Water Quality Conditions Research Articles

Variable effects of a fire-retardant gradient on seasonal wetland communities.

Wildfires have become larger and more severe in recent decades. Fire retardant is one of the most common wildfire response tools to protect against loss of life and property. Previous studies have documented various effects of fire retardant, which commonly contains chemicals used in fertilizers, on plant and invertebrate community composition. This mesocosm study investigated the effects of fire retardant on water quality and plant and invertebrate communities in California vernal pools. This study found that fire retardant caused water quality conditions to shift from oligotrophic to eutrophic with strong correlations between fire retardant and phosphates, nitrates, conductivity, and chlorophyll-a. Algal cover increased with added fire-retardant concentration. Shifts in invertebrate and plant communities occurred even at relatively low fire-retardant concentrations. Abundance of passive dispersers (crustaceans) peaked at medium concentrations of fire retardant, but time also influenced the relationship between fire retardant and passive invertebrate abundance. Active disperser (insects) abundance increased with increasing fire-retardant concentration and invertebrate richness peaked at medium concentrations. This study informs land managers, government agencies, and the public of the side-effects of fire-retardant use on populations, communities, and water quality of freshwater ecosystems.

Dietary rosemary oil with/without zymogen forte improves water quality, growth hormones, immune-physiological response, stress resilience, and health status of Chelon ramada grown in groundwater

With freshwater resources becoming scarce worldwide, mariculture is a promising avenue to sustain aquaculture development, especially by incorporating brackish and saline groundwater (GW) use into fish farming. A 75-day rearing trial was conducted to evaluate fish growth, immune response, overall health, and water quality of Chelon ramada cultured in brackish GW and fed on a basal diet (BD) augmented with rosemary oil (RO) or RO + zymogen forte™ (ZF) as an anti-flatulent. Five treatments were administrated in triplicate: T1: fish-fed BD without additives (control group); T2: fish-fed BD + 0.5 g RO /kg diet; T3: fish-fed BD + 0.5 g RO and 1 g ZF /kg diet; T4: fish-fed BD + 1 g RO /kg diet; T5: fish-fed BD + 1 g RO and 1 g ZF /kg diet. Three hundred fish (8.51 ± 0.01 g/fish) were housed in 15 fiberglass tanks (1500-L tank). The results revealed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in growth performance, survival, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Additionally, there were decreases in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the levels of nitrogen by-products (NH4, NH3, and NO2) and pathogenic bacterial counts in the rearing water when fish were fed diets supplemented with RO and RO + ZF. Furthermore, significant reductions in the levels of plasma stress indicators (cortisol, creatinine, and glucose) were detected. In addition, there were significant enhancements observed in the levels of innate immune markers, such as white blood cells, total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin. The complement system, specifically complement 3 and complement 4, also showed considerable improvements. Furthermore, there were increases in plasma heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90, as well as enhanced antioxidant activity. These gains were associated with healthier liver and intestines. The investigation demonstrated that adding 0.5–1 g RO / kg diet or RO + ZF to a C. ramada diet has many benefits, including reducing the levels of nitrogen by-product chemicals and pathogenic bacterial load in GW used in growth tanks. Furthermore, significant improvements were observed in the rates of growth and associated hormones, efficiency of feed utilization, blood indicators, immune function, condition of internal organs (namely the intestine and liver), and overall health of the fish.

Evaluation of water quality status and pollution source apportionment of Kulfo River adjacent to Arba Minch town

Evaluation of water quality status and pollution source apportionment of Kulfo River adjacent to Arba Minch town

Water quality and eutrophication status of the Zarivar Wetland (Iran)

Wetlands are critically impacted by a variety of pollutants, primarily due to their position at the terminus of both surface and subsurface water flows. This study aims to assess the eutrophication status of Zarivar Wetland, situated in Kurdistan Province, Iran. To evaluate the eutrophication levels, the research employed the Iranian Water Quality Index for Surface Water Resources-Conventional Parameters (IRWQISC) and the Carlson’s Trophic State Index (TSI) during two sampling periods in July and September 2021. The findings indicate that in July, the wetland exhibited an upper-mesotrophic condition, with an average Carlson index value of 52.2, while in September, it transitioned to both upper-mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions, reflected by an average Carlson index value of 60.17. The zoned map of the eutrophication index identified domestic sewage from Marivan city as a significant contributor to elevated eutrophication levels in the southeastern region. Additionally, runoff from irrigated agricultural lands, orchards, and domestic wastewater from surrounding villages contributed to heightened eutrophication in the northeastern and eastern areas of the wetland. A comparative analysis of water quality between July and September 2021 revealed IRWQISC values ranging from 3.57 to 9.72 in July and from 2.63 to 4.72 in September, categorizing them as relatively good and good, respectively. To safeguard Zarivar Wetland, it is recommended to implement measures that prevent livestock waste discharge into the wetland, manage urban and rural sewage systems, control agricultural runoff, and optimize fertilizer application practices.

Salinity-dependent effects of integrated biofloc technology on reproductive performance, biological responses, and offspring quality in red tilapia aquaculture

The study aims to evaluate the reproductive performance, serum biochemical indices, growth, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of Florida Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) progeny reared at different salinity levels within biofloc technology (BFT) systems, focusing on egg production, fertilization rates, tolerance to oxidative stress, and offspring performance. Broodstock reared in biofloc systems (BF) were compared to those in clear water (Without biofloc, WBF) across three salinity levels (18, 28, and 36‰) over a 7-month period. The study also assessed the tolerance of fry reared in biofloc systems to direct transfer to high salinity (36‰) without prior acclimatization. A total of 216 females (initial body weight: 182 ± 1.8 g) and 72 males (initial body weight: 201 ± 0.88 g) were randomly assigned to 18 concrete tanks (2 × 6 × 1 m) to investigate the effects of BFT on spawning performance and larval survival under high-salinity conditions. The findings indicated that appropriate salinity (18‰) in BFT systems positively affected reproductive efficiency, enhanced immunological parameters, and improved growth performance, but elevated salinity levels (36‰) led to reduced reproductive success and hindered growth performance. Florida red tilapia thrive in water quality conditions that are within acceptable limits. High salinity environments led to increased dissolved oxygen but reduced pH, especially in BFT ponds. BFT improved reproductive performance, reduced spawning time, and increased egg production. It also improved hatchability, larval quality, and yolk sac absorption. The BFT broodstock showed higher levels of key proteins (total protein, albumin, and globulin) and improved immune parameters, which helped counteract the negative effects of elevated salinity and enhanced their overall health and stress tolerance. In high-salinity environments, offspring in BFT systems showed higher survival rates and growth rates. In conclusion, BFT improves the reproductive performance, growth, and immune response of Florida red tilapia under high salinity. It enhances egg production, hatchability, and larval survival, while also improving water quality and immune function, making it a sustainable solution for tilapia aquaculture in saline environments.

Geospatial Assessment of Trophic Status From a Dam Under Significant Agricultural Drainage at the Mid-Anatolia, Türkiye

The population of Anatolia is continuously growing and developing and it is under the deep influence of global warming. It is increasingly evident that more fresh water will be needed for drinking, irrigation and domestic use. This study aims to assess the water quality and trophic status of a dam (Bayramhacılı dam lake) under excessive agricultural irrigation threat using spatial and multivariate statistical analysis. In the study, the periodic changes in the eutrophic state of the dam lake were determined using global index categories, Carlson Trophic Status Index (CTSI = 66.7), Burns Trophic Level Index (BTLI = 6.4), and Shu Trophic State Index (STSI = 65.6). The two periodical averages of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), biological oxygen demand (BOD), (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll a (Chl_a) concentrations, which serve as an indicator of anthropogenic nutrient input, were determined to be 0.23, 31.28, 1.83, 8.99 and 48.1 µg/L, respectively. Trophic index distribution maps demonstrate that the dam’s surface water displays considerable alterations, particularly during the dry season. This evidence supports the implementation of a local management model that addresses the issue of eutrophication. It is therefore imperative that on-site measures are taken without delay.

Overview of Water Quality in Maintening Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in Floating Net Cages in Lihung Village, Karang Intan, Banjar District, South Kalimantan

Water quality is the quality characteristics required for certain uses of various water sources. The research aims to analyze water quality conditions, water physics (temperature, water color, depth, brightness, and current), water chemistry (pH, BOD, DO, ammonia, and phosphate), and water biology (plankton) in river flows in the village Lihung, diamond coral. This research was conducted in the river waters of Lihung Village, Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Determination of sampling points was carried out using purposive sampling. Physical and chemical parameters in the Lihung Village River that support the development of aquaculture are, temperature, pH, water color, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, while parameters that do not support the development of aquaculture are, brightness, depth, current, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia. Physical and chemical parameters still support the survival of fish, although they are still supportive, there are several parameters whose values exceed the water quality standards that have been set. Judging from the pollution index value, the Lihung River is a lightly polluted body of water. So overall the Lihung River is still good for developing fisheries cultivation. The biological parameters of plankton in the Lihung River are 3 genus variants, namely, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Copepada, with the dominant plankton in the waters being the genus Bacillariophyceae, which is a class of plankton that is good for aquaculture in rivers, with a brownish green river color. Cluster 1 contains stations II and III which are similar in all water quality parameters (temperature, water color, depth, brightness, water flow, pH, DO, ammonia, BOD, phosphate and plankton). From the results of these observations, good water quality results were obtained at both stations. This cluster 2 contains station I which has significant differences in water quality from stations II and III, station I has BOD, ammonia, brightness, depth, and currents that do not support fish cultivation.

Evaluation of Water Quality in a Highly Impacted Urban Stream Using Water Quality Index (Ankara Stream, Türkiye)

Population growth along with other factors such as industrial, agricultural, and urban development, threaten freshwater resources in urban areas. Protecting urban water quality for ecological balance, water security, and energy production is crucial. The water quality index (WQI) provides an effective tool for assessing and managing water quality, and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) is one of the extensively used method. In this study, the pollution status of the Ankara Stream which flows through the densely populated Ankara was examined using physico-chemical parameters collected from five stations (S1-S5), and the water quality status was estimated via CCME-WQI. The results revealed varying water quality across different points on the stream. S2, located in a protected area, exhibited the best quality; in contrast, S4 and S5, located downstream of a wastewater treatment plant, exhibited the poorest quality. The consistency of these findings with the literature and the historical records of Ankara Stream emphasize that the CCME-WQI can be used for the management of water resources with high levels of pollution. This study contributes to sustainable water management practices and highlights the need for advanced treatment techniques to control pollution in urban freshwater resources.

Spatiotemporal Analysis and Risk Prediction of Water Quality Using Copula Bayesian Networks: A Case in Qilu Lake, China

Lake water pollution under anthropogenic influences exhibits characteristics of high uncertainty, rapid evolution, and complex control challenges, presenting substantial threats to ecological systems and human health. Quantitative risk prediction provides crucial support for water quality deterioration prevention and management. This study employed the Copula Bayesian Network model to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of water quality in Qilu Lake, China (2010–2020), incorporating inter-indicator correlations and multiple uncertainty sources. Analysis revealed generally “worse” water quality conditions (5.10 ± 1.35) according to established index classifications, with predicted probabilities of reaching “deteriorated” status ranging from 11.80% to 47.90%. Significant spatial and temporal variations in water quality and pollution risk were observed, primarily attributed to intensive agricultural non-point source loading and water resource deficiency. The study established early warning thresholds through key indicator concentration predictions, particularly for the southern region where “deteriorated” risk levels corresponded to specific ranges: TN (3.42–8.43 mg/L), TP (0.07–1.29 mg/L), and CODCr (27.75–67.19 mg/L). This methodology effectively characterizes lake water quality evolution while enabling risk prediction through key indicator monitoring. The findings provide substantial support for water pollution control strategies, risk management protocols, and regulatory decision-making for lake ecosystem administrators.

Comparative Water Quality Assessment of Cascade Urban Lakes: Dori, Walini, and Dora in Bogor Regency, Indonesia

Urban lakes are critical in flood mitigation, providing fresh water, and offering green spaces in urban environments. However, many urban lakes face increasing ecological pressures from various human activities. This study assesses the water quality and morphometric conditions of three urban lakes—Dori, Walini, and Dora in the Cibinong Botanical Garden Complex in Bogor Regency, located in a high-rise residential area. The study aims to evaluate the current water quality, identify contributing factors to water quality degradation, and compare conditions across the three lakes. Data was collected between January and April 2023, utilizing a Geographic Information System (GIS) for morphometric analysis and water quality measurements. Water quality was assessed in accordance with the standards set by Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. Results indicate that Lake Dori, Walini, and Dora have surface areas of 3,406.96 m², 7,668.37 m², and 13,599 m², respectively. Based on water quality classifications, both Lake Walini and Lake Dori meet Class III standards (suitable for water use), while Lake Dora, though also in Class III, exhibits milder pollution indicators. These findings provide important insights for managing urban lakes and can guide future environmental policies.

Assessment of ecological status of Damsa Dam (Nevşehir, Türkiye) using trophic classification indexes, geospatial and statistical techniques

In this study, the water quality and trophic status of Damsa reservoir were evaluated using spatial and multivariate statistical analysis. When the thematic spatial distribution maps created for each parameter were analysed, it was determined that the water quality of Damsa Dam was class I water (very good) in terms of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen and class III water (moderate) in terms of total N concentration. In the study, the changes on eutrophic status were analysed by global index categorisations and it was determined that Carlson trophic status index was CTSI=66.6, Burns trophic level index was BTLI=6.2 and Shu trophic status index was STSI=64.7. The results showed that Damsa Reservoir can reach the limits of ‘eutrophic’ according to CTSI classification scale, ‘eutrophic’ according to STSI classification scale and ‘hypereutrophic’ according to TLI classification scale. For this reason, the water quality of Damsa reservoir should be monitored continuously in certain periods and necessary interventions should be made in case of pollution.

Comparison of water surface temperature retrieval methods from Landsat 9 satellite data

Abstract. Water surface temperature (WST) is a crucial parameter in aquatic systems, influencing both water quality and hydrodynamic conditions of these systems. Landsat 9, the latest satellite in the Landsat program, offers a unique opportunity for retrieving Earth's surface temperature data. Despite numerous efforts to develop methods for retrieving surface temperature from remote sensing data, there have been relatively few studies comparing the performance of these methods. The main objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various methods for estimating WST in a reservoir on Argentina using thermal images from the new Landsat 9 satellite. WST retrievals were obtained from Landsat Collection 2 (C2), Level 2 products, as well as from the Single-Channel (SC) method and a Split-Window (SW) algorithm applied to Landsat C2, Level 1 images. The comparative analysis showed that, although all three methods performed similarly, the Split-Window method proved to be the most effective for estimating WST in the Río Tercero reservoir (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 0.77 °C). Finally, this method was used to produce detailed WST distribution maps for the studied reservoir.

A Comparative Study on the Growth and Mortality of Rohu fish, Labeo rohita of the Halda River (Wild) and Induced Hatchery (Artificial) Sources

The growth and mortality rates of Labeo rohitaom the Halda River strain and the hatchery strain were studied under identical water quality and environmental conditions to identify the better performer. 250 Rohu fish fries from the Halda River and the hatchery were reared for this experiment. The rearing trial was performed for 14 weeks in 12 m3 net cages, each with three replica sets in an earthen pond. Fishes were sampled weekly for measuring body weight and length. The final mean weight was significantly higher in the Halda strain (57.46 ± 22.91 g) compared to the hatchery strain (24.20 ± 7.61 g) (p &lt; 0.05), with weight gain in the Halda strain more than twice that of the hatchery strain. In most sampling stages, the growth rate of Labeo rohita was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the Halda strain. The final mean length was also greater in the Halda strain (13.07 ± 1.63 cm) compared to the hatchery strain (10 ± 1.08 cm). Mortality rates were lower in the Halda strain (15.60%) than that of the hatchery strain (31.20%) over the 14 weeks. These findings suggest that the Halda strain significantly outperforms the hatchery strain in growth and survival under controlled conditions. Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci. Vol. 12 (1 &amp; 2): 83-90, 2024

Effects of Marigold Extract and Carophyll Red on Growth, Body Color Development, Antioxidant Properties, and Innate Immunity in the Ornamental Fish Golden Severum (Heros efasciatus).

The body color state is an important determinant of the value of golden severum (Heros efasciatus)-a popular ornamental fish. The use of dietary supplements to improve the color development and health of this species is unexplored. Herein, the effects of marigold extract (MG) and carophyll red (CR) are examined on the growth, body color development, antioxidant properties, and innate immunity in golden severum. Fish were maintained under controlled water quality conditions (pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen) and fed six experimental diets containing either 0% MG and CR, 1% MG, 2% MG, 5% MG, 0.5% CR, or 2% CR for five weeks. Both MG and CR significantly decreased lipid peroxide levels in hepatic tissues. In contrast, only MG enhanced the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase). Although MG and CR decreased the respiratory burst activity of splenic leukocytes, other innate immune parameters remained unchanged. Additionally, MG and CR stimulated body color development patterns in golden severum that reflect their unique coloring principles. The ROS-scavenging abilities of MG and CR appear to be related to their antioxidant activity. Hence, MG and CR at the optimal levels of 1.0% and 0.5%, respectively, can improve the body color of golden severum and protect against oxidative stress.

Assessment of Chicken Fecal Contamination Using Microbial Source Tracking (MST) and Environmental DNA (eDNA) Profiling in Silway River, Philippines.

The Silway River has historically failed to meet safe fecal coliform levels due to improper waste disposal. The river mouth is located in General Santos City, the tuna capital of the Philippines and a leading producer of hogs, cattle, and poultry. The buildup of contaminants due to direct discharge of waste from chicken farms and existing water quality conditions has led to higher fecal matter in the Silway River. While there were technical reports in the early 2000s about poultry farming, this is the first study where fecal coliform from poultry farming was detected in the Silway River using highly sensitive protocols like qPCR. This study characterized the effect of flow velocity and physicochemical water quality parameters on chicken fecal contamination. Gene markers such as Ckmito and ND5-CD were used to detect and quantify poultry manure contamination through microbial source tracking (MST) and environmental DNA (eDNA) profiling. The results of this study showed the presence of chicken fecal bacteria in all stations along the Silway River. The results revealed that normal levels of water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, and high TSS concentrations create favorable conditions for chicken fecal coliforms to thrive. Multiple regression analysis showed that flow velocity and DO significantly affect chicken fecal contamination. A lower cycle threshold (Ct) value indicated higher concentration of the marker ND5-CD, which means higher fecal contamination. It was found that there was an inverse relationship between the Ct value and both velocity (R2 = 0.55, p = 0.01) and DO (R2 = 0.98, p = 0.2), suggesting that low flow velocity and low DO can lead to higher fecal contamination. Findings of fecal contamination could negatively impact water resources, the health of nearby residents, and surrounding farms and industries, as well as the health and growth of fish.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS PLANKTON DI DANAU BATUR, KECAMATAN KINTAMANI, PROVINSI BALI

Plankton is the most important component of aquatic life and plays an important role in the food chain. Plankton is divided into two, namely animal plankton called zooplankton and plant plankton called phytoplankton. This research aims to determine the plankton community structure and water quality parameters in Lake Batur, Kintamani District, Bali Province. The research was conducted in January-March 2024 at Lake Batur. The research method used was a quantitative descriptive method. The sampling technique used was the purposive sampling method. The identification results show that there are 4 classes of phytoplankton, namely Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The phytoplankton abundance value is in the range of 1.943-6.568 ind/L, the average diversity index value is 1.030, the average uniformity index value is 0.391, the average dominance index value is 0.461 so it is included in oligotrific and mesotrific waters. The results of zooplankton observations found 4 classes containing 5 genera, namely Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Maxillopoda and Lobosea. The average value of zooplankton abundance ranges from 35-145 ind/L, the average value of the zooplankton diversity index is 1.388, the average value of the zooplankton uniformity index is 0.863, the average value of the zooplankton dominance index is 0.289, so it is included in the mesotrophic waters category. The results of observations of chemical and physical parameters obtained an average value of temperature of 27-28oC, brightness of 4-5 m, pH of 8.5, DO of 6.53-6.73 mg/L, nitrate of 0.41- 0.938 mg/L, and phosphate, namely 0.705-0.111 mg/L. The water quality conditions in Lake Batur show that the waters are still suitable for plankton growth. Keywords: Lake Batur; Water quality; Plankton Community Structure

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR TELUK PEGAMETAN BALI BERDASARKAN METODE INDEKS PENCEMARAN

The assessment of water quality holds immense significance, especially in areas with high levels of activity such as fisheries cultivation zones. The introduction of waste from Floating Net Cage vessels and ponds could lead to a decline in water quality within Pegametan Bay. The health and survival of the varied species inhabiting the bay heavily rely on maintaining optimal water quality. This research aims to assess the existing water quality and create pollution indices by analyzing both physical and chemical parameters within Pegametan Bay.Employing a quantitative methodology, water samples were obtained from 6 distinct stations and assessed against the seawater quality standards specified in Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. Subsequently, pollution index methodologies were applied to analyze these findings.The analyzed water quality indicators are temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate, ammonia, and salinity. Measurements were carried out directly on the water surface (temperature, pH, DO, turbidity, and salinity) as well as in samples taken to the Kerthi Bali Sadhajiwa Provincial Health Laboratory (TSS, BOD, nitrate, and ammonia). Measurement results indicate that temperature varied from 29.9 to 31.5°C; pH varied from 8.4 to 8.5; DO varied from 5 to 6.5 mg/L; turbidity varied from 0.35 to 0.70 NTU; TSS varied from 1 to 3 mg/L; BOD ranged from 0.60 to 1.01 mg/L; nitrate ranged from 0.394 to 0.4 mg/L; ammonia ranged from 0.001 to 0.038 mg/L; and salinity ranged from 30 to 33 ppt. Most of the measurements show good water quality, meeting the standards necessary to support marine life. According to the Minister of Environment Decree No. 115, year 2003, on Determination of Water Quality Status, pollution index values at all research stations were found in the range between 2.62 and 2.91. Based on the average score, all research stations were categorized as lightly polluted, with station 5 having the highest pollution index (2.91) and station 4 having the lowest (2.62). Keywords: Fishing Activities; Pegametan Bay; Pollution Index; Water Quality

Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of the Kaptai Lake at Rangamati, Bangladesh - An Approach of Remote Sensing, Field Investigation and Laboratory Analysis

Monitoring water quality and quantity is essential for sustainable water resource management. This study investigates changes in the extent and water quality of Kaptai Lake using remote sensing, field measurements, and laboratory analysis. Analysis of Landsat TM/OLI images from 1989, 2000, 2010, and 2021 shows that the lake's water extent ranges from 380 km² (in 2010) to 435 km² (in 2021), with an average of 407.5 km². The extent of water decreased by approximately 3% from 1989 to 2010 and increased by about 5% from 2010 to 2021 due to changing rainfall patterns, dam operations, sedimentation, and land use changes. Seasonal variations in chlorophyll-a concentration and turbidity, analyzed using Sentinel 2B images from 2022 and 2023, indicate mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions and higher turbidity in post-monsoon. The study found that nutrient enrichment from untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and algal growth affect chlorophyll-a levels, while development activities, excessive rainfall, and sedimentation influence turbidity. Linear regression analyses show strong positive correlation between field obtained and image derived values both for chlorophyll-a (R2 0.621) and turbidity (R2 0.698). Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC and temperature have been measured in the field and hydrochemical parameters including, cations and anions have been measured by laboratory analysis to assess the contemporary water quality status. The average values for pH, EC and temperature are 7.55, 119.85 µS/cm and 22.17 °C respectively. The cationic dominance in the studied segment of the Lake is in the order of Ca2+ &gt; Na2+ &gt; Mg2+&gt;K+ &gt; Fe2+ &gt;Mn2+. On the other hand, the anions are in the order of HCO3- &gt; SO42- &gt; Cl- &gt; NO3-. All the physico-chemical parameters of the lake water fall within the Bangladesh Drinking Water Limit (BDWL) and are not linked to chlorophyll-a and turbidity variations. The findings of this study can help mitigate the deterioration of Kaptai Lake by addressing water quality and extent issues, promoting effective and sustainable lake management strategies. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 13(1), 2024, P 121-139

Comparative analysis of water quality index based on seasonal differences in the upstream Citarum watershed

ABSTRACT The Upstream Citarum Watershed is the largest watershed in West Java Province that supports the activities and livelihoods of its surrounding communities. Thus, continuous monitoring of the Citarum River's water quality is essential, with the water quality index (WQI) as an effective tool for assessing its status. Various methods can be used, such as the National Sanitation Foundation WQI (NSF-WQI), the Prati index, and the Dinius index. This study aims to compare these three methods based on secondary data in the form of water quality data from the Regional Environmental Management Agency of West Java Province (2013–2022) collected at four monitoring points, namely, Wangisagara, Koyod, the area after the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at Cisirung, and Nanjung. Additionally, primary data from sampling conducted at the same monitoring points were analyzed. The data obtained were categorized based on wet–dry months, wet–dry years, monitoring points, and monitoring years. Based on this study, the water quality status of the Upper Citarum River Basin was obtained in the form of 'Good' and 'Moderate' by the NSF-WQI method; 'Excellent', 'Acceptable', 'Slightly Polluted', and 'Polluted' by the Prati index method; and 'Excellent', 'Good', 'Moderate', 'Bad', and 'Very Bad' by the Dinius index method.

Determination of pollution load and river water quality status using the pollution index method (case study: Way Sekampung Watershed, Lampung Province, Indonesia)

Abstract Way Sekampung watershed is a significant watershed from the Seputih Sekampung River in Lampung Province. Along the Way Sekampung watershed, there are several WTP intakes. However, the watershed is surrounded by rice field irrigation flows, domestic waste disposal, and tributary estuaries that can potentially reduce water quality values. This study aimed to identify water quality and calculate the water pollution load and the value of water quality status in the Way Sekampung watershed. The parameters tested include temperature, pH, TSS, BOD, DO, ammonia, and total coliform. In this study, the method used to identify water quality is the Pollution Index (IP) method, and for pollution loads, the APL and MPL methods are used. The research area is divided into four segments consisting of 4 water quality sampling points and 1 point source pollution load point. The results obtained parameters that do not meet the quality standards at all points are BOD, COD, and Total Coliform parameters. In calculating pollution load, three parameters are excessive: the Total Coliform parameter 36,295,776 kg/day, COD 738,555.84 kg/day, and BOD 216,691.2 kg/day. The water quality status of the Way Sekampung watershed, with an average total index value of 5.069, is categorized as moderately polluted.