Sleep Deprivation Condition Research Articles

0281 Sleep Deprivation Impairs Cooperative Behavior Selectively: Evidence from Prisoner’s and Chicken Dilemmas

Abstract Introduction Cooperation, the cornerstone of human interaction, has attracted much attention since it was indispensable in the contemporary world. However, little research has been done on whether sleep deprivation altered human cooperative behavior. In the present work, we investigated cooperation and sleep deprivation directly, aiming to evaluate the influences of acute sleep deprivation on cooperation with two classical social dilemmas, the Prisoner’s dilemma (PD) and the chicken dilemma (CD). Methods All participants (N=24) were required to come for the experiments twice, one time for normal sleep condition, the other time for sleep deprivation condition, with a counter-balanced sequence. In the following afternoon, participants completed the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and two social dilemmas tasks, as well as the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), the Risk Orientation Questionnaire (ROQ) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results Our results demonstrated that sleep deprivation significantly impaired cooperative behaviors in the CD but not in the PD. In addition, this detrimental effect was not related with the alteration in the risk-seeking, objective alertness, subjective sleepiness, and mood. Conclusion The current findings revealed that sleep deprivation impairs human cooperative behaviors selectively. However, the underlying mechanism remains to further explore with neuroimaging studies and focus on the mediating role of general trust and sensitivity of loss. Support This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31500906), Guangdong Natural Science Funding - General Program (2019A1515012182).

Sleep deprivation and adrenalectomy lead to enhanced innate escape response to visual looming stimuli

Optimal selections of innate behaviors that enable animals to adapt to particular conditions, whether environmental or internal, remain poorly understood. We report that mice under acute (8 h) sleep deprivation had an enhanced innate escape response and upregulation of c-fos expression in multiple brain areas that regulate wakefulness. By comparison, adrenalectomized mice under the same sleep deprivation condition displayed an even more exaggerated escape response and these wake-regulating brain areas were even more active. This suggests that acute sleep deprivation enhances innate escape response, possibly by altering wake state without causing significant anxiety. We also report that the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis feedback under sleep deprivation prevents an exaggerated escape response by modulating wake-regulating brain areas. Taken together, our findings suggest that animals prioritize escape response over sleep, as the need of both behaviors simultaneously increase. We also provide an insight into the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between sleep and innate escape response.

The impact of five nights of sleep restriction on emotional reactivity.

An inadequate amount of sleep can negatively affect emotional processing, causing behavioural and neurofunctional changes. However, unlike the condition of total sleep deprivation, which has been extensively studied, the effects of prolonged sleep restriction have received less attention. In this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the effects of five nights of sleep restriction (5hr a night) on emotional reactivity in healthy subjects. Forty-two subjects were selected to participate, over two consecutive weeks, in two experimental conditions in counterbalanced order. The subjects were tested the morning after five nights of regular sleep and after five consecutive nights of sleep restriction. During the test, participants evaluated valence and arousal of 90 images selected from the International Affective Picture System. The subjects perceived pleasant and neutral pictures in a more negative way in the sleep-restriction condition compared to the sleep condition. This effect survived after removing the contribution of mood changes. In contrast, there was no significant difference between conditions for ratings of unpleasant pictures. These results provide the first evidence that an inadequate amount of sleep for five consecutive nights determines an alteration of the evaluation of pleasant and neutral stimuli, imposing a negative emotional bias. Considering the pervasiveness of insufficient sleep in modern society, our results have potential implications for daily life, as well as in clinical settings.

Effects of total sleep deprivation on procedural placekeeping: More than just lapses of attention.

Total sleep deprivation (TSD) impairs attention as well as higher-order cognitive processes. Because attention is a core component of many tasks, it may fully mediate the effect of sleep deprivation on higher-order processes. We examined this possibility using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task as a measure of attention and the UNRAVEL task as a measure of placekeeping, a higher-order process that involves memory operations and supports performance in a wide range of complex tasks. A large sample of participants (N = 138 contributing data) performed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task and UNRAVEL under rested or sleep-deprived conditions. TSD impaired placekeeping generally and memory maintenance processes specifically, above and beyond the effect of participants' attentional state. The results suggest that TSD may impair a range of higher-order cognitive processes directly, not just fundamental processes such as attention, and that interventions that benefit attention may have limited scope. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Sleep Deprivation Impairs Cooperative Behavior Selectively: Evidence from Prisoner's and Chicken Dilemmas.

ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to investigate the influences of acute sleep deprivation on cooperation with two classical social dilemmas, the Prisoner’s dilemma (PD) and the chicken dilemma (CD).MethodsAll participants (N=24) were required to come for the experiments twice; one time for normal sleep condition, the other time for sleep deprivation condition, with a counter-balanced sequence. In the following afternoon, participants completed the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and two social dilemmas tasks, as well as the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), the Risk Orientation Questionnaire (ROQ) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS).ResultsOur results demonstrated that sleep deprivation significantly impaired cooperative behaviors in the CD but not in the PD. In addition, this detrimental effect was not related with the alteration in the risk-seeking, objective alertness, subjective sleepiness, and mood.ConclusionThe current findings revealed that sleep deprivation impairs cooperative behaviors under social dilemmas selectively. However, the underlying mechanism remains to further explore with neuroimaging studies and better ecological approach.

Ocular Indicators as Fatigue Detection Instruments for Indonesian Drivers

Fatigue is a well-known major cause of road accidents. Ocular indicators have been regarded as reliable indicators for measuring fatigue. However, results from previous investigations remain unclear about the performance of ocular parameters to detect fatigue in a real-time driving condition. This study was aimed at evaluating performance of several responsive ocular measures to detect fatigue during a simulated driving task. Thirteen participants drove a medium fidelity driving simulator continuously for 3 hours in high and low traffic density, after normal sleep duration (8 h) and sleep-deprived condition (4 h). Results from the present study showed that sleep deprivation substantially affects blink duration, percentage of eye closure (PERCLOS), microsleep, slow eye movement (SEM), and saccadic parameters. Traffic density, however, only had moderate effect toward ocular parameters. Among all ocular indicators, blink duration, PERCLOS, and saccadic PV demonstrated high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity to detect fatigue. The present study suggests that blink duration has the highest performance to detect low-level fatigue and heavy fatigue, with a cut-off value of 285.17 ms and 512.31 ms, respectively, compared to other ocular indicators. The implications of this study are implementing a fatigue detection device based on blink duration, PERCLOS, and saccadic PV parameters.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Blood Glucose, Food Cravings, and Affect in a Non-Diabetic: An N-of-1 Randomized Pilot Study.

Sleep deprivation is a prevalent and rising health concern, one with known effects on blood glucose (BG) levels, mood, and calorie consumption. However, the mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects calorie consumption (e.g., measured via self-reported types of craved food) are unclear, and may be highly idiographic (i.e., individual-specific). Single-case or “n-of-1” randomized trials (N1RT) are useful in exploring such effects by exposing each subject to both sleep deprivation and baseline conditions, thereby characterizing effects specific to that individual. We had two objectives: (1) To test and generate individual-specific N1RT hypotheses of the effects of sleep deprivation on next-day BG level, mood, and food cravings in two non-diabetic individuals; (2) To refine and guide a future n-of-1 study design for testing and generating such idiographic hypotheses for personalized management of sleep behavior in particular, and for chronic health conditions more broadly. We initially did not find evidence for idiographic effects of sleep deprivation, but better-refined post hoc findings indicate that sleep deprivation may have increased BG fluctuations, cravings, and negative emotions. We also introduce an application of mixed-effects models and pancit plots to assess idiographic effects over time.

Acute moderate-intensity exercise improves 24-h sleep deprivation-induced cognitive decline and cerebral oxygenation: A near-infrared spectroscopy study

We evaluated the effects of moderate-intensity exercise in improving the decline in cognitive performance induced by a 24-h period of acute sleep deprivation (SD). We hypothesized that the positive effect of exercise is mediated by increased oxygenation (measured using near-infrared spectroscopy) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Cognitive performance was measured using the reaction time and interference scores of the Stroop colour and word test, in 12 healthy adults (eight males, 21.1 ± 0.3 years-old), at pre- and post-exercise. Cognitive scores were compared under two conditions: rested wakefulness (RW) and 24-h SD. The exercise consisted of 20-min of ergometer cycling at an intensity of 60 % VO2peak. Oxygenation to the DLPFC increased, at 12 min after exercise onset, compared to the baseline and was maintained until the end of the exercise in both RW and SD conditions (P < 0.01). The change in RT correlated with sleepiness (P < 0.05), with no correlation for the interference score and oxygenation. Taken together, moderate-intensity exercise reverses SD-induced cognitive decline.

Effects of total sleep deprivation on endurance cycling performance and heart rate indices used for monitoring athlete readiness

ABSTRACTThis study investigated effects of total sleep deprivation on self-paced endurance performance, and heart rate (HR) indices of athletes' “readiness to perform”. Endurance athletes (n = 13) completed a crossover experiment comprising a normal sleep (NS) and sleep deprivation (SD) condition. Each required completion of an endurance time-trial (TT) on consecutive days (D1, D2) separated by normal sleep or total sleep deprivation. Finishing time, perceived exertion (RPE), mood, psychomotor vigilance (PVT), and HR responses were assessed. Time on D2 of SD was 10% slower than D2 of NS (64 ± 7 vs 59 ± 4 min, P < 0.01), and 11% slower than D1 of SD (58 ± 5 min, P < 0.01). Subjective to objective (RPE:mean HR) intensity ratio was higher on D2 of SD compared with D2 of NS and D1 of SD (P < 0.01). Mood disturbance and PVT mean response time increased on D2 of SD compared with D2 of NS and D1 of SD. Anaerobic threshold and change in TT time were correlated (R = −0.73, P < 0.01). Sleep helps to optimise endurance performance. Subjective to objective intensity ratios appear sensitive to effects of sleep on athletes’ readiness. Research examining more subtle sleep manipulation is required.

C-30 The Relationships Between Phonemic and Semantic Fluency and Sleep Duration in Older Adults

Abstract Objective Sleep deprivation through experimental sleep restriction negatively impacts performance on fluency measures, with stronger effects for phonemic fluency than semantic fluency. However, the relationship between naturalistic short sleep and fluency performance has not yet been examined in older adults. We compared older adults who reported long and short average sleep duration on semantic and phonemic fluency tasks. Method 83 community-dwelling adults (M = 68.18 years old, SD = 9.08; 71.1% female) participated in a larger study examining sleep quality and cognition. As part of the large battery of sleep, health, and neuropsychological measures, current analyses focused on phonemic fluency (letters C,F,L) and the Semantic Fluency subtest of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Sleep duration was based on self-report of the average number of hours they sleep per night. Covariates included age and self-reported levels of arousal at the time of testing. Short ( &lt; 7 hours of sleep) and long (≥ 7 hours of sleep) sleepers did not differ in gender, p = .069, but did in age, p = .007, with short sleepers being older than long sleepers. Short sleepers also reported higher arousal at time of testing, p = .017. Results After controlling for age and current arousal, short sleepers had lower phonemic fluency scores than did long sleepers, p = .012. However, there was no difference between short and long sleepers on semantic fluency after accounting for the same covariates, p = .849. Conclusion These results replicate and extend previous findings of sleep deprivation impacting phonemic fluency and not semantic fluency, but for older adults in more naturalistic conditions of sleep deprivation.

Vigilance declines following sleep deprivation are associated with two previously identified dynamic connectivity states

Robustly linking dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) states to behaviour is important for establishing the utility of the method as a functional measurement. We previously used a sliding window approach to identify two dynamic connectivity states (DCS) related to vigilance. A new sample of 32 healthy participants underwent two sets of task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, once in a well-rested state and once after a single night of total sleep deprivation. Using a temporal difference method, DFC and clustering analysis on the task-free fMRI data revealed five centroids that were highly correlated with those found in previous work. In particular, two of these states were associated with high and low arousal respectively. Individual differences in vulnerability to sleep deprivation were measured by assessing state-related changes in Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) performance. Changes in the duration spent in each of the arousal states from the well-rested to the sleep-deprived condition correlated with declines in PVT performance. The reproducibility of DFC measures and their association with vigilance highlight their utility in serving as a neuroimaging method with behavioural relevance. (178 words).

Impact Of Anxiety-state On Moderate Continuous And 3-km Time-trial Exercise After 36h Of Sleep Deprivation

Carina Faggiani Dias, Marcos Mônico-Neto, Sergio Tufik, Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP. Several evidences suggest that aerobic exercise performance decrease after sleep deprivation (SD) and psychobiology aspects could explain these effects, however, the role of anxiety on this way is poorer explored. PURPOSE: Investigate the role of anxiety-state on moderate continuous and 3-km time-trial exercise in subjects sleep deprived. METHODS: Eleven healthy male subjects (32.72±6.73yrs; 70.93±7.79kg; 1.74±0.05m; 23.37±2.74 kg/m2), were submitted to 30 min of moderate continuous exercise followed a 3-km Time-Trial test in treadmill in two conditions separated by 15 days: Normal Sleep (7-8 hours of sleep) and SD (36 consecutive hours). The subjects answered an anxiety state questionnaire (Idate Trait-State) before (B), immediately after aerobic moderate continuous exercise (AM), immediately after 3-Km time-trial (AT-T) and 30 minutes recovery (R). The time to finish the time-trial was used as performance index, and the time to partial distances was accompanied to observed strategy performance. The time-course and groups differences were compared by ANOVA repeated measures with post-hoc Duncan test, with significance P≤0.05. The protocol was approved by Unifesp Ethics Committed (#2.00.369). RESULTS: The mean score of anxiety were higher in SD condition in B (34.9 vs 38.18; P=0.03), AM (31.8 vs 38.6; P=0.006) and R (30.90 vs 37.23; P=0.01) time-courses. No differences were found in the total and partial time to complete the 3-km test. The initial velocity of the time-trial test was higher in the normal sleep condition (15.45 vs 13.95; p=0.005). CONCLUSION: We observe that although the SD is not able to affect the total time to complete the 3-Km test, the score of anxiety in different time-courses (before, during and after exercise) was higher in the SD condition. In addition, the strategy used were different, demonstrated by the lower initial velocity chosen by the volunteers sleep deprived. These findings suggest that the level of anxiety associated with SD can alter strategies by underestimating the performance. Financial Support: AFIP, CAPES (#1719687), CNPq (400129/2016-7).

Acute sleep deprivation and the selective consolidation of emotional memories.

Research suggests that sleep preferentially consolidates the negative aspects of memories at the expense of the neutral aspects. However, the mechanisms by which sleep facilitates this emotional memory trade-off remain unknown. Although active processes associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation have been proposed to underlie this effect, this trade-off may also be modulated by non-sleep-related processes, such as the circadian factors, stress-related factors, and/or mood congruent context effects involved in sleep deprivation. We sought to examine the potential role of these factors by randomizing 39 young adults into either a total sleep deprivation condition (26 consecutive hours awake) or a sleep condition (8 h sleep opportunity). Replicating the emotional memory trade-off effect, negative objects were better remembered than neutral objects or background images. However, in spite of generally worse memory performance (for neutral and background information), sleep-deprived participants showed similar recognition rates for negative emotional memories relative to participants who were given a full night of sleep.

Decreased prefrontal connectivity parallels cognitive fatigue-related performance decline after sleep deprivation. An optical imaging study

Fatigue induced by sustained cognitive demands often entails decreased behavioural performance and the unavailability of brain resources, either due to reduced levels or impaired access. In the present study, we investigated the neural dynamics underlying preserved behavioural performance after inducing cognitive fatigue (CF) in a sleep deprivation (SD) condition in which resources are naturally compromised. Using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we recorded cortical brain activity during task-related CF induction in the evening, in the middle of the night and early in the morning. Although cortical oxygenation similarly increased over the 3 sessions, decreased intra-hemispheric connectivity between left anterior frontal and frontal areas paralleled a sudden drop in task performance in the early morning. Our data indicate that decreased sustained attention after the induction of cognitive fatigue in a situation of high sleep pressure results from impaired connectivity between left prefrontal cortical areas rather than from a mere modulation in brain resources.

Investigation of the impact of total sleep deprivation at home on the number of intrusive memories to an analogue trauma

Sleep enhances the consolidation of memory; however, this property of sleep may be detrimental in situations where memories of an event can lead to psychopathology, such as following a traumatic event. Intrusive memories of trauma are emotional memories that spring to mind involuntarily and are a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder. Total sleep deprivation in a hospital setting on the first night after an analogue trauma (a trauma film) led to fewer intrusive memories compared to sleep as usual in one study. The current study aimed to test an extension of these findings: sleep deprivation under more naturalistic conditions—at home. Polysomnographic recordings show inconsistent sleep deprivation was achieved at home. Fewer intrusive memories were reported on day 1 after the trauma film in the sleep-deprived condition. On day 2 the opposite was found: more intrusive memories in the sleep-deprived condition. However, no significant differences were found with the removal of two participants with extreme values and no difference was found in the total number of intrusive memories reported in the week following the trauma film. Voluntary memory of the trauma film was found to be slightly impaired in the sleep deprivation condition. In conclusion, compared to our eariler findings using total sleep deprivation in a hospital setting, in the current study the use of inconsistent sleep deprivation at home does not replicate the pattern of results on reducing the number of intrusive memories. Considering the conditions under which sleep deprivation (naturalistic versus hospital) was achieved requires further examination.

Computational modeling and analysis of the impacts of sleep deprivation on glucose stimulated insulin secretion

Circadian clock is an exquisite internal biological clock functioning in all living organisms. Lifestyle changes such as shift work or frequent travelling might result in malfunctioning of the central and consequently the peripheral clocks leading to different metabolic disorders. Disruptions in β cell clock have been found to be a potential reason behind β cell failure that makes a person prone towards developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In this study, a Petri net model for β cell circadian clock has been developed, followed by analysis of the negative impacts of sleep deprivation conditions on the process of glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) through misalignment of circadian clock. The analysis of structural properties of the Petri net model reveals robustness of the circadian system. The simulation results predict that sleep loss negatively affects the expression of circadian genes which eventually leads to impaired GSIS and β cell failure. These results suggest that sleep/wake cycle is a vital contributor for the entrainment of the circadian clock and normal functioning of β cell.

The positive effects of tDCS on sustained attention performance under sleep deprivation conditions are consistent and repeatable

Cognitive performance decrements resulting from sleep deprivation are well-documented and sources of human error for many occupations such as transportation, medicine, and the military. Sustained attention or vigilance is one of those cognitive skills that rapidly declines as fatigue increases. One potentially promising fatigue countermeasure is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a form of non-invasive brain stimulation. Previous studies show positive benefits of tDCS for fatigue, the question of how repeatable and reliable such findings are has been somewhat unclear. Utilizing data from two of our own laboratory studies that used the Mackworth Clock Test vigilance task, we examined the across-study repeatability and the reliability of using tDCS as a fatigue countermeasure. Both studies had the same experimental design of 3 groups, each group with an n-size of 10-12 participants. Group 1 received 30 minutes of anodal left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation (lDLPFC) at 1800 hours, Group 2 received 30 minutes of anodal lDLPFC at 0400 hours, and Group 3 received sham stimulation at 1800 and 0400 hours. The reference electrode was placed on the contralateral upper bicep. The ANOVAs show no statistical difference in performance between the same groups for the two studies. Correlations indicate that the comparisons between these two studies for the same groups are high (1800 stim r=0.91, 0400 stim r=0.94, sham r=0.94). These results, across two studies with similar structure but different participants, provides compelling evidence that the positive effects of tDCS on attentional decrements due to sleep deprivation stress are indeed reliable and repeatable. We have found in both studies that when compared to sham, tDCS can provide up to 6 hours of attentional performance enhancement after a single 30-minute session of tDCS regardless of when the stimulation is administered. Therefore, tDCS can be a powerful fatigue countermeasure for combating performance-related attentional deficits.

Melatonin modifies SOX2+ cell proliferation in dentate gyrus and modulates SIRT1 and MECP2 in long-term sleep deprivation.

Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that, after a short-term sleep deprivation, promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. However, this effect has not been observed in long-term sleep deprivation. The precise mechanism exerted by melatonin on the modulation of neural stem cells is not entirely elucidated, but evidence indicates that epigenetic regulators may be involved in this process. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin treatment during a 96-hour sleep deprivation and analyzed the expression of epigenetic modulators predicted by computational text mining and keyword clusterization. Our results showed that the administration of melatonin under sleep-deprived conditions increased the MECP2 expression and reduced the SIRT1 expression in the dentate gyrus. We observed that let-7b, mir-132, and mir-124 were highly expressed in the dentate gyrus after melatonin administration, but they were not modified by sleep deprivation. In addition, we found more Sox2+/5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells in the subgranular zone of the sleep-deprived group treated with melatonin than in the untreated group. These findings may support the notion that melatonin modifies the expression of epigenetic mediators that, in turn, regulate the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus under long-term sleep-deprived conditions. All procedures performed in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico (approval No. CI-16610) on January 2, 2016.

Mood impairment is stronger in young than in older adults after sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation commonly impairs affective regulation and causes worse mood. However, the majority of previous research concerns young adults. Because susceptibility to sleep deprivation and emotion regulation change distinctively across adult age, we tested here the hypothesis that the effect of sleep deprivation on mood is stronger in young than in older adults. In an experimental design, young (18–30 years) and older adults (60–72 years) participated in either a sleep control (young, n = 63; older, n = 47) or a total sleep deprivation condition (young, n = 61; older, n = 47). Sleepiness, mood and common symptoms of sleep deprivation were measured using established questionnaires and ratings. Sleep‐deprived participants felt more sleepy, stressed and cold, and reported lower vigour and positive affect, regardless of age. All the other outcome measures (negative affect, depression, confusion, tension, anger, fatigue, total mood disturbance, hunger, cognitive attenuation, irritability) showed a weaker response to sleep deprivation in the older group, as indicated by age*sleep deprivation interactions (ps < 0.05). The results show that older adults are emotionally less affected by sleep deprivation than young adults. This tolerance was mainly related to an attenuated increase in negative mood. This could possibly be related to the well‐known positivity effect, which suggests that older adults prioritize regulating their emotions to optimize well‐being. The results also highlight that caution is warranted when generalizing results from sleep deprivation studies across the adult lifespan.

Automatic driver sleepiness detection using EEG, EOG and contextual information

The many vehicle crashes that are caused by driver sleepiness each year advocates the development of automated driver sleepiness detection (ADSD) systems. This study proposes an automatic sleepiness classification scheme designed using data from 30 drivers who repeatedly drove in a high-fidelity driving simulator, both in alert and in sleep deprived conditions. Driver sleepiness classification was performed using four separate classifiers: k-nearest neighbours, support vector machines, case-based reasoning, and random forest, where physiological signals and contextual information were used as sleepiness indicators. The subjective Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) was used as target value. An extensive evaluation on multiclass and binary classifications was carried out using 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out validation. With 10-fold cross-validation, the support vector machine showed better performance than the other classifiers (79% accuracy for multiclass and 93% accuracy for binary classification). The effect of individual differences was also investigated, showing a 10% increase in accuracy when data from the individual being evaluated was included in the training dataset. Overall, the support vector machine was found to be the most stable classifier. The effect of adding contextual information to the physiological features improved the classification accuracy by 4% in multiclass classification and by and 5% in binary classification.