Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites Research Articles

Comprehensive Investigation of the Temperature-Dependent Electromechanical Behaviors of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites.

The performances of flexible piezoresistive sensors based on polymer nanocomposites are significantly affected by the environmental temperature; therefore, comprehensively investigating the temperature-dependent electromechanical response behaviors of conductive polymer nanocomposites is crucial for developing high-precision flexible piezoresistive sensors in a wide-temperature range. Herein, carbon nanotube (CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites widely used for flexible piezoresistive sensors were prepared, and then the temperature-dependent electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties of the optimized CNT/PDMS composite in the temperature range from -150 to 150 °C were systematically investigated. At a low temperature of -150 °C, the CNT/PDMS composite becomes brittle with a compressive modulus of ∼1.2 MPa and loses its elasticity and reversible sensing capability. At a high temperature (above 90 °C), the CNT/PDMS composite softens, shows a fluid-like mechanical property, and loses its reversible sensing capability. In the temperature range from -60 to 90 °C, the CNT/PDMS composite exhibits good elasticity and reversible sensing behaviors and its modulus, resistivity, and sensing sensitivity decrease with an increasing temperature. At room temperature (30 °C), the CNT/PDMS composite exhibits better mechanical and piezoresistive stability than those at low and high temperatures. Given that environmental temperature changes have significant effects on the sensing performances of conductive polymer composites, the effect of ambient temperature changes must be considered when flexible piezoresistive sensors are designed and fabricated.

Investigations on Impact of YSZ Nanoparticles on Morphology & Electrical conductivity of PEDOT: PSS

Conductive polymer nanocomposites, which combine the flexibility and conductivity of polymers with the unique properties of nanofillers, have generated interest in various fields such as energy storage, sensors, coatings, and corrosion protection. This study discusses the effect of Yttria-stabilized zirconium nanoparticles (YSZ NPs) on the morphology and electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). Thin films of PEDOT: PSS and PEDOT: PSS: YSZ were fabricated using spin coating technique. FTIR and XRD characterizations confirmed the interaction between YSZ nanoparticles and the PEDOT: PSS matrix, leading to changes in chemical morphology and film crystallinity. The investigation of the current-voltage (I-V) relationship showed improved electrical conductivity in PEDOT: PSS films with the addition of YSZ nanoparticles, with respective conductivities of 0.028×10−6 S cm−1 and 0.0885×10−4 S cm−1 for pristine and YSZ-containing films. Additionally, the sensing properties of the PEDOT: PSS: YSZ film in detecting organic vapours were studied. These findings suggest that these conducting polymer nanocomposite thin films could potentially be used as electrolyte components in battery cells, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, as well as serve as sensors for certain organic vapours.

Synthesis of PEDOT/CNTs Thermoelectric Thin Films with a High Power Factor.

In this study, we have improved the power factor of conductive polymer nanocomposites by combining layer-by-layer assembly with electrochemical deposition to produce flexible thermoelectric materials based on PEDOT/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-films. To produce films based on CNTs and PEDOT, a dual approach has been employed: (i) the layer-by-layer method has been utilized for constructing the CNTs layer and (ii) electrochemical polymerization has been used in the synthesis of the conducting polymer. Moreover, the thermoelectric properties were optimized by controlling the experimental conditions including the number of deposition cycles and electropolymerizing time. The electrical characterization of the samples was carried out by measuring the Seebeck voltage produced under a small temperature difference and by measuring the electrical conductivity using the four-point probe method. The resulting values of the Seebeck coefficient S and σ were used to determine the power factor. The structural and morphological analyses of CNTs/PEDOT samples were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The best power factor achieved was 131.1 (μWm-1K-2), a competitive value comparable to some inorganic thermoelectric materials. Since the synthesis of the CNT/PEDOT layers is rather simple and the ingredients used are relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly, the proposed nanocomposites are a very interesting approach as an application for recycling heat waste.

Review of sustainable, eco-friendly, and conductive polymer nanocomposites for electronic and thermal applications: current status and future prospects.

Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites (BPNCs) are advanced materials that have gained significant attention over the past 20 years due to their advantages over conventional polymers. BPNCs are eco-friendly, cost-effective, contamination-resistant, and tailorable for specific applications. Nevertheless, their usage is limited due to their unsatisfactory physical and mechanical properties. To improve these properties, nanofillers are incorporated into natural polymer matrices, to enhance mechanical durability, biodegradability, electrical conductivity, dielectric, and thermal properties. Despite the significant advances in the development of BPNCs over the last decades, our understanding of their dielectric, thermal, and electrical conductivity is still far from complete. This review paper aims to provide comprehensive insights into the fundamental principles behind these properties, the main synthesis, and characterization methods, and their functionality and performance. Moreover, the role of nanofillers in strength, permeability, thermal stability, biodegradability, heat transport, and electrical conductivity is discussed. Additionally, the paper explores the applications, challenges, and opportunities of BPNCs for electronic devices, thermal management, and food packaging. Finally, this paper highlights the benefits of BPNCs as biodegradable and biodecomposable functional materials to replace traditional plastics. Finally, the contemporary industrial advances based on an overview of the main stakeholders and recently commercialized products are addressed.

Adsorption and supercapacitor applications of CoO-zeolite decorated conducting polymer nanocomposite

ABSTRACT Cobalt Oxide−Zeolite reinforced conducting polymer matrices (PAni@CoO−ZT) were prepared by in-situ oxidative polymerisation, and the samples were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-visible, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer – Emmett – Teller (BET) techniques, the optical band gap was also evaluated. Moreover, the synthesis and exploration of electrodes are increasingly being considered for the development of conducting polymer-based supercapacitors, which has attracted significant interest in energy conversion and storage technology. Here, hybrid materials applied in the elaboration of the electrodes on the capacitive properties were studied. Therewith, electrochemical measurements revealed that the PAni@CoO−ZT (1:1) and PAni@CoO−ZT (2:1) electrodes had high capacitance of 1069 F·g−1 and 1282 F·g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A·g−1 and outstanding capacitance retention (81.7% and 89.1%) over 1500 cycles, respectively. Generally, producing a PAni matrix on CoO−ZT presented a simple and viable way to ameliorate the capacitive performances of supercapacitor. Furthermore, adsorptive removal of methyl violet (MV) dye by PAni@CoO−ZT adsorbents could be described by the pseudo-first-order and Temkin models. The maximum adsorptive capacity of MV dye by PAni@CoO−ZT (1:1) and PAni@CoO−ZT (2:1) was 74.6 mg·g−1 and 109.8 mg·g−1, respectively.

In Situ Engineering of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: A Perspective on Fundamentals to Technological Significance.

The conducting polymers have continuously been hybridized with their counterparts to overcome the intrinsic functional limitations compared to the metallic or inorganic analogs. Remarkably, the liquid/liquid interface-assisted methods represent an efficient and facile route for developing fully tunable metamaterials for various applications. The spontaneous adsorption of nanostructures at a quasi-two-dimensional interface is energetically favorable due to the reduction in interfacial tension, interfacial area, and interfacial energy (Helmholtz free energy). This Perspective highlights the fundamentals of nanostructure adsorption leading to hierarchical architecture generation at the interface from an experimentalist's point of view. Thereafter, the essential applications of the conducting polymer/nanocomposites synthesized at the interface emphasize the capability of the interface to tune functional materials. This Perspective also summarizes the future challenges and the use of the known fundamental aspects in overcoming the functional limitations of polymer/nanomaterial composites and also provides some future research directions.

Conductive polymer nanocomposites: recent advances in the construction of electrochemical biosensors

This review focuses on the design, preparation and application of nanostructured CPNs in the construction of advanced electrochemical biosensors in medical diagnostics.

Conductive polymer nanocomposite incorporated with carbon nanotubes for effective electromagnetic interference shielding: A numerical study

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding capabilities of a conductive polymer nanocomposite incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CPNC) in the X‐band. The investigation is conducted using a commercial finite element simulation package, Ansys HFSS. The study focuses on analyzing the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of CPNC by varying the weight percent (wt%) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), thickness, and shape of the shielding material. Our outcomes show that the EMI SE of CPNC increases with the wt% of CNTs. Notably, a maximum EMI SE is observed around ~90 dB due to absorption (SEA) at a 4 mm pallet‐shaped CPNC and ~180 dB for a hollow cylindrical CPNC (22.86 mm outer diameter and 3 mm thickness) with 2 wt% of CNT. The EMI SE due to absorption (SEA) at a pallet thickness of 4 mm exhibits a significant improvement of ~107% compared to the SEA observed at a thickness of 1 mm. These findings highlight the exceptional absorption capabilities and lightweight nature of CPNC, rendering it a promising shielding material for aerospace and satellite communication applications.Highlights EMI SE of CPNC increases with the wt% of CNT in the polypyrrole (PPy) matrix. The percolation threshold is observed at a low 2 wt% concentration of CNT. Thickness of the shielding material influences the EMI SE of CPNC. CPNC provides absorption‐dominated shielding.

Innovative PANI/g-C3N4@rGO nanocomposite electrode for improved energy storage and conversion applications

We successfully synthesized a ternary conducting polymer nanocomposite using an in-situ oxidative polymerization method, incorporating polyaniline, graphitic carbon nitride, and reduced graphene oxide. This nanocomposite serves as a bifunctional electrode for applications in energy storage and conversion. The as-prepared PANI nanocomposite exhibited excellent storage properties, with a specific capacitance of 442 F/g in 1 M H2SO4 as an electrolyte in the presence of graphitic-C3N4@reduced graphene oxide. This is a significant enhancement over the specific capacitance of pure PANI, which is typically∼200 F/g. Interestingly, the PANI/graphitic-C3N4@reduced graphene oxide electrode exhibited better cycling stability with 90% retention of the specific capacitance after 5000 cycles at a current density of 2.5 A/g. Furthermore, when employed as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), it exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity, which is attributed to its large specific surface area and superior electrocatalytic activity. The dye-sensitized TiO2 photoanodes were sandwiched between CEs using a PEO-based gel electrolyte, and photovoltaic studies were performed under simulated illumination of 100 mW/cm2. The dye sensitized solar cell exhibited the short circuit current density (Jsc) 13.5 mA/cm2 and open circuit voltage (Voc) 0.76 V with power conversion efficiency of 6 %.

A flexible capacity-metric creatinine sensor based on polygon-shape polyvinylpyrrolidone/CuO and Fe2O3 NRDs electrodeposited on three-dimensional TiO2–V2O5–Polypyrrole nanocomposite

The innovations of the present work include these items; (i) Design and preparation of three-dimensional flexible conductive polymeric nanocomposites (3D-FCPNCs) containing polypyrrole (PPy), V2O5 and TiO2 and modification of their surface with polygon-shape polyvinylpyrrolidone/CuO nanorods (PVP/CuO NRDs) and Fe2O3 NRDs using an hierarchical process based on isoelectric point (IEP), (ii) Application of the prepared surfaces as the flexible enzymeless creatinine sensors using four calibration curves (impedimetric, real capacitance (C′), imaginary capacitance (C″) and double layer capacitance (Cdl)) obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The best results have been obtained using PVP/CuO NRDs–Fe2O3 NRDs/TiO2–V2O5–PPy 3D-FCPNC hierarchical electrode with a wide range of the linear concentration range (10 nmol L−1 −1.3 mmol L−1). Although, determination of creatinine through extraction of parameters such as charge transfer resistance (Rct) and Cdl from measuring impedance at a wide range of frequencies provides useful information about the characteristics of the electrolyte/electrode interface, but measuring real and imaginary capacitances at a specific frequency instead of a wide frequency range can decrease the response time to lower than 1 min. Finally, the prepared hierarchical enzymeless sensors have been successfully used to estimate creatinine concentration in blood serum.

Synergistically modified Ti3C2Tx MXene conducting polymer nanocomposites as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors

MXene-conducting polymers have attracted significant research attention as exceptional electrode materials for energy storage applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of titanium carbide MXene via exfoliation, succeeded by one-step oxidative polymerization and surface modification with polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI). Electrochemical characterizations conducted in a symmetric two-electrode assembly reveal that the MXene-PANI electrode supercapacitor demonstrates a specific capacitance of 430 F g−1, surpassing both MXene-PPy (305 F g−1) and pure MXene (105 F g−1) supercapacitors. Furthermore, the MXene-PANI symmetric supercapacitor demonstrates a specific energy of 38 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 808 W kg−1. The MXene-PANI and MXene-PPy electrode materials exhibited a capacitance retention of 84% and 85% respectively, after 10,000 continuous GCD cycles. The study highlights the application of MXene-polymer nanocomposites as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Synergistic Effect of Polypyrrole-Polyaniline Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Arsenite (III) Adsorption from wastewater

For treatment of arsenic contaminated water, adsorption of arsenic and it’s reduction are there important processes. Conducting polymer efficiently show the efficient absorption but in use of it there is agglomeration of particles which make its usage difficult. To reduce this problem magnetic property material are used. In this polypyrrole and polyaniline conducting polymers were used. By oxidative polymerization of Polypyrrole and aniline in presence of Fe3O4 by utilizing FeCl3 nanocomposite was manufactured. In this magnetite prevented the agglomeration of particles of polymers and also helped in separation of nanocomposite from solution. Characterization was done by FTIR, SEM and XRD. This nanocomposite removal 88% arsenide (III) from aqueous solution at adsorbent concentration 0.01g and pH=1. Colorimetric method was used which developed complex with arsenite (III) and showed the removal of arsenite (III) from aqueous solution by complex. Separation of nanocomposite became easy due to magnetic properties of magnetite. This could be isolate from aqueous solution by using of strong magnet. This nanocomposite is the promising composite for removal of arsenite (III) from aqueous solution.

Effect of Platinum Oxide in Enhancing EMI Shielding Effectiveness of Silver Doped Polyaniline-Platinum Oxide Composites

In this study, we used green tea extract to prepare Silver-PANI nanocomposites and incorporated varying percentages of platinum oxide through in-situ chemical polymerization. The synthesized Ag-PANI/PtO2 conducting polymer nanocomposites were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analysis, which showed uniform incorporation of PtO2 in the nanocomposites. EMI shielding effectiveness results demonstrated that the Ag-PANI/PtO2 (10%) composite effectively shields electromagnetic interference. The EMI SE results showed that PtO2 exhibited good absorption in the range of 2-3 GHz, indicating its conducting behaviour. Additionally, the Ag-PANI/PtO2 (6%) and Ag-PANI/PtO2 (10%) composites demonstrated good absorption in this range, likely due to the proper mixing of platinum oxide and silver-decorated polyaniline within the polymer matrix. Therefore, silver polyaniline decorated conducting polymer composites are a promising material for effectively shielding electromagnetic radiation in electronic devices.

Preparation and characterizations of antibacterial and electroactive polymeric composites for wound healing applications

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites have been utilized for wound healing applications. Compared to the conventional polymer composites, conducting polymer nanocomposites comprising a blend of biocompatible polymers with electroconductive and antibacterial nanofillers such as graphene‐based nanomaterials and metal/metal oxides, have attracted great attention in this arena due to enhanced physical, electrical and biological characteristics. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS)/graphene oxide/zinc oxide electroconductive and antibacterial composite hydrogel films were fabricated by solution casting technique, for wound healing applications. The physicochemical and conductivity studies were carried out for all the polymer samples. The successful incorporation of the nanofillers and their even distribution into the PVA‐CS matrix was validated by the scanning electron microscopy‐EDAX, x‐ray diffractometer, Fourier‐transform infrared, and Raman analytical results. An enhancement in the surface roughness of the nanofiller incorporated composite film was elucidated by the topographical images obtained from AFM analysis. The composite with higher concentration of nanofillers exhibited a maximum conductivity of 0.35 10−4 Scm−1 compared to the other fabricated composites. A good antibacterial efficacy, minimal hemolytic activity as well as better thrombogenicity were portrayed by the composite films. Additionally, the nanocomposite films exhibited no cytotoxicity and excellent cell attachment and proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the composite with higher particle concentration, is an ideal candidate for futuristic wound dressing applications with electroconductivity, antimicrobial activity, hemostatic ability, and biocompatibility.Highlights Fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS)/GO‐ZnO hydrogel films by solvent‐casting A maximum conductivity of 0.35 10−4 S/cm obtained for the composite film Exhibited good antibacterial efficacy and minimal hemolytic activity Better thrombogenicity and cytocompatibility portrayed by the composite An ideal candidate for futuristic wound dressing applications

Enhanced the properties of carbon‐paste nanocomposite by carboxylation of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes

AbstractIn the present study, attempts were made to manufacture innovative conducting polymer nanocomposites (CPCs) with high performance, low cost, and appropriate electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. However, one of the main challenges in creating CPCs is the tendency of nanofillers to agglomerate and accumulate, resulting in a decrease in the electrical properties and performance of CPCs. To address this issue, the study developed an efficient and eco‐friendly CPC using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as nanofillers. The study employed a chemical functionalization method to modify CNTs and enhance their compatibility and dispersion properties in the CMC matrix. The prepared CPCs were characterized using various techniques, including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed an improvement in homogeneity and surface cohesion between CMC and O‐CNTs through chemical surface modification of CNTs via carboxylic acid functional groups. The study observed good dispersion of nanofillers without any aggregation of the CMC/GNP/O‐CNT compared with the nontreated CMC/GNP/CNT composite. While a decrease in the degree of crystallinity was observed, conductivity increased for the CPC containing oxidized CNTs. The study found that the highest conductivity of ~112 S/m was obtained for D‐CMC/GNP/O‐CNT with 25 wt% of O‐CNT, while the maximum conductivity of D‐CMC/GNP/CNT was ~80 S/m with 35 wt% of CNTs. Additionally, the study observed an improvement in electrochemical properties after treatment of CNTs in the form of higher cathodic current in cyclic voltammetry and lower charge transfer resistance in impedance spectroscopy of D‐CMC/GNP/O‐CNT35 compared to untreated one.Highlights Preparation of new conductive nanocomposite consisting of CMC, CNTs, and GNPs. Carboxylation of CNTs to improve O‐CNT and CMC intermolecular interaction CMC/GNP/O‐CNT is 40% more conductive than unmodified CNT nanocomposite. Higher thermal stability and mechanical properties were observed by using O‐CNT. O‐CNT caused higher current density and lower electron transfer resistance for CPCs.

Synthesis and characterisation of molybdenum disulphide dispersed poly(1-naphthylamine) nanocomposites for enzyme-free electrochemical sensing of dopamine

Recently, research on conducting polymer nanocomposites containing graphene analogues has generated considerable interest. The electrochemical applications of novel poly (1-naphthylamine)-molybdenum disulfide (PNA-MoS2) nanocomposites synthesised by in-situ oxidative polymerization of NA with varying quantities (0–30% by weight) of ultrasonically dispersed MoS2 layers are investigated in this paper. The structural, electrochemical, optical, and thermal properties of synthesised PNA-MoS2 nanocomposites were found to be varied according to MoS2 content. Investigations using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of nanocomposites, in which PNA chains were partially intercalated between ultrasonically exfoliated MoS2 layers. In terms of conductivity, capacitance, and charge transfer, PNA-MoS2 nanocomposites outperformed bare MoS2 and pure PNA, with 20% MoS2 providing the greatest results. Enhanced electrochemical performance was attributed to the high surface area and distinct redox characteristics resulting from the synergistic interaction between the conjugated backbone of PNA and polar MoS2. Moreover, CV experiments utilising carbon paste electrodes modified with PNA-MoS2 nanocomposites demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency for dopamine (DA) oxidation, with electrochemical processes governed primarily by diffusion. The development of a low-cost voltammetric DA sensor with a broad detection range (15–100 [μM]), high sensitivity (860 [μA mM−1 cm−2], and a low detection limit of 0.26 [μM] is presented.

Electrically Conductive and Highly Stretchable Piezoresistive Polymer Nanocomposites via Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites have been the subject of intense research due to their promising potential as piezoresistive biomedical sensors, leveraging their flexibility and biocompatibility. Although intrinsically conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline have emerged as lucrative candidates, they are extremely limited in their processability by conventional solution-based approaches. In this work, ultrathin nanostructured coatings of doped PPy are realized on polyurethane films of different architectures via oxidative chemical vapor deposition to develop stretchable and flexible resistance-based strain sensors. Holding the substrates perpendicular to the reactant flows facilitates diffusive transport and ensures excellent conformality of the interfacial integrated PPy coatings throughout the 3D porous electrospun fiber mats in a single step. This allows the mechanically robust (stretchability > 400%, with fatigue resistance up to 1000 cycles) nanocomposites to elicit a reversible change of electrical resistance when subjected to consecutive cycles of stretching and releasing. The repeatable performance of the strain sensor is linear due to dimensional changes of the conductive network in the low-strain regime (ε ≤ 50%), while the evolution of nano-cracks leads to an exponential increase, which is observed in the high-strain regime, recording a gauge factor as high as 46 at 202% elongational strain. The stretchable conductive polymer nanocomposites also show biocompatibility toward human dermal fibroblasts, thus providing a promising path for use as piezoresistive strain sensors and finding applications in biomedical applications such as wearable, skin-mountable flexible electronics.

Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding—Radical Developments

Electromagnetic interference disturbs the working of electronic devices and affects the surroundings and human health. Consequently, research has led to the development of radiation-protection materials. Inherently conducting polymers have been found to be suitable for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding owing to their fine electrical conductivity properties. Moreover, nanoparticle-reinforced conjugated polymers have been used to form efficient nanocomposites for EMI shielding. Nanoparticle addition has further enhanced the radiation protection capability of conducting polymers. This state-of-the-art comprehensive review describes the potential of conducting polymer nanocomposites for EMI shielding. Conducting polymers, such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene, have been widely used to form nanocomposites with carbon, metal, and inorganic nanoparticles. The EMI shielding effectiveness of conducting polymers and nanocomposites has been the focus of researchers. Moreover, the microscopic, mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electrical, dielectric, and permittivity properties of nanocomposites have been explored. Electrically conducting materials achieve high EMI shielding by absorbing and/or dissipating the electromagnetic field. The future of these nanomaterials relies on nanomaterial design, facile processing, and overcoming dispersion and processing challenges in this field.

The cocontinuous morphology induced from the graphene nanosheets percolation network structures in the immiscible high density polyethylene/polyamide 6/graphene nanosheets composites

AbstractThe addition of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) into immiscible polymer composites to induce the cocontinuous morphologies shows potential application in reinforced nanocomposites and conductive polymer nanocomposites. In this work, immiscible high density polyethylene (HDPE)/polyamide 6 (PA6)/GNS composites were prepared via melt mixing. The electrical and rheological property of HDPE/PA6 composites filled with various GNS contents according to different viscosity ratios and mixing orders were investigated to reveal the double percolation effect via percolation scaling laws, and compared with those of HDPE/GNS and PA6/GNS composites. The morphology and GNS dispersion state of HDPE/PA6/GNS composites were examined via transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope. Most of the GNS were selectively located in the PA6 phase of HDPE/PA6/GNS composites. The GNS‐related network and mixing order played important roles in the cocontinuous morphology formation and performance of HDPE/PA6/GNS conductive composites. Moreover, the addition of GNS also affected the crystallization kinetics and mechanical property of HDPE/PA6/GNS composites.

Thermal Conductivity and Phase-Change Properties of Boron Nitride-Lead Oxide Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Nanocomposites.

Thermally conductive phase-change materials (PCMs) were produced using the crosslinked Poly (Styrene-block-Ethylene Glycol Di Methyl Methacrylate) (PS-PEG DM) copolymer by employing boron nitride (BN)/lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) methods were used to research the phase transition temperatures, the phase-change enthalpies (melting enthalpy (ΔHm), and crystallization enthalpies (ΔHc)). The thermal conductivities (λ) of the PS-PEG/BN/PbO PCM nanocomposites were investigated. The λ value of PS-PEG/BN/PbO PCM nanocomposite containing BN 13 wt%, PbO 60.90 wt%, and PS-PEG 26.10 wt% was determined to be 18.874 W/(mK). The crystallization fraction (Fc) values of PS-PEG (1000), PS-PEG (1500), and PS-PEG (10,000) copolymers were 0.032, 0.034, and 0.063, respectively. XRD results of the PCM nanocomposites showed that the sharp diffraction peaks at 17.00 and 25.28 °C of the PS-PEG copolymer belonged to the PEG part. Since the PS-PEG/PbO and the PS-PEG/PbO/BN nanocomposites show remarkable thermal conductivity performance, they can be used as conductive polymer nanocomposites for effective heat dissipation in heat exchangers, power electronics, electric motors, generators, communication, and lighting equipment. At the same time, according to our results, PCM nanocomposites can be considered as heat storage materials in energy storage systems.