International Trade Conditions Research Articles

ANALISIS DAYA SAING KOPI INDONESIA DI PASAR INTERNASIONAL

Coffee is a strategic plantation commodity for the Indonesian economy. The strategic value of coffee lies in the large contribution that coffee makes to state revenues, especially in the form of foreign exchange. This research is a type of quantitative research using secondary data. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative advantages of coffee commodities, coffee export performance and international coffee trade conditions. The results of the study show that: 1) Indonesia has a comparative advantage over coffee. This is shown by the average RCA value in the 2017–2021 period which is above 1 (one) of 1.86. 2) Indonesia can seize the export market for coffee commodities or Indonesia's position will get stronger in the export market in 2017 and 2019. 3) In the 2017-2021 period, Indonesia has strong competitiveness or Indonesia tends to be an exporting country of coffee commodities because the average -the average positive ISP score is 0.879 and Indonesia is in the export stage.

The Effect of Money Supply on the Gross Domestic Product in Iraq for the Period2010-2020

The aim of the research is to study the relationship between money supply and GDP in Iraq. The research concluded that the relationship between money supply and GDP is complex and multi-faceted. An increase in the money supply may stimulate economic activity and boost GDP growth, but it can also lead to inflation and currency depreciation. Conversely, a decrease in money supply may reduce inflation but may also lead to a decrease in economic activity and GDP growth. Other factors, such as government policies, international trade, and market conditions, also play an important role in determining the relationship between money supply and GDP

КОНКУРЕНТНЕ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ МІЖНАРОДНОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The article examines the peculiarities of the competitive environment of international business. It was determined that the important tools of the modern mechanism of the open economy are the means of economic competition. It was analyzed that the frequency and depth of changes in the strategies of enterprises in international business depend on market success or failure, and the duration of competitive confrontation depends on the extent to which the strategy is suitable for specific market conditions. The competitiveness of enterprises makes it possible to obtain specific indicators for comparing the position of the enterprise. Each company follows its own competitive strategy to gain a better position and benefit from a competitive advantage. It has been determined that the competitive strategies that rival firms can devise and the ways they can determine to implement these strategies are different. The general direction of improving the competitive environment of international business is to improve conditions for international trade and investment, create more favourable rules and ensure a level playing field for all participants of the global market. the competitive environment of international business is a complex of factors, conditions and entities that influence the activities of enterprises in international markets and competition between them. Improving the competitive environment of international business is an important goal for the development of the global economy. The competitiveness of international enterprises is manifested in the achievement of competitive advantages in international competition. The objective necessity, which in practice is a consequence of the economic competition of commodity producers, is the constant acceleration of the processes of renewal of production and products. Carrying out a competitive struggle, the company seeks to find and implement a way to profitably compete in its industry. There are no single and universal competitive strategies for a significant number of competing companies and their competitive advantages. Only strategies that match the conditions of a competitive industry, the skills and capital possessed by a particular enterprise can bring success.

Financial liberalization and house prices: Evidence from China

I investigate whether financial liberalization can affect house prices. I exploit the 2008 US financial crisis as an exogenous shock that negatively affected foreign banks’ operations in China. Using cross-sectional variation in foreign banks’ establishment and asset value, I document that cities with a higher level of financial openness have more volatile house price movements. I also show that the drops in house price growth rates in 2008 were larger for cities with higher withdrawal or exit rates of overseas banks. I exclude alternative explanations for the negative treatment effect, such as shocks to international trade and local economic conditions in 2008. The evidence suggests a credit supply channel. Further analyses show that the negative effect of financial liberalization on the house price growth rate is more pronounced for more geographically constrained cities.

Стратегические направления развития торгово-экономических отношений России в глобальные цепочках добавленной стоимости

The article analyzes the current trends in the formation of global value chains, identifies the main directions and factors for the creation and functioning of global value chains in the context of turbulent conditions of international trade in goods and services. The strategic directions of Russia's trade and economic relations in the context of the CDR are identified, taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions restrictions.

Perceived Price and Quality of Food of European Union Countries of Origin by Slovaks: The Influence of Ethnocentric Tendencies

Perceived price and perceived quality are two generic factors influencing purchasing decisions. Their importance is also connected with the effect of the country of origin. The main aim of the article is to examine the perception of price and quality in the context of individual countries of origin of the European Union and influence of the consumer ethnocentrism on this perception. From the point of view of methodology, we use general philosophical-scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction etc.) and, to a large extent, also methods of descriptive and inductive statistics. Specifically, we use correlation analysis to examine the direction and intensity of relationships, cluster analysis to examine the similarities of individual countries of the European Union in terms of perceived price and quality, as well as a one-way ANOVA test to verify hypotheses. Scale tools for measuring perceived quality, perceived price, and the degree of consumer ethnocentrism achieve a high degree of estimation of validity and reliability (estimated using McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha). The results indicate differences in the perception of price and quality of individual countries of origin of food. It can be assumed that the level of consumer ethnocentrism is below average in the conditions of Slovakia, and it has an impact on food evaluation only in the home country. The results can be used both for marketing and in the conditions of international trade, tourism, and in many other fields of theory and praxis. Implications for Central European audience: Knowledge of the perception of price and quality of individual countries is important for international trade and marketing. Knowledge of the perception of these two factors helps to create strategies for both domestic and foreign companies operating in Slovakia. In this article, we examine the perception of all countries in the European Union, which allows for comparison. Foods from certain countries perceived better quality and cheaper will be more in demand. Demonstrating the effectiveness of consumer ethnocentrism has an impact on the development of strategies by domestic companies and the government to create support for the purchase of domestic production.

Таможенные услуги: сущность, порядок предоставления и проблемы качества

the introduction and use of new customs technologies, the improvement of customs procedures, the practical development of consulting and informing participants in foreign economic activity, the expansion of the equipment of customs infrastructure - all this contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for foreign economic activity, an increase in the quality of customs services provided to interested parties, economic growth and business development. Due to the constantly increasing volume of foreign trade activity of the Russian Federation, the tightening of the rules and conditions of international trade, there is an increasing need for the development of modern customs services, since the institution of customs services undoubtedly affects the process of integration of the country into the world economic community, the improvement of trade and the economy of Russia as a whole.

KAZAKHSTAN IN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNIT. RESULTS OF THE FIRST FIVE YEARS

The article discusses topical issues of economic integration of Kazakhstan within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Individual indicators of the socio-economic development of the republic on the eve of joining the EAEU and in the subsequent period of Kazakhstan's presence in the integration association are analyzed, tables and diagrams are compiled, reflecting the dynamics of the development of the national economy. The main problems in the structure of the economy of Kazakhstan are highlighted and some mechanisms for their solution are proposed. It is concluded that the integration potential of Kazakhstan is not fully utilized, certain industries have not been developed in the context of international trade, and the development of cooperative ties with the EAEU countries requires the use of additional measures in the investment and industrial policy of Kazakhstan. At the same time, in the changing conditions of international trade, Kazakhstan has the opportunity to strengthen its position, and integration opportunities can become a driver of economic growth in the coming years despite criticism from skeptics.

Central and Eastern Europe Countries in the New International Trade Environment at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Global Value Chains and COVID-19

Purpose: The paper aims to compare CEECs economies in the context of the 2000s in international trade concerning global value chains and assess their ability to respond to rapid global economic changes. Methodology: For this purpose, I propose a two-stage study. The first focuses on analyzing selected indexes describing countries' shares and positions in global value chains (GVC). The second stage is related to the analysis of the latest economic data and CEECs reaction to the changes in international trade in 2020 in GVC. The study uses data from the OECD and WTO Trade in Value Added Database and Eurostat Database. Findings: The dynamics of changes taking place in the global economy in 2020 were significant and profound. The effects of the pandemic were noticeable in all countries of the world. The economic slowdown was global, but individual economies were susceptible to the changes to a different degree. The ability to adapt to rapidly changing conditions has allowed CEECs economies to adjust without delay. Practical Implications: Strong trade ties under new international trade conditions within global value chains positively impact CEECs trade, which recorded moderate international trade growth in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. Originality/Value: The article examines the latest trends in CEECs using indexes describing the share and position of countries in GVC.

Проблемы участия России в глобальных цепочках стоимости

The article explores the key issues tied to Russia’s participating in global value chains under constraints in national economic development and business. Specificities of Russian economy and Russian sectoral specialization, which includes export-oriented production and increased demand in Russian energy resources, natural resources, oil extraction industry and other extraction and manufacturing industry products among overseas producers and consumers in the world market, play a significant role as crucial reasons for Russia’s deeper engagement in the process of creating added value. Russia possesses a certain set of potential in taking advantageous positions in the global chains and is capable to deliver a set of benefits that create opportunities for improvement in the country’s current participation in international production. In reality, the Russian manufacturers aren’t sufficiently advantageous in global value chains and their engagement in the sphere of international cooperation within global value chains isn’t effective due to regulatory restrictions and the fact that Russian economy lags behind developed economies. There have been defined the features of Russian economy and business, the weak points, key differences from other countries that participate in the global value chains and key indicators of Russia’s engagement in global value chains. Within the defined major issues that prevent Russia from engaging in global value chains effectively, the state plans to eliminate issues and measures to implement these plans and strategies for improvement in the positions and ways of integration of the country were examined. In conclusion there were formulated the possible ways of improving the position of Russia in the global value chains, based on the reviewed problems and constraints in national entrepreneurship, state support system and conditions of international trade

Economic diplomacy instruments in the field of foreign economic activity of Russia

Russia has a developed system of various institutions aimed to provide economic interests abroad. Intergovernmental Commissions on Trade, Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation covering bilateral level of cooperation. They provide a regular platform for dialogue with 104 countries. The actual issues concerning investment and trade cooperation are discussed in this bilateral level. International economic organizations providing the opportunity to work on multilateral level. There are organizations where our country is a member state (for example United Nations, World Trade Organization, etc.) and organizations where Russia acts as observer or as a participant of individual negotiation tracks and working groups (for example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development — OECD). Activities within the framework of the World Trade Organization have a priority character for Russian economic diplomacy. The WTO is the largest international organization that sets itself the task of creating proper conditions for international trade. It is also a unique mechanism for the settlement of various trade and economic disputes. WTO is aimed to flow trade smoothly and provide countries with a constructive and fair outlet for dealing with disputes over trade issue. This article considers two institutions named above from the point of view of Russian economic diplomacy and its foreign economic activity.

КОРОНАВІРУСНА КРИЗА ЯК ЧИННИК ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН

The article examines the impact of coronavirus infection on the dynamics of international relations. Demographic implications. As a result of these factors, the total population is decreasing. The purchasing power is also decreasing. In addition, many countries use different approaches to determining the number of deaths from COVID, so this information needs to be clarified. Social implications. As a result of quarantine, society is atomized. However, there is an active development of digital technologies, most types of business are moving to the network. On the other hand, quarantine restrictions can lead to an increase in the number of unrest and an increase in the protest movement. Internal economic implications. Due to the pandemic, incomes of the population have decreased, and some citizens have lost their jobs. This negatively affected the retail, aviation and restaurant business. The pandemic has had this impact on the service sector in most countries. including in Ukraine and the USA. The main problems of the development of international economic relations are determined. Among the main consequences of the coronavirus crisis are demographic, social, domestic and foreign economic consequences. The largest external economic impacts include reduced tourism, increased uncertainty and increased protectionism. The decline in tourism is affecting the tourism industry, carriers, hospitality and catering. Increased uncertainty aggravates the enterprise management system, reduces the efficiency and predictability of the business. The tightening of protectionism leads to a deterioration in the conditions of international trade, leads to the emergence of a large number of obstacles in its path. Measures are proposed to activate international economic relations. It is proposed to increase confidence in trade and global markets. A strong, common, transparent information base is critical to inform effective national policies and international cooperation to support the onward movement of trade. An important priority is to ensure the openness and functioning of key supply chains of basic goods to overcome the crisis, including medical goods, food. It is proposed to carry out activities to enhance Internet commerce.

Systematizing the Dialogue between Translation Studies and Business Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Translation studies has collaborated with various disciplines in context and methodology since its emergence. The research in and methodology of translation studies offer solutions to distinctive issues in various disciplines. However, it is still a key concern whether other disciplines have sufficiently benefited from, utilized, or acknowledged what translation studies has cultivated so far. Each discipline has its specific reasons to interact with translation studies; however, the rationale of business studies is more and more reinforced by the unfolding conditions of globalization, international trade, and e-commerce, which as a whole demolish the borders erected among nations, cultures, and languages. For over two decades, a number of business scholars have highlighted the requirement to practice on theoretical and applied knowledge provided by translation studies to efficiently function in a globalized world with distinctive languages and cultures. Rising number and functions of multinational enterprises require rapid identification and resolution of translation-based problems. As a result, numerous studies to date have revealed the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to efficiently combine the academic disciplines and enable thinking across boundaries. This paper aims to analyze the dialogue between translation studies and business studies while presenting a detailed review of the current literature and opening the issue for further discussion.

SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS’ EXPORT SUPPORT IN TERMS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY CHANGED BY CORONAVIRUS

Modern conditions of the world economy are characterized by a significant restriction of world economic relations, which is caused by the coronavirus pandemic and the resulting decline in economic activity in national economies, which coincided with international sanctions practices and falling oil prices. This created new conditions for international trade and required export-oriented companies to adapt quickly. This ability is most inherent in small and medium-sized businesses, which can become the engine of the national economy, including through the implementation of export potential. The purpose of the analysis: taking into account the global economic trends caused by the coronavirus pandemic, to make recommendations on the development of export support measures for Russian small and medium-sized enterprises. Methodological support was provided by an analysis of the world economic situation and its forecasts, taking into account the opinions of domestic and foreign researchers, as well as an analysis of existing export support measures. The analysis showed that the pandemic factor contributed to the strengthening of geo-economic instability and fragmentation of the economic space. A decrease in economic activity leads to a reduction in exports and imports of countries, which changes the international maps of supply and demand. Under these conditions, state support for exports-informational, legal, consulting, marketing, analytical, and organizational – is valuable for small and medium-sized enterprises, taking into account the possibilities of digitalization, new foreign trade and legal realities, including sanctions practices, technical standards, and restrictions caused by the pandemic, based on industry specifics, and changing international supply and demand maps. Appropriate recommendations are proposed

Development of beekeeping in Ukraine; successes achieved, the need for marketing cooperation in the industry, the strategy of the honey business

Introduction. Beekeeping is one of the traditional and most ancient branches of Ukrainian agriculture, which is engaged in breeding bees and obtaining from them honey and other beekeeping products. From ancient times for Ukrainian peasants, honey was one of the main goods in the trade of that time and a separate source of profit.In modern conditions, beekeeping performs a very important intersectoral multifaceted function, as the obtained bee honey and beekeeping auxiliary products (royal jelly, wax, propolis, bee venom, pollen) are widely used in more than 40 industries, as well as in medicine, sculpture, painting.Today, Ukrainian beekeeping is a sphere of economic activity that not only provides employment but also forms a market for the industry, gives the opportunity to develop in this type of agribusiness, both domestic and foreign markets. Its foundation is not only the fact that Ukraine accounts for about 6% of world honey production, but also the fact that consumer demand for Ukrainian honey on the world market is growing dynamically, and as a result, our country is in the TOP-3 largest world exporters of bee honey.The aim of the study is a systematic analysis of the dynamics of production and sale of honey as the main product of beekeeping in Ukraine, identification of the main economic and environmental factors shaping the demand for bee honey, substantiation of strategic guidelines for further development of beekeeping for decent competition in domestic and global honey markets.Results. It is established that the main market for Ukrainian honey is the EU countries, among which the largest consumers are Germany and Poland. In second place after the EU, the US became the buyer of domestic beekeepers.It is indicated that in order to expand export quotas for the supply of honey to EU countries, its entry into new segments of the world market, an important factor is the streamlining of the honey business.It is emphasized that due to the instability and existing challenges of the foreign honey market, the strategy of domestic beekeeping should be focused not on increasing the number of bee colonies and gross honey production, but on a more stable domestic market and modern honey processing technologies.It is argued that in order to create better conditions for the sale of beekeeping products by small and medium-sized agricultural producers, which as a result of pooling resources in cooperatives, will be able to use the latest technologies, form their marketing channels and thus strengthen their position in the agricultural food market.Prospects. The study of the honey business system, improving the quality of bee honey are necessary areas of further research in beekeeping in Ukraine, because these important components deserve special attention in further adaptation of the beekeeping industry to international standards and trade conditions..

A contemporary look at Qatari arbitration of civil and commercial materials from a future perspective: نظرة معاصرة في التحكيم القَطَري للمواد المدنية والتجارية وفق رؤية مستقبلية

The judiciary is the main means of resolving disputes, but with the development of national and international trade and investment conditions, there is an urgent need to find alternative ways to resolve disputes and keep pace with these developments in world trade. Although arbitration as an alternative means of dispute resolution is older than the judiciary, the old concept of arbitration was closer to reconciliation than conciliation. However, the development of arbitration with the development of international trade and the global investment movement, so that most of the laws of countries around the world have devoted a section to the regulation of arbitration and others to the enactment of laws. This development was illustrated by arbitration procedures and the formation of the arbitral tribunal, which was similar to judicial procedures and formations, and then international conventions and treaties strengthening arbitration provisions and ensuring their implementation. It is no longer an exaggeration that international arbitration is no longer an alternative means of resolving international commercial disputes. On the contrary, it has become the main means of resolving these disputes and, unfortunately, has many disadvantages in the judicial system. It is the prolongation of the conflict and the problems and difficulties of implementation.

Поняття ринку аграрної продукції України в системі міжнародної торгівлі

Поняття ринку аграрної продукції України в системі міжнародної торгівлі

International Competitiveness of the Turkish Olive Oil Sector

Turkey, with its olive oil production and export potential, is one of the leading countries in the world. For this reason, it is a direct contribution to the economy of the country which helps Turkey maintains the sustainable competition superiority in changing international trade conditions in the olive oil sector. The objective of this study was to analyze the international competitiveness of the Turkish olive oil sector with different indicators. Balassa and Vollrath Indexes were used for measuring the international competition level of Turkey in the olive oil sector. In addition to these indexes, other indicators such as the export/import ratio, import penetration ratio, openness to international competition, net export ratio and specialization coefficient were also used in the study. The aforementioned indicators were also used for making comparisons with important producer countries. One of the main results of the analyses was that Turkey has important advantages in the global olive oil trade. Turkey’s openness to international competitiveness was 0.10% which is a figure lower than those of all the other countries. This is a finding which proves that the olive oil industry in Turkey has almost zero dependency to other countries. However it does not have sufficient international competitive advantage when compared with other leading countries in olive oil production and exportation.

CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION FOR FORMING AND DEVELOPING COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL OF AGRARIAN TERRITORIES

The article discusses methodological approaches to defining strategic landmarks for developing national economic systems. The authors investigate principles of forming and trends of developing competitive potential in agrarian territories. Possibilities for forming and developing competitive potential in agrarian territories were analyzed, prospects of developing agricultural production were identified. The article put forwards target guidelines for making economic decisions, which will guarantee satisfaction of people’s needs in food in accordance with forecasts of the population dynamics, support of policy of import-substitution and export expansion, growth of key parameters of efficient development in agrarian territories. It substantiates the rational correlation between target guidelines for forming and developing of competitive potential of agrarian territories on the one hand and food self-sufficiency of the population, on the other hand in conditions of international trade on foods and within the frames of the WTO.

Conditions of Iranian international trade in terms of lifting the sanctions: A case study of Polish-Iranian trade perspectives

Conditions of Iranian international trade in terms of lifting the sanctions: A case study of Polish-Iranian trade perspectives