Conductive Glass Research Articles

Multiphysics model for assessing photoelectrochemical phenomena under concentrated irradiation

A multiphysics model was developed for a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell at the device level to simulate water splitting operating under concentrated irradiation (between 50 to 600 kW m−2). The 2D model couples charge, heat, mass, photon, and momentum transfer to predict local current densities, potential distributions, temperature profiles, volumetric gas fractions, pressure, and velocities profiles in the electrolyte. Electrode kinetics and electrolyte resistance were considered for the electrochemical processes, and two-phase bubbly-flow under laminar conditions for momentum transfer. The effects of bubbles on the incident photon flux and the thermal and electrical conductivities of the electrolyte were also considered. Photocurrent densities were estimated using a semiempirical correlations dependent on potential, charge transfer efficiencies, and temperature. The model was applied to a custom-made cell utilising a spray pyrolysed Sn-doped Fe2O3 photoanode, a material with well-known photoelectrochemical behaviour and stability. Transparent conductive glass and titanium foil were investigated as two possible photoanode substrates. Predictions indicate that commercial conductive glasses are not suitable substrates due to a significant ohmic drop caused by high current densities. The model illustrates that thermal and bubble management are critical to improving the overall performance of a PEC cell subjected to high photon flux. Furthermore, the model can be used to decouple the phenomena that occur under such conditions and could assist in the study of photoelectrode materials under high irradiance.

Room-temperature electrochemical deposition of nanostructured ZnO films on FTO substrate and their photoelectrochemical activity

The possibility of fabrication of nanostructured ZnO layers on conductive glass substrates via simple room-temperature electrodeposition was studied in detail. The process was carried out in zinc nitrate electrolyte at different potentials for various durations. The morphology, composition, and semiconducting properties of the deposits were examined by various techniques. As-synthesized materials were found to be amorphous and co-deposition of the metallic Zn at more negative potentials was confirmed. Nevertheless, thermal treatment in air results in the successful conversion of the as-deposited precipitate to the wurtzite ZnO. The potential of −1.5 V vs. SCE was identified as optimal to achieve both full coverage of the glass substrate, as well as uniform morphology of the deposits. In general, the photoelectrochemical performance of such kind of ZnO photoanodes was found to be significantly dependent on the electrodeposition duration since this parameter strongly affected the thickness, surface morphology, as well as semiconducting properties of the obtained material. In consequence, the photoanode deposited at −1.5 V vs. SCE for 40 min exhibited the most promising photoelectrochemical activity under studied conditions.

Phases and morphology of CuFeTe2 films prepared by electrodeposition

This work reports one low-priced way for the production of CuFeTe2 films on the conductive glass surface. CuFeTe2 films were prepared by electrodeposition and treatment at 220 °C for 20 h in N2 atmosphere for the first time. The effect of different deposition potentials on the CuFeTe2 phase was studied. CuFeTe2 films were prepared by electrodeposition using copper sulfate, ammonium ferrous sulfate, tellurium dioxide, and sodium citrate as raw materials. When the deposition potential is −1.0 V and the deposition time is 20 min, CuFeTe2 thin films with good phrase formation can be obtained at 25 °C. The phase of samples was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of samples was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of CuFeTe2 thin films prepared under these conditions is relatively good. The microcosmic morphology of the samples is granular crystals. The lattice constants of CuFeTe2 are also calculated.

Semiconductor TiO2 Coating Deposited by Microwave Plasma Method

Transparent conducting glass is a crucial layer of Dye Synthesized Solar Cell (DSSC), due to it allows sunlight penetrating to the solar cell. DSSC has a low efficiency until semiconductor Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) was employed as the anode material. TiO2 has a high photosensitivity, high structure, stability under solar irradiation and in solution, and low cost. In this study TiO2 was deposited on the conductive glass using microwave plasma method. Plasma was generated using electromagnetic wave from microwave magnetron. TiO2 powder was dissolved using pure water and ethanol at different concentration. The coating process was conducted on a 2.5 x 2.5 cm of a conductive glass, and the effect of plasma generation time was observed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes. The thickness, roughness, and microstructure of TiO2 coating on the conductive glass was observed using 3D measuring laser OLS4100. The result shows that the fabrication of TiO2 coatings using microwave plasma is feasible. The concentration of solution and plasma generation time plays an important role to the thickness, roughness, and microstructure of TiO2 coatings. An optimum result was obtained at plasma generation time of 0.5 minute with 12.49 μm and 3.398 μm of thickness and roughness respectively using 10 g TiO2 + 50 ml ethanol and 40 ml H2O.

Conductive Glass with Simple Spray Deposition Method for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Application

Dye-sensitized solar cells utilize a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass which is mainly Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) for the working electrode and counter electrode. The TCO is one of the important parts of DSSC. TCO glass becomes the part that determines the price of mass production of DSSC. Low-cost TCOs with high conductivity and high light transmittance are required. In this study, We proposed a simple fabrication of TCO glass by spray deposition method of Tin (II) Chloride (SnCl2) on top of the lime glass substrate. Fabrication was started with 3 mm of Lime glass cleaned with distilled water and ethanol in sonication for 15 minutes and 10 minutes heating at 500°C. The variation of layer thickness was performed by multilayer spray using 2 mg SnCl2 and 5 ml ethanol mixture and then baked for 10 minutes at 500°C. The electrical conductivity, light transmittance, and roughness of the glass at one spray layer were 20 Ω/cm2, 87.1 %, and 0.010 µm respectively, and decrease along with the increase of the number of spray layers. A multimeter, UV-VIS Spectrophotometer, and 3D Measuring Laser Microscope are used to measure these parameters in this study. Compared to the properties of commercially available Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) glass, this method can be used as an alternative for conductive glass production for Dye-Sensitized Solar cells.

Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Activity of CuWO4 Photoanode by Yttrium Doping

Yttrium-doped copper tungstate photoelectrodes are prepared by depositing an yttrium-doped CuWO4 film (Y-CuWO4) on conductive glass substrates by dip coating. The morphology and chemical composition confirm the fabrication of yttrium-doped CuWO4 films. The optical bandgap of the photoelectrodes is studied by UV–vis diffuse reflectance and a bandgap of 2.30 eV is obtained for the pure CuWO4 photoelectrode. The yttrium-doped photoelectrodes show a small shift of the bandgap to higher values, which according to DFT calculations can be ascribed to a higher density of electronic states in the first conduction band from incorporating yttrium into the structure. The photoelectrochemical characterisation shows that adding yttrium produces an enhanced charge separation efficiency in the bulk which can be attributed to a higher donor density in the structure, and a 92.5% higher photocurrent density is obtained for the 5%Y-CuWO4 photoelectrode when compared to the pure CuWO4 photoelectrode for the oxygen evolution reaction at 1.3 V vs RHE. This work shows that doping CuWO4 with yttrium is an effective approach to improve the poor charge separation presented by pure CuWO4 photoelectrodes.

Insights on advanced substrates for controllable fabrication of photoanodes toward efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting

AbstractConversion of solar energy into H2 by photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is recognized as an ideal way to address the growing energy crisis and environmental issues. In a typical PEC cell, the construction of photoanodes is crucial to guarantee the high efficiency and stability of PEC reactions, which fundamentally rely on rationally designed semiconductors (as the active materials) and substrates (as the current collectors). In this review work, we start with a brief introduction of the roles of substrates in the PEC process. Then, we provide a systematic overview of representative strategies for the controlled fabrication of photoanodes on rationally designed substrates, including conductive glass, metal, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, and flexible substrates. Finally, some prospects concerning the challenges and research directions in this area are proposed.

Dynamic hysteresis scaling behavior in polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene ferroelectric copolymer thin films

In this paper, we investigated the dependence of dynamic hysteresis on the electric field amplitude E0 and the frequency f in organic ferroelectric copolymer polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene [P(VDF-TrFE)] thin films prepared by a spin-coating method on fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive glass. Three stages can be observed of the hysteresis area vs the field strength E0. In stage I of low E0 values, the area ⟨A⟩ dependent on E0 follows the law of ⟨A⟩∝E01.92795, whereas the diverse distribution of the area ⟨A⟩ with frequency f is found. In stage II of the intermediate E0 values, ⟨A⟩∝E0β is not applicable owing to collective contributions between 180° domain and chiral domain, while a relation of ⟨A⟩∝f−0.18636 can be deduced, a fascinating characteristic distinguishing from the nonlinear relations of the inorganics in this section. In stage III of high E0 values, the scaling law is ⟨A⟩∝f0.08447E00.49394 where the chiral domain is active. The positive β in the law of ⟨A⟩∝fαE0β illustrates that a growing number of chiral domains in P(VDF-TrFE) can keep pace with the variation of E0. Especially, the negative α in the transition zone, resembling some inorganics under low electric fields, probably indicates 180° domain reversal failing to follow with the alternating velocity of the increasing periodic electric field.

An integrated immunochromatographic device for C-reactive protein detection using hierarchical dendritic gold nanostructure films

Immunochromatographic test strips typically consist of sample pad, conjugate pad, nitrocellulose membrane, and absorbent pad. Even minute variations in the assembly of these components can lead to inconsistent sample-reagent interactions, thereby reducing reproducibility. In addition, the nitrocellulose membrane is susceptible to damage during assembly and handling. To address this issue, we propose to replace the sample pad, conjugate pad, and nitrocellulose membrane with hierarchical dendritic gold nanostructure (HD-nanoAu) films to develop a compact integrated immunochromatographic strip. The strip uses quantum dots as a background fluorescence signal and employs fluorescence quenching to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) in human serum. A 5.9 μm thick HD-nanoAu film was electrodeposited on an ITO conductive glass by the constant potential method. The wicking kinetics of the HD-nanoAu film was thoroughly investigated, and the results indicated that the film exhibited favorable wicking properties, with a wicking coefficient of 0.72 μm ms−0.5. The immunochromatographic device was fabricated by etching three interconnected rings on HD-nanoAu/ITO to designate sample/conjugate (S/C), test (T), and control (C) regions. The S/C region was immobilized with mouse anti-human CRP antibody (Ab1) labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), while the T region was preloaded with polystyrene microspheres decorated with CdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as background fluorescent material, followed by mouse anti-human CRP antibody (Ab2). The C region was immobilized with goat anti-mouse IgG antibody. After the samples were added to the S/C region, the excellent wicking properties of the HD-nanoAu film facilitated the lateral flow of the CRP-containing sample toward the T and C regions after binding to AuNPs labeled with CRP Ab1. In the T region, CRP-AuNPs-Ab1 formed sandwich immunocomplexes with Ab2, and the fluorescence of QDs was quenched by AuNPs. The ratio of fluorescence intensity in the T region to that in the C region was used to quantify CRP. The T/C fluorescence intensity ratio was negatively correlated with the CRP concentration in the range of 26.67–853.33 ng mL−1 (corresponding to 300-fold diluted human serum), with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98. The limit of detection was 15.0 ng mL−1 (corresponding to 300-fold diluted human serum), and the range of relative standard deviation: 4.48–5.31%, with a recovery rate of 98.22–108.33%. Common interfering substances did not cause significant interference, and the range of relative standard deviation: 1.96–5.51%. This device integrates multiple components of conventional immunochromatographic strips onto a single HD-nanoAu film, resulting in a more compact structure that improves the reproducibility and robustness of detection, making it promising for point-of-care testing applications.

Exploring the photo-induced charge transfer behavior of Cs3Bi2I9 and BiI3 using in-situ surface photovoltage spectroscopy

This letter compared the photo-induced charge carrier properties of Cs3Bi2I9 and BiI3 deposited on conductive glass using surface photovoltage spectroscopy. The study showed that the higher photocurrent in BiI3 cannot be solely attributed to its extended absorbance range. The charge transfer capability of the photoactive layer was found to be a critical factor in determining photocurrent. The study also revealed better transfer of photo-induced electron-hole pairs and higher surface electron concentration in BiI3. Additionally, light-chopping-frequency-dependent surface photovoltage measurements showed that photogenerated charge carriers can be separated more effectively and in a shorter illumination period in BiI3 than in Cs3Bi2I9.

Decoration of rutile TiO2 nanorod film with g-C3N4/SrTiO3 for efficient photoelectrochemical cathodic protection

A highly efficient g-C3N4/SrTiO3 co-decorated rutile TiO2 nanorod composite film photoanode was fabricated on a conductive glass substrate by a three-step synthesis process involving hydrothermal reactions and chemical vapor deposition. The g-C3N4/SrTiO3/TiO2 composite film with an appropriate cascade energy band structure showed greatly improved visible light absorption and exhibited 4.5 times higher photocurrent density than the undecorated TiO2 film, resulting from its higher separation and transfer efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Under the white light irradiation, the composite film photoanode made the potential of the coupled 403 stainless steel in a 0.5 M NaCl solution decrease by 680 mV from its free corrosion potential, showing a significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical cathodic protection effect.

De-Ammonium Ba0.18V2O4.95/NH4V4O10 Film Electrodes as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Magnesium-Ion Batteries.

Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) have been pushed into the research boom in the post-lithium-ion batteries era due to their low cost, no dendrite hazard, and high capacity. However, finding suitable cathode materials to improve the slow kinetics of Mg2+ is an ongoing challenge. In this work, Ba0.18V2O4.95/NH4V4O10 film electrodes were grown in one step on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass using a low-temperature liquid-phase deposition method. Temperature was used as the probe condition, and it was concluded that the films annealed at 400 °C had suitable crystallinity and de-ammonium lattice space. At lower current density, with 0.5 M Mg(ClO4)2/PC as the electrolyte, it exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 130.99 mA h m-2 at 210 mA m-2 and 106.52% capacity retention after 100 cycles. In addition, it exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in long-term cycling (92.98% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 600 mA m-2). According to the results of ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the removal of NH4+ created more lattice space, assisting Ba0.18V2O4.95 to increase the transfer channels of Mg2+, providing more active sites to promote diffusion kinetics (the average DMg2+ was 2.07 × 10-12 cm2 s-1) and specific capacity. Therefore, these film electrodes for scalable Mg2+ storage are promising MIB cathode candidates that exhibit good performance advantages in storage applications.

PEC thrombin aptasensor based on Ag–Ag2S decorated hematite photoanode with signal-down effect of precipitation catalyzed by G-quadruplexes/hemin

A photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for thrombin detection was rationally designed based on the photoanode of one-dimensional hematite nanorods (α-Fe2O3 NRs) with several steps of modifications. Uniform α-Fe2O3 NRs were grown vertically on the surface of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass through a one-step hydrothermal method; then Ag was grown on the surface of α-Fe2O3 NRs through a photoreduction method followed by a partial in-situ transformation into Ag2S, conferring an improvement on the initial photocurrent. Two main critical factors, namely, the steric hindrance of thrombin, benzoquinone (BQ) precipitation oxidized by H2O2 under the catalysis of G-quadruplexes/hemin, contributed to the sensitive signal-down response toward the target. Photocurrent signals related with thrombin concentration was established for thrombin analysis due to the non-conductive complex as well as their competitive consumption of electron donors and irradiation light. The excellent initial photocurrent was combined with the signal-down amplification in the design of the biosensor, conferring a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 40.2 fM and a wide linear range from 0.0001 nM to 50 nM for the detection of thrombin. The proposed biosensor was also assessed in terms of selectivity, stability, and applicability in human serum analyses, which provided an appealing maneuver for the specific analysis of thrombin in trace amount.

High-performance tungsten-niobium bimetallic oxide films with designable electrochromic properties

For a better environmental sustainable development, the construction and new energy vehicle industries have paid more attention to electrochromic (EC) materials that can regulate light and heat to reduce energy use. We report a series of high-performance tungsten-niobium (W–Nb) bimetallic oxide films composed of nanowire/cluster directly grown on transparent conductive glasses by a solvothermal process. Large optical modulations in visible (Vis) (77.0%) and near-infrared (NIR) (79.7%) light regions, and high average coloration efficiency (CE‾) of 107.8 cm2·C−1 are achieved for the W–Nb bimetallic oxide films. The solvothermal preparation creates conditions for exploring the rules of the EC properties of W–Nb bimetallic oxide films with the atomic ratios of W to Nb. The EC properties of bimetallic oxides are designable by verifying their atomic ratios of W to Nb, which provides a theoretical support for searching high-performance bimetallic oxide EC films. In addition, we introduce real-time CE and CE‾ besides the traditional maximum CE to evaluate the coloration performance of the EC films. This creates a foundation for the further research on the CE of EC materials and devices in the future.

Preparation and Electrochromic Study of Ce3+ Doped TiO2 Thin Films

Ce3+ doped TiO2 thin films were prepared on ITO conductive glass by sol-gel method and dip-coating method using tetrabutyltitanate and glacial acetic acid as raw materials and adding cerium nitrate into cerium. The Ce3+ doped TiO2 powder was characterized by XRD, TG-DTA and SEM. The electrochromic properties of the films were tested by electrochemical workstation. The films were tested by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results show that the concentration of doped Ce ions is 2%, and the electrochromic properties of the films are improved greatly. The more the doping is, the more significant the effect on the electrochromic properties of the films is.

Understanding the Evolution of the Structure and Electrical Properties during Crystallization of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 and Li1.5Sc0.17Al0.33Ge1.5(PO4)3 NASICON -Type Glass Ceramics

In this paper, the effects of crystallization advance on the material structure and electrical properties of lithium-ion Na+ super ionic conductor (NASICON) glass ceramics were investigated. Glasses with Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 and Li1.5Sc0.17Al0.33Ge1.5(PO4)3 compositions were crystallized in controlled conditions to obtain gradual increment of the volume crystallized fraction. The glass-to-crystal transformation was then monitored by differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR), and electron microscopy, along with chemical analyses. Finally, the electrical properties of the specimens were evaluated by impedance spectroscopy to observe the changes in electrical properties according to the crystallization advance. Results revealed that glasses containing scandium are more stable against crystallization than their neat counterparts. Crystallization led to the formation of single-phase NASICON glass ceramics. Scandium induced a lattice expansion of the NASICON structure. Furthermore, crystallization induces remarkable structural changes in the materials as a whole, either in local order or in medium to long order. No important increase in conductivity was observed in earlier stages of crystallization. After the percolation of crystals, conductivity increases sharply and the remaining glassy phase has little impact on the total conductivity of the material. Scandium expands the rhombohedral structure but increases the glass stability and reduces the sizes of crystals for the fully crystallized glass ceramics. Glass ceramics with larger grains are more propitious for conductivity than the more refined ones. Therefore, this paper offers key information about the understanding of NASICON crystallization and its structural evolution, providing important insights into the crystallization of these electrolytes.

Selective Oxidation of Sulfuric Acid to Peroxydisulfuric Acid on a Tungsten Trioxide Anode

AbstractThe mechanisms involved in the oxidation of H2SO4 to peroxydisulfuric acid (H2S2O8) and H2O to O2 on WO3, SnO2, and their interface models were investigated using density functional theory. Regardless of the metal oxide, the free energy changes for the two proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) steps of the H2SO4 oxidation mechanism indicated that the first PCET is the rate‐limiting step that requires a greater energy input than the second one. Based on the free energy change in the rate‐limiting step, the WO3 anode with SnO2 was expected to produce electrochemically more H2S2O8 in an aqueous H2SO4 solution than SnO2 only without O2 evolution from H2O. We also experimentally confirmed that the Faraday efficiency of H2S2O8 production using the WO3 anode deposited on a F‐doped SnO2 conductive glass (FTO) with lower applied potential is superior to FTO only.

Isocarbophos determination using a nanozyme-catalytic photoelectrochemical fuel cell-based aptasensor

In the present work, we developed a nanozyme-catalytic photoelectrochemical fuel cell (PNFC)-based aptasensor to determine isocarbophos in food samples, in which TNA/g-C3N4/ZIF-67 photoanode was prepared by in-situ assembly of ZIF-67 nanozyme with excellent glucose dehydrogenase-mimic performance on g-C3N4 modified TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNA/g-C3N4), ITO/Fe-N-C/cDNA/apt-SH cathode was prepared by successively assembling captured DNA (cDNA) and mercapto-modified anti-isocarbophos aptamer (apt-SH) onto the indium tin oxide conductive glass (ITO) coated with Fe-N-C nanozyme. Due to the specific recognition of isocarbophos by its aptamer and high output power of PNFC, the PNFC-based aptasensor could determine isocarbophos based on catalytic mercapto-inhibition effect and exonuclease I-assisted target recycling signal amplification, which had a quantitative range of 0.01–100 ng mL−1, low detection limit of 3.5 pg mL−1 and good selectivity for isocarbophos determination, being applied for real food sample analysis with good precision of the relative standard deviation less than 5.4% and good accuracy of the recoveries from 96.2% to 108.0%. What’s more, the portable PNFC-based aptasensor did not need additional energy supply and other targets could be selectively determined only by replacing cDNA and aptamer.

Development of portable sensor for the detection of bacteria: effect of gold nanoparticle size, effective surface area, and interparticle spacing upon sensing interface

In this study, systematic development of a portable sensor for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (E. aurantiacum) was reported. A conductive glass was utilized as a substrate and developed the electrode patterns on it. Trisodium citrate (TSC) and chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (CHI-AuNP-TSC) and chitosan-stabilized AuNPs (CHI-AuNP) were synthesized and utilized as a sensing interface. The morphology, crystallinity, optical properties, chemical structures, and surface properties of immobilized AuNPs on the sensing electrodes were investigated. The sensing performance of the fabricated sensor was evaluated by using an electrochemical method to observe the current changes in cyclic voltammetric responses. The CHI-AuNP-TSC electrode has higher sensitivity toward E. coli than CHI-AuNP with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.07 CFU/mL. TSC in the AuNPs synthesis process played a vital role in the particle size, the interparticle spacing, the sensor’s effective surface area, and the presence of CHI around AuNPs, thus enhancing the sensing performance. Moreover, post-analysis of the fabricated sensor surface exhibited the sensor stability and the interaction between bacteria and the sensor surface. The sensing results showed a promising potential for rapid detection using a portable sensor for various water and food-borne pathogenic diseases.

Structural evolution of dendritic-structured Mg0.01V2O5 film electrodes of lithium-ion batteries during cycling

The development of viable high-capacity cathode materials is still a challenge for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, Mg0.01V2O5 films with an interesting dendritic structure were grown in-situ on indium-tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass by a low temperature liquid phase deposition. The results exhibited the morphologies and properties of film electrodes were greatly affected by different annealing temperature. Among them, the Mg0.01V2O5 film electrode annealed at 450 °C showed the best electrochemical performance. It provided a high-capacity of 164.7 mA h m−2, and 141.2 mA h m−2 after 100 cycles that capacity retention of 85.7% at 176 mA m−2 in the LIB system. In addition, good cycling stability and rate performance were also impressive. The mechanism of Li+ insertion and extraction in the film electrode Mg0.01V2O5 was investigated by analyzing the phase evolution, lattice deformation, and elementary composition and valence of the film electrode after enduring electrochemical cycles. The insertion of Li+ in the interlayer allowed the creation of a new phase and the different diffusion rate of Li+ in the (010) crystal plane of the main phase, which caused the splitting behavior of the X‑ray diffraction peaks of this crystal plane. Encouragingly, it was the new phase produced during the cycle that worked with the principal phase, improving the diffusion kinetics and enhancing the electrochemical properties of LIBs. This work may provide a promising strategy to improve performance for LIBs.