermediates. Thus, the MoS2–CoS2/RGO exhibits superior catalytic activity toward HER with small overpotentials of 67 mV (1.0 M KOH) and 95 mV (0.5 M H2SO4), and remarkable stability. In addition, theoretical calculations reveal the redistribution of charge at the heterointerfaces, which decreases the energy barrier of adsorption for H intermediates and simultaneously enhances the kinetic of water dissociation. This work provides a simple strategy for designing heterostructured bimetallic electrocatalysts with a highly active interface.

Sea Cucumber-Inspired Microneedle Nerve Guidance Conduit for Synergistically Inhibiting Muscle Atrophy and Promoting Nerve Regeneration.

Muscle atrophy resulting from peripheral nerve injury (PNI) poses a threat to a patient's mobility and sensitivity. However, an effective method to inhibit muscle atrophy following PNI remains elusive. Drawing inspiration from the sea cucumber, we have integrated microneedles (MNs) and microchannel technology into nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) to develop bionic microneedle NGCs (MNGCs) that emulate the structure and piezoelectric function of sea cucumbers. Morphologically, MNGCs feature an outer surface with outward-pointing needle tips capable of applying electrical stimulation to denervated muscles. Simultaneously, the interior contains microchannels designed to guide the migration of Schwann cells (SCs). Physiologically, the incorporation of conductive reduced graphene oxide and piezoelectric zinc oxide nanoparticles into the polycaprolactone scaffold enhances conductivity and piezoelectric properties, facilitating SCs' migration, myelin regeneration, axon growth, and the restoration of neuromuscular function. These combined effects ultimately lead to the inhibition of muscle atrophy and the restoration of nerve function. Consequently, the concept of the synergistic effect of inhibiting muscle atrophy and promoting nerve regeneration has the capacity to transform the traditional approach to PNI repair and find broad applications in PNI repair.

Pixelated large area rGO on silicon based x-ray detector

In this work, the possibility of using reduced Graphene oxide for x-ray detection has been explored. A highly conductive reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) synthesized using a hybrid method was used to fabricate a pixelated Si/SiO2 bottom gate field effect transistor. The fabricated device is a 3×3 pixelated large area detector and was tested for its response to x-rays at room temperature and low temperatures by irradiating it with x-rays from top. Significant change in resistance of rGO is observed during irradiation which shows its sensitivity to x-rays.

Effect of hydrothermal time on catalyst activity of counter electrode Cu2S-rGO composite to enhance the efficiency of quantum dot solar cells

In this study, a high-efficiency reduced graphene oxide and Cu2S composite counter electrode for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells is investigated via various hydrothermal times (12, 24, and 36 h). Besides, for comparison, Cu2S CE was fabricated by hydrothermal and chemical bath deposition methods. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It confirms the formation of nanoflower-like Cu2S intermixed with rGO sheets. The presence of Cu2S and rGO in rGO/Cu2S composites was identified by X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectra. The chemical composition and purity of rGO/Cu2S were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical property of the as-fabricated counter electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry analysis using the sulfide/polysulfide-based electrolyte. The optimum hydrothermal time was 24 h. The power conversion efficiency of 5.187 % for rGO/Cu2S 24-h counter electrode is higher than that of reduced graphene oxide (4.013 %), synthesized chemical bath deposition (3.466 %), and hydrothermal Cu2S (3.112 %) counter electrodes, respectively. The main reason is the Cu2S nanoflower morphology and the conductive reduced graphene oxide network, which provide more catalytically active sites and a rapid electron transport pathway. Overall, the ease of synthesis, low cost, time efficiency, and excellent electrocatalytic characteristics of the rGO/Cu2S composites demonstrated a promising counter electrode.

Mussel shell-derived pro-regenerative scaffold with conductive porous multi-scale-patterned microenvironment for spinal cord injury repair

It is well-established that multi-scale porous scaffolds can guide axonal growth and facilitate functional restoration after spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we developed a novel mussel shell-inspired conductive scaffold for SCI repair with ease of production, multi-scale porous structure, high flexibility, and excellent biocompatibility. By utilizing the reducing properties of polydopamine, non-conductive graphene oxide (GO) was converted into conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and crosslinked in situ within the mussel shells. In vitro experiments confirmed that this multi-scale porous Shell@PDA-GO could serve as structural cues for enhancing cell adhesion, differentiation, and maturation, as well as promoting the electrophysiological development of hippocampal neurons. After transplantation at the injury sites, the Shell@PDA-GO provided a pro-regenerative microenvironment, promoting endogenous neurogenesis, triggering neovascularization, and relieving glial fibrosis formation. Interestingly, the Shell@PDA-GO could induce the release of endogenous growth factors (NGF and NT-3), resulting in the complete regeneration of nerve fibers at 12 weeks. This work provides a feasible strategy for the exploration of conductive multi-scale patterned scaffold to repair SCI.

Photoinduced charge generation of nanostructured carbon derived from human hair biowaste for performance enhancement in polyvinylidene fluoride based triboelectric nanogenerator

Carbon nanostructures derived from human hair biowaste are incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer to enhance the energy conversion performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The PVDF filled with activated carbon nanomaterial from human hair (AC-HH) exhibits improved surface charge density and photoinduced charge generation. These remarkable properties are attributed to the presence of graphene-like nanostructures in AC-HH, contributing to the augmented performance of PVDF@AC-HH TENG. The correlation of surface morphologies, surface charge potential, charge capacitance properties, and TENG electrical output of the PVDF composites at various AC-HH loading is studied and discussed. Applications of the PVDF@AC-HH TENG as a power source for micro/nanoelectronics and a movement sensor for detecting finger gestures are also demonstrated. The photoresponse property of the fabricated TENG is demonstrated and analyzed in-depth. The analysis indicates that the photoinduced charge carriers originate from the conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO), contributing to the enhanced surface charge density of the PVDF composite film. This research introduces a novel approach to enhancing TENG performance through the utilization of carbon nanostructures derived from human biowaste. The findings of this work are crucial for the development of innovative energy-harvesting technology with multifunctionality, including power generation, motion detection, and photoresponse capabilities.

Interlayer engineering and electronic regulation of MoSe2 nanosheets rolled hollow nanospheres for high-performance sodium-ion half/full batteries

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides are promising candidates for sodium storage but suffering from low intrinsic electronic conductivity and limited interlayer spacing for fast electron/ion transport, which restricts their high-rate capability and cycling stability. In this work, rGO@MoSe2/NAC hierarchical architectures, consisting of conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported by hollow nanospheres that are rolled from superlattices of alternatively overlapped MoSe2 and N-doped amorphous carbon (NAC) monolayers, are synthesized as a high-performance sodium storage anode. Theoretical calculations reveal the intercalation of NAC monolayer between two adjacent MoSe2 monolayers improving electronic conductivity of MoSe2 in both surface and internal bulk to fully accelerate electron transport and enhance Na+ ​adsorption. The interoverlapped MoSe2/NAC superlattice featuring a wide interlayer expansion (72.3 ​%) of MoSe2 dramatically decreases Na+ ​diffusion barriers for fast insertion/extraction. Moreover, the hollow nanospheres and the rGO conductive network contribute to a robust hiberarchy that can well release internal stress and buffer the volume expansion, thereby enabling outstanding structural stability. Consequently, the rGO@MoSe2/NAC anode exhibits excellent high-rate capability of 194 mAh g−1 and ultralong cyclability of 12 ​000 cycles with a low capacity fading rate of 0.0038 ​% per cycle at an ultra-high current of 50 ​A ​g−1, delivering the best high-rate cycling performance to date. Remarkably, the Na3V2(PO4)3‖rGO@MoSe2/NAC full cells also present outstanding cycling stability (600 cycles) at 10C rate, which proves the great potential in fast-charging applications.

Constructing a continuous reduced graphene oxide network in porous plant fiber sponge for highly compressible and sensitive piezoresistive sensors

Flexible pressure sensors as wearable electronic devices to monitor human health have attracted significant attention. Herein, a simple and effective carbonization-free method is proposed to prepare a compressible and conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–modified plant fiber sponge (defined as rGO-PFS). The introduced GO can not only coat on the surface of plant fibers, but also form a large amount of aerogel with microcellular structure in the macroporous PFS. After reduction treatment, the rGO-PFS can form a double-continuous conductive network of rGO aerogel. With the improvement of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the rGO-PFS@PDMS composite exhibits outstanding compressibility (up to 60% compression strain), excellent durability (10,000 stable compression cycles at 50% strain), high sensitivity (234.07 kPa−1 in a pressure range of 20 ~ 387.2 Pa), low detection limit (20 Pa), and rapid response time (28 ms) for practical wearable applications.Graphical A compressible and conductive reduced graphene oxide–modified plant fiber sponge is prepared by a simple and effective carbonization-free method. With the improvement of polydimethylsiloxane, the sponge exhibits outstanding compressibility, durability, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and rapid response time for practical wearable applications.

Gas Sensors with Two-Dimensional rGO@COF Composite Materials for Fast NO2 Detection under Room Temperature.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are attracting increasing interest in various applications due to their ability to capture molecules originating from their highly crystallized porous structures. However, most types of COFs are non-conductive and cannot be directly applied to electronic devices. Herein, we utilize non-conductive COFs in chemiresistor sensors by forming composite structures with conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The composites rGO@COF exhibit low-enough resistance to be measured as chemiresistors, demonstrating enhanced gas sensing performance than pristine rGO. In particular, rGO@COF sensors achieve 2.7 times higher sensitivity toward NO2 and a dramatically reduced response time from 234 to 32 s compared to rGO, which can be attributed to increased surface area and NO2 adsorption energy. Our strategy provides new perspectives for utilizing non-conductive COFs in various electronic applications.

Controllable Coating Graphene Oxide and Silanes on Cu Particles as Dual Protection for Anticorrosion.

Although two-dimensional nanosheets like graphene could be ideal atomic coatings to prevent corrosion, it is still controversial whether they are actually effective due to the presence of parasitic effects such as galvanic corrosion. Here, we reported a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) coating strategy to protect sintered Cu metal powders from corrosion by addressing the common galvanic corrosion issue of graphene. A layer of silane molecules, namely, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), is deposited between the surface of Cu particles and the graphene oxide (GO), acting as a primer to enhance adhesion and as an insulating interlayer to prevent the direct contact of the Cu with conductive RGO, mitigating the galvanic corrosion. Due to this core-shell coating, the RGO uniformly distributes in the Cu matrix after sintering, avoiding aggregation of RGO, which takes place in conventional GO-Cu composites. The dual coating of GO and silane results in bulk samples with improved anticorrosion properties, as demonstrated by galvanostatic polarization tests using Tafel analysis. Our development not only provides an efficient synthesis method to controllably coat GO on the surface of Cu but also suggests an alternative strategy to avoid the galvanic corrosion effect of graphene to improve the anticorrosion performance of metal.

Dynamic Electronic and Ionic Transport Actuated by Cobalt-Doped MoSe2 /rGO for Superior Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Molybdenum selenium (MoSe2 ) has tremendous potential in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to its large interlayer distance, favorable bandgap, and high theoretical specific capacity. However, the poor conductivity and large K+ insertion/extraction in MoSe2 inevitably leads to sluggish reaction kinetics and poor structural stability. Herein, Coinduced engineering is employed to illuminate high-conductivity electron pathway and mobile ion diffusion of MoSe2 nanosheets anchored on reduced graphene oxide substrate (Co-MoSe2 /rGO). Benefiting from the activated electronic conductivity and ion diffusion kinetics, and an expanded interlayer spacing resulting from Co doping, combined with the interface coupling with highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) substrate through Mo-C bonding, the Co-MoSe2 /rGO anode demonstrates remarkable reversible capacity, superior rate capability, and stable long-term cyclability for potassium storage, as well as superior energy density and high power density for potassium-ion capacitors. Systematic performance measurement, dynamic analysis, in-situ/ex-situ measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the performance-enhancing mechanism of Co-MoSe2 /rGO in view of the electronic and ionic transport kinetics. This work offers deep atomic insights into the fundamental factors of electrodes for potassium-ion batteries/capacitors with superior electrochemical performance.

Thermally-induced self-cutting surfaced reduced graphene oxide fibers for smart fire alarm

Fire is the most frequent catastrophic incident and the design and development of fire sensors with self-cutting and ultra-sensitive fire alarm response are extremely urgent. Here, conductive reduced graphene oxide fibers (RGOF) with a layered structure were prepared by roll-folding and twisting the chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) films. The roll-folding and twisting can promote the expansion of the RGOF when exposed to high temperature or flame attack, which makes the RGOF easy to fracture. Based on this unique self-cutting property of RGOF, a new fire detection and alarm device has been developed. The ultra-fast alarm response (∼1 s) of the RGOF is triggered once encountering a flame. The RGOF also has a high-temperature alarm function with a minimum alarm temperature of 150 °C. Interestingly, this RGOF can also act like a fuse and cut off conductive circuits in time when it encounters abnormally high circuit voltages. This discovery expands the range of applications for RGO and provides new ideas for the design of advanced fire alarm sensors.

Layered hydrated-titanium-oxide-laden reduced graphene oxide composite as a high-performance negative electrode for selective extraction of Li via membrane capacitive deionization

In this work, we initially prepared layered lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) using a solid-state reaction. Then Li+ of Li2TiO3 were acid-eluded with Hydrochloric acid to obtain hydrated titanium oxide (H2TiO3). Different weight percentages (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) of the as-prepared H2TiO3 were deposited on a conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrix to obtain a series of rGO/ H2TiO3 composites. Of the prepared composites, rGO/H2TiO3-60% showed excellent current density, high specific capacitance, and rapid ion diffusion. An asymmetric MCDI (membrane capacitive deionization) cell fabricated with activated carbon as the anode and rGO/H2TiO3-60% as the cathode displayed outstanding Li+ electrosorption capacity (13.67 mg g−1) with a mean removal rate of 0.40 mg g−1 min−1 in a 10 mM LiCl aqueous solution at 1.8 V. More importantly, the rGO/H2TiO3-60% composite electrode exhibited exceptional Li+ selectivity, superior cyclic stability up to 100,000 s, and a Li+ sorption capacity retention of 96.32% after 50 adsorption/desorption cycles. The excellent Li+ extraction obtained by MCDI using the rGO/H2TiO3-60% negative electrode was putatively attributed to: (i) ion exchange between Li+ and H+ of H2TiO3; (ii) the presence of narrow lattice spaces in H2TiO3 suitable for selective Li+ capture; (iii) capture of Li+ by isolated and hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups of H2TiO3; and (iv) enhanced interfacial contact and transfer of large numbers of Li+ ions from the electrolyte to H2TiO3 achieved by compositing H2TiO3 with a highly conductive rGO matrix.

SnS@Co1-xS nanocubes anchored in reduced graphene oxide sheets for sodium-ion batteries with enhanced rate performance

Metal sulfide has recently emerged as an attractive anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with large layer spacing and desirable electrochemical reversibility, but its low-rate performance and severe volume expansion during cycling immensely hinder further application. In this work, SnS@Co1-xS nanocubes are uniformly anchored in the conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) network through a straightforward coprecipitation and vulcanization process. The obtained SnS@Co1-xS-rGO composite with tunable morphologies can achieve the high dispersion of nanoparticles and enhanced charge transfer kinetics simultaneously. Consequently, this SnS@Co1-xS-rGO electrode possesses an impressive cycling performance of 571.23 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 80 cycles and sustains a high-rate capacity of 352.92 mAh/g at a high current density of 10 A/g, which is far outperforming reported tin/cobalt sulfides. It can be demonstrated that rGO plays an important role in the capacity stability of bimetallic sulfides.

MnCoOx@Graphene Derived from Dual MOFs as Superior Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries

The MnCoOx@RGO derived from dual metal organic framework (MOF) were synthesized via a simple solvothermal method followed by the heat treatment. While measured as anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), this MnCoOx@RGO nanocomposite exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 1548 mAhg−1 at 100 mAg−1, and an good reversible capacity of 815 mAhg−1 after 150 cycles. The remarkable lithium storage performance of the nanocomposite is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Mn and Co, the mesoporosity structure, and the conductive reduced graphene oxide (RGO) support, which can shorten the difffusion paths of both Li+ and charge carriers and effectively buffer the volume change during the Li+ insertion/extraction process.

Selective and sensitive phenothiazine sensor based on hexagonal CuO/Co3O4 decorated on reduced graphene oxide catalyst

Binary transition metal oxides with conducting carbon materials are increasingly accepted in electrochemistry. Here, a highly effective binary CuO/Co3O4 metal oxide electrocatalyst with hexagonal morphology was synthesized directly on cobalt and copper containing solid precursors by a facile hydrothermal method. Further, the activity of CuO/Co3O4 was enhanced by combination with conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The physical properties of the resulting material (CuO/Co3O4@rGO) were investigated using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CuO/Co3O4@rGO coated on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was used as an electrode for the detection of antipsychotic drug phenothiazine (PTZ) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 5.0). The CuO/Co3O4@rGO/SPCE showed a wide linear range of 0.01–2.1 μM with a detection limit of 0.64 * 10−9 mol/L and a sensitivity of 1.8 μA/μM cm2 for PTZ detection. In addition, the PTZ sensor has reliable selectivity, stability and accuracy. Finally, the practicality of the fabricated sensor was tested in human serum and urine samples with acceptable recoveries.

Confocal Microscopy for In Situ Multi‐Modal Characterization and Patterning of Laser‐Reduced Graphene Oxide

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) films can be readily prepared at wafer scale, then reduced to form graphene‐based conductive circuits relevant to a range of practical device applications. Among a variety of reduction methods, laser processing has emerged as an important technique for localized reduction and patterning of GO films. In this study, the novel use of confocal microscopy is demonstrated for high‐resolution characterization, in situ laser reduction, and versatile patterning of GO films. Multi‐modal imaging and real‐time tracking are performed with 405 and 488 nm lasers, enabling large‐area direct observation of the reduction progress. Using image analysis to cluster flake types, the different stages of reduction can be attributed to thermal transfer and accumulation. Delicate control of the reduction process over multiple length scales is illustrated using millimeter‐scale stitched patterns, micropatterning of single flakes, and direct writing conductive 2D wires with sub‐micrometer resolution (530 nm). The general applicability of the technique is shown, allowing fabrication of both conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films (sheet resistance: 2.5 kOhm sq−1) and 3D microscale architectures. This simple and mask‐free method provides a valuable tool for well‐controlled and scalable fabrication of reduced GO structures using compact low‐power lasers (< 5 mW), with simultaneous in situ monitoring and quality control.

Synergistic effect of small-size MnO2 nanodots and conductive reduced graphene oxide boosting cathode materials for high-performance aqueous zinc-based energy storage

Manganese dioxides (MnO2), featuring significant theoretical capacity and low cost, are widely used as superior cathode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries/capacitors (ZIBs/ZICs). However, the MnO2 cathode still suffers from sluggish electrochemical kinetics and poor cycle life, impeding the further application of aqueous ZIBs/ZICs. Herein, the novel MnO2 nanodots/reduced graphene oxide (MnO2 NDs/rGO) composite is prepared via hydrothermal approach followed by ultrasonic treatment, and applied to aqueous ZIBs/ZICs cathode materials for the first time. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of small-size MnO2 nanodots and conductive rGO, the MnO2 NDs/rGO composite as a cathode for ZIBs exhibits enhanced specific capacity (294 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), rate performance (124 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1) and cycling stability (90.1% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) compared with pure MnO2. Electrochemical kinetics analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the improved diffusion kinetics and charge transfer ability, and ex-situ tests verify the reversible H+/Zn2+ co-insertion mechanism of MnO2 NDs/rGO cathode. Additionally, the new ZICs with MnO2 NDs/rGO cathode deliver a large energy density and an excellent cycling stability. This impressive work can offer a good strategy for boosting cathode materials for high-performance aqueous ZIBs/ZICs.

Green synthesis of a reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles-based catalyst for degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants

The breakdown of organic contaminants is a promising strategy for controlling environmental damage and treating wastewater. Even though several heterogeneous catalysts have been developed with the intention of achieving this objective, the issue of effective degradation of organic pollutants remains difficult. In this paper, we provide a simple and environmentally friendly method for making a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Various spectroscopic techniques were used to thoroughly characterize the nanocomposite, which was found to be composed of monodispersed AgNPs with a diameter of approximately 2–11 nm that were uniformly distributed over the surface of RGO. To ensure the versatility of the catalyst, both cationic and anionic dyes and a model 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction have been tested. It has been hypothesized that the AgNPs cause oxidative breakdown of organic contaminants by facilitating electronic transitions that lead to conductive RGO nanosheets in a way that is physically possible.

Investigations on microstructure, thermo-mechanical and tribological behavior of graphene oxide reinforced AA7075 surface composites developed via friction stir processing

Surface composites (SCs) are fabricated through reduced graphene oxide (RGO) particulates by adopting friction stir process (FSP) route to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties suited for cylinder liner applications. Microstructural examination reveals that both dynamic recrystallization phenomenon and particle stimulated nucleation happens in the duration of processing phase and owes to a fine and homogenous distribution of reinforcements in the matrix surface. Moreover, no sort of noticeable defects are formed between the base matrix and SC layer with prominent interface. An indigenous experimental setup is fabricated for the measurement of thermal conductivity of SCs. Percolation effect of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) particulates enhance the thermal conductivity of single pass SC specimen (158.6 W/mK) as compared to base metal (146 W/mK). Formation of highly conductive RGO through reduction of oxygen level owing to the heat generation at the processing stage that favors for the high heat dissipation of the five pass specimen (201.5 W/mK). Decremented interparticle spacing of the aforementioned specimen through reduced grain size (9 μm) enhances the impact toughness. Increased number of dislocations through grain refinement in the five pass specimen relieves the internal stress at a more possible extent which significantly reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value to 7.18 × 10−4 K−1. Superior Vickers hardness value (2188 MPa) enhances the specimen wear resistance. The worn morphology divulges the mild adhesive with abrasive behavior.