Border Conditions Research Articles

Determination of Matric Suction and Saturation Degree for Unsaturated Soils, Comparative Study - Numerical Method versus Analytical Method

Matric suction is a soil parameter which influences the behaviour of unsaturated soils in both terms of shear strength and permeability. It is a necessary aspect to know the variation of matric suction in unsaturated soil zone for solving geotechnical issues like unsaturated soil slopes stability or bearing capacity for unsaturated foundation ground. Mathematical expression of the dependency between soil moisture content and it’s matric suction (soil water characteristic curve) has a powerful character of nonlinearity. This paper presents two methods to determine the variation of matric suction along the depth included between groundwater level and soil level. First method is an analytical approach to emphasize one direction steady state unsaturated infiltration phenomenon that occurs between the groundwater level and the soil level. There were simulated three different situations in terms of border conditions: precipitations (inflow conditions on ground surface), evaporation (outflow conditions on ground surface), and perfect equilibrium (no flow on ground surface). Numerical method is finite element method used for steady state, two-dimensional, unsaturated infiltration calculus. Regarding boundary conditions there were simulated identical situations as in analytical approach. For both methods, was adopted the equation proposed by van Genuchten-Mualen (1980) for mathematical expression of soil water characteristic curve. Also for the unsaturated soil permeability prediction model was adopted the equation proposed by van Genuchten-Mualen. The fitting parameters of these models were adopted according to RETC 6.02 software in function of soil type. The analyses were performed in both methods for three major soil types: clay, silt and sand. For each soil type were concluded analyses for three situations in terms of border conditions applied on soil surface: inflow, outflow, and no flow. The obtained results are presented in order to highlight the differences/similarities between the methods and the advantages / disadvantages of each one.

Magnetic Spin-Wave Properties of Ferromagnetic Nanosystems of Various Shapes. Peculiarities of the Border Conditions Accounting in the Process of the Wavenumber Values Spectrum Finding

Background. The paper continues the investigation of linear dipole-exchange spin waves in ferromagnetic nanosystems started by the author in previous papers. The known papers investigating dipole-exchange spin waves obtain their spectral characteristics only for a narrow range of special cases. In the presented paper, an approach that allows expanding substantially this range of cases is described and applied. Objective. The aim of the paper is to develop a method – based on the use of boundary conditions – for obtaining the spectral characteristics of dipole-exchange spin waves in a number of nanosystems’ configurations as well as an application of this method to specific configurations. Methods. A method for obtaining a values’ spectrum of the wavenumbers for dipole-exchange spin waves in ferromagnetic nanosystems of a series of typical configurations is proposed. The method does not require specific assumptions, e.g. the absence of transverse spin excitations or the presence of a high-conductivity metal outside the ferromagnet. The method uses imposition of boundary conditions for the magnetic field and the magnetization on the boundary of the ferromagnetic medium for a linear spin wave in the magnetostatic approximation. This method allows obtaining the above-mentioned spectral characteristics for a wider range of cases compared to the known previous papers. Results. The results of the paper are conditions for the magnetic potential – that imply from the above-mentioned boundary conditions – of a linear spin wave on the boundary of a ferromagnetic nanosystem as well as the spectrum of the wavenumbers’ values of such wave for the investigated nanosystems (in the implicit form). In particular, for a ferromagnetic nanosystem of an arbitrary cross section with a one-dimensional translational symmetry, the conditions specifying this spectrum are found. Such conditions are specified – and an implicit expression for this spectrum is obtained – for the case when such nanosystem is a nanotube with a circular cross section. The analysis of the obtai­ned results is carried out. Conclusions. The obtained expressions for the spectrum of the values of the investigated spin waves’ wavenumbers can be used for a wider range of cases than the ones obtained in the previous papers dedicated to the investigated configurations of nanosystems. For a nanotube of the circular cross-section with small (compared to the inverse characteristic size of the nanotube cross-section) values of the longitudinal wave number, the dependence of the latter on the transverse wave number is weak, as well as for the big longitudinal to transverse wavenumber component ratio. The obtained dependence is also represented graphically.

‘Sovereignty Entrepreneurs’ and the Production of State Power in Two Central African Borderlands

ABSTRACTThis article advances a subaltern geopolitics of sovereignty production at the borders of the DR Congo – the supposedly most fragile – and South Sudan – the youngest state in Africa. Moving beyond critiques of representing postcolonial statehood and sovereignty in terms of ‘lack’ and ‘failure’, we localise and ground analysis by drawing on Butler’s figure of the ‘petty sovereign’‘ to analyse the agency of border officials at the DR Congo/Rwanda and the South Sudan/Uganda border who we refer to as ‘sovereignty entrepreneurs’: officials who, tasked with managing and controlling the border, in constant face-to-face negotiations and closely linked to resource competition prescribe, set and decide on the terms and conditions of border crossing. It is argued that in the context of the DR Congo and South Sudan, where the states’ claims to territorial sovereignty face similar internal and external challenges, the border work of sovereignty entrepreneurs, characterised by the ability to tax, threaten and discipline with impunity, represents a form of sovereign power that renders the state’s capacity to act excessively visible at its borders.

The C1 and C2 quasi-Plateau problems

In this paper, we study the C k quasi-Plateau problem: to find the parametric surface of minimal area defined on a rectangular parametric domain among all the surfaces which are C k continuous on the border ( k = 1 , 2 ). An approach is proposed based on the Coons surface and the MRA (Multi-Resolution Analysis) formed by the B-spline of orders 3 and 4. The Coons surface is constructed firstly to satisfy the prescribed border conditions. Then replacing the area functional with the Dirichlet functional and using MRA, the problem reduces into solving a system of linear equations. The linear equations have simple and sparse structure. Finally, the method is concluded into six algorithms according to the different boundary conditions. Examples are provided to illustrate that the proposed method is effective and flexible.

Global solution to 3D problem of a compressible viscous micropolar fluid with spherical symmetry and a free boundary

We consider a nonstationary 3D flow of a compressible viscous heat-conducting micropolar fluid, which is in the thermodynamical sense perfect and polytropic, in the domain bounded with two concentric spheres in R3. In this paper we establish the existence of a global solution to the free boundary problem defined with the homogeneous boundary conditions for velocity, microrotation, heat flux on the fixed border and homogeneous boundary conditions for strain, microrotation, and heat flux on the free boundary. We suppose that the initial data are spherically symmetric, with positive initial density and temperature, having the zero density on the free boundary. Because of the spherical symmetry, the starting three-dimensional problem is transformed to the one-dimensional problem in Lagrangian coordinates in the domain that is a segment. The solution to our problem is obtained as a limit of the sequence of approximate solutions derived from suitable semi-discrete finite difference approximate systems. By using the derived bounded estimates of the approximate solutions and the results of the weak and strong compactness, we establish the convergence to the generalized solution of our problem globally in time.

Vibration Propagation In Subsoil: In-Situ Testing And Numerical Analyses

Abstract This paper presents results obtained with the use of accelerometers during in-situ testing and its comparing with results from numerical simulations. Horizontal accelerations of propagating impulses caused by driving the prefabricated piles were recorded. Range of the quakes as well as amplitudes of longitudinal and transverse horizontal accelerations of propagating vibrations on the terrain surface were determined. The recorded results were used to calibrate the numerical model of the finite element method. The most important factor influencing the propagation of impacts is the phenomenon of damping of the propagating wave in the soil. The mechanism of damping proposed by Rayleigh was used in the analysis, which, when selecting the appropriate parameters of the model, is able to realistically simulate the observed phenomena. The soil, in which the propagation of impulses occurred, was described with the use of linear-elastic model. Modulus of deformation correspond to the values of small deformations, which occur during the wave propagation in the subsoil. The impulse giving vibrations was caused by the falling hammer on the driven pile. The axial symmetry of the border condition was used in the analyses. The results of numerical simulations were compared with the results of field measurements of accelerations at different distances from the source of vibration. A good consistency of acceleration amplitudes in the direction of vibration propagation was achieved and it depended on the distance from location of the driven pile. The obtained results will be used in the future to assess the extent of the impacts on the environment and values of acceleration on elements located in the vicinity of the structure.

Parabolic Partial Differential Equations with Border Conditions of Dirichlet as Inverse Moments Problem

We considerer parabolic partial differential equations: under the conditions , on a region . We will see that an approximate solution can be found using the techniques of generalized inverse moments problem and also bounds for the error of estimated solution. First we transform the parabolic partial differential equation to the integral equation . Using the inverse moments problem techniques we obtain an approximate solution of . Then we find a numerical approximation of when solving the integral equation , because solving the previous integral equation is equivalent to solving the equation .

An Urban Cellular Automata Model for Simulating Dynamic States on a Local Scale

In complex systems, flexibility and adaptability to changes are crucial to the systems’ dynamic stability and evolution. Such resilience requires that the system is able to respond to disturbances by self-organizing, which implies a certain level of entropy within the system. Dynamic states (static, cyclical/periodic, complex, and chaotic) reflect this generative capacity, and correlate with the level of entropy. For planning complex cities, we need to develop methods to guide such autonomous progress in an optimal manner. A classical apparatus, cellular automaton (CA), provides such a tool. Applications of CA help us to study temporal dynamics in self-organizing urban systems. By exploring the dynamic states of the model’s dynamics resulting from different border conditions it is possible to discover favorable set(s) of rules conductive to the self-organizing dynamics and enable the system’s recovery at the time of crises. Level of entropy is a relevant measurement for evaluation of these dynamic states. The 2-D urban cellular automaton model studied here is based on the microeconomic principle that similar urban activities are attracted to each other, especially in certain self-organizing areas, and that the local dynamics of these enclaves affect the dynamics of the urban region by channeling flows of information, goods and people. The results of the modeling experiment indicate that the border conditions have a major impact on the model’s dynamics generating various dynamic states of the system. Most importantly, it seemed that the model could simulate a favorable, complex dynamic state with medium entropy level which may refer to the continuous self-organization of the system. The model provides a tool for exploring and understanding the effects of boundary conditions in the planning process as various scenarios are tested: resulting dynamics of the system can be explored with such “planning rules” prior to decisions, helping to identify planning guidelines that will support the future evolution of these areas.

Complex railway systems: capacity and utilisation of interconnected networks

Worldwide the transport sector faces several issues related to the rising of traffic demand such as congestion, energy consumption, noise, pollution, safety, etc. Trying to stem the problem, the European Commission is encouraging a modal shift towards railway, considered as one of the key factors for the development of a more sustainable European transport system. The coveted increase in railway share of transport demand for the next decades and the attempt to open up the rail market (for freight, international and recently also local services) strengthen the attention to capacity usage of the system. This contribution proposes a synthetic methodology for the capacity and utilisation analysis of complex interconnected rail networks; the procedure has a dual scope since it allows both a theoretically robust examination of suburban rail systems and a solid approach to be applied, with few additional and consistent assumptions, for feasibility or strategic analysis of wide networks (by efficiently exploiting the use of Big Data and/or available Open Databases). In particular the approach proposes a schematization of typical elements of a rail network (stations and line segments) to be applied in case of lack of more detailed data; in the authors’ opinion the strength points of the presented procedure stem from the flexibility of the applied synthetic methods and from the joint analysis of nodes and lines. The article, after building a quasi-automatic model to carry out several analyses by changing the border conditions or assumptions, even presents some general abacuses showing the variability of capacity/utilization of the network’s elements in function of basic parameters. This has helped in both the presented case studies: one focuses on a detailed analysis of the Naples’ suburban node, while the other tries to broaden the horizon by examining the whole European rail network with a more specific zoom on the Belgium area. The first application shows how the procedure can be applied in case of availability of fine-grained data and for metropolitan/regional analysis, allowing a precise detection of possible bottlenecks in the system and the individuation of possible interventions to relieve the high usage rate of these elements. The second application represents an on-going attempt to provide a broad analysis of capacity and related parameters for the entire European railway system. It explores the potentiality of the approach and the possible exploitation of different ‘Open and Big Data’ sources, but the outcomes underline the necessity to rely on proper and adequate information; the accuracy of the results significantly depend on the design and precision of the input database. In conclusion, the proposed methodology aims to evaluate capacity and utilisation rates of rail systems at different geographical scales and according to data availability; the outcomes might provide valuable information to allow efficient exploitation and deployment of railway infrastructure, better supporting policy (e.g. investment prioritization, rail infrastructure access charges) and helping to minimize costs for users. The presented case studies show that the method allows indicative evaluations on the use of the system and comparative analysis between different elementary components, providing a first identification of ‘weak’ links or nodes for which, then, specific and detailed analyses should be carried out, taking into account more in depth their actual configuration, the technical characteristics and the real composition of the traffic (i.e. other elements influencing the rail capacity, such as: the adopted operating systems, the station traffic/route control & safety system, the elastic release of routes, the overlap of block sections, etc.).

Optimization of soft X-ray tomography on the COMPASS tokamak

Abstract The COMPASS tokamak is equipped with the soft X-ray (SXR) diagnostic system based on silicon photodiode arrays shielded by a thin beryllium foil. The diagnostic is composed of two pinhole cameras having 35 channels each and one vertical pinhole camera with 20 channels, which was installed recently to improve tomographic inversions. Lines of sight of the SXR detectors cover almost complete poloidal cross section of the COMPASS vessel with a spatial resolution of 1-2 cm and temporal resolution of about 3 μs. Local emissivity is reconstructed via Tikhonov regularization constrained by minimum Fisher information that provides reliable and robust solution despite limited number of projections and ill-conditionality of this task. Improved border conditions and numerical differentiation matrices suppressing artifacts in reconstructed radiation were implemented in the code. Furthermore, a fast algorithm eliminating iterative processes was developed, and it is foreseen to be tested in real-time plasma control.

Novel “load adaptive algorithm based” procedure for 3D printing of lattice-based components showing parametric curved micro-beams

Abstract This work deals with the development, the application and the experimental validation of a procedure based on an algorithm, running in a finite element environment replacing the continuous mass of convex solids with a cancellous bone-inspired lattice structure showing curved beams oriented on the basis of the external forces, sharing with it border and boundary conditions. For the validation of the new lattice structure a cubic representative volume element, showing curved micro-beams, was chosen, implementing periodic boundary conditions. At the end, the algorithm created a .stl file to be printed by a 3D printer using an appropriate polymer. The numerical results were compared with experimental results obtained by compression tests. The experimental/numerical correlation confirmed the validity of the FEM “beam element – based” lattice structure that could be applied to different solid shapes.

Improved Range Minimum Queries

Fischer and Heun [SICOMP 2011] proposed the first Range Minimum Query (RMQ) data structure on an array A[1,n] that uses 2n+o(n) bits and answers queries in O(1) time without accessing A. Their scheme converts the Cartesian tree of A into a general tree, which is represented using DFUDS. We show that, by using instead the BP representation, the formula becomes simpler since border conditions are eliminated. We also improve the current implementation of the BP representation for this purpose. This leads to the fastest and most compact practical implementation to date.

Water Vapour Resistance Factors of Three Wall Surface Finishing

There are results of water vapour resistance factors of three compositions commonly used for wall finishing in the paper. The compositions are: basic adhesive diffusion mortar; basic adhesive diffusion mortar with silicate plaster; basic adhesive diffusion mortar with acrylic plaster. There are not only the results of water vapour resistance factors but there are also the discussions as well as the impacts of the border conditions, it means temperature, relative humidity and barometric air pressure in the paper.

Rheological Properties of Liquid Metals and Semisolid Materials at Low Solid Fraction

Rheological properties of liquid metals are difficult to investigate experimentally because of the extreme border conditions to consider. One difficulty is related to the low viscosity of liquid metals. Surface tension effects can cause forces that can be considerably higher than the viscous forces in the liquid metals. Evaluating the experimental data without considering these effects leads to an apparent shear thinning behavior of the material. In the present study, experiments were performed by means of a Searle rheometer changing the dimension of the measuring system with metals of high surface tension, as mercury and tin. It became evident that surface tension plays a significant role in the effects that falsify measurements at low shear rate. Conclusions can be drawn to what extent measurements of semi-solid metals are affected.

The Strategic Issues Of Economic Development Of Border Area Of Indonesia - Malaysia

On the land, Indonesia is bordered by three countries: Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste.Whereas, in Indonesia sea area bordered by 10 countries: India, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,Vietnam, Philippines, the Republic of Palau, Australia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea. Most ofthe border region in Indonesia is still an underdeveloped area with less facilities and infrastructure ofsocial and economic. Formulation of the problem are: 1. How do the condition of the socio-economicand culture in the border of Indonesia - Malaysia? 2. What is the condition of infrastructure in theborder and what is the urgent infrastructure to be built? 3. What are policy and strategy of theIndonesian government of the border of society development between Indonesia (Entikong) andMalaysia (Sarawak)? The purpose of writing are: 1. Comparing the condition of the socio-economicand culture of border both Indonesia and Malaysia. 2. Comparing the condition of the infrastructureof border both Indonesia and Malaysia and determining the infrastructure to be built. 3. Describingthe Indonesian government policy and strategy in development acceleration of economic society in theborder between Indonesia, especially Entikong Sub-District of Sanggau Regency West Kalimantanand Malaysia (Sarawak). Although, the commitment and the governments policy have given a higherpriority in the reorientated development of border, which those of security (security approach) into awelfare orientation (prosperity approach), but overall, the issue of society development in Indonesiaborder, especially the District Entikong Sanggau Regency West Kalimantan and Malaysia (Sarawak)so far can be said that are still not getting proportional attention. The indication, though a variety ofpolicies, regulations or laws relating to efforts to accelerate economic development of border societieshave been made. Various issues and problems are faced by the border, both land and sea borders canbe solved by more focused and targeted on six aspects, these are policy, economic and socio-cultural,defense and security, natural resources management, institutional and management authority, as wellas cooperation inter nations.

Experimental Tests of Water Vapour Permeability of Plasters

In the paper there are summarized results of diffusion properties of mortars. Water vapour permeability represented by diffusion thicknesses and water vapour resistance factors are except mechanical properties the most important physical parameters of historic buildings. These parameters are influenced by border conditions among that mainly temperature, relative humidity and barometric air pressure belong. It is necessary to know these parameters to understand a material behaviour after a flood. They are decisive for a determination how quick a diffusion speed rate will be and a drying process will take. Everything depends on a type of binder, a material of a structure itself and primarily on properties of mortar and plaster and finishing. After a flood it is necessary to know when users of buildings can start to make rehabilitations and which of them are proper for particular material and when can return to their homes.

Introduction to Border Topologies

This “Border Topologies” themed section draws a series of texts that explore what design and artistic research could contribute to an understanding of border conditions in a context of rising inequalities, conflict, and climate change. The common aim of the articles is to interrogate contemporary borders through the practices that produce them by focusing on how the border appears and reappears at different scales, in unexpected places and configurations. In doing so, some of the articles collected here insist on a planetary scale that questions the geopolitical as an organizing construct.

NON-TRIVIAL FEATURE DERIVATION FOR INTENSIFYING FEATURE DETECTION USING LIDAR DATASETS THROUGH ALLOMETRIC AGGREGATION DATA ANALYSIS APPLYING DIFFUSED HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING FOR DISCRIMINATING AGRICULTURAL LAND COVER IN PORTIONS OF NORTHERN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

Abstract. Leaning on the derived results conducted by Central Mindanao University Phil-LiDAR 2.B.11 Image Processing Component, the paper attempts to provides the application of the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) derived products in arriving quality Landcover classification considering the theoretical approach of data analysis principles to minimize the common problems in image classification. These are misclassification of objects and the non-distinguishable interpretation of pixelated features that results to confusion of class objects due to their closely-related spectral resemblance, unbalance saturation of RGB information is a challenged at the same time. Only low density LiDAR point cloud data is exploited in the research denotes as 2 pts/m2 of accuracy which bring forth essential derived information such as textures and matrices (number of returns, intensity textures, nDSM, etc.) in the intention of pursuing the conditions for selection characteristic. A novel approach that takes gain of the idea of object-based image analysis and the principle of allometric relation of two or more observables which are aggregated for each acquisition of datasets for establishing a proportionality function for data-partioning. In separating two or more data sets in distinct regions in a feature space of distributions, non-trivial computations for fitting distribution were employed to formulate the ideal hyperplane. Achieving the distribution computations, allometric relations were evaluated and match with the necessary rotation, scaling and transformation techniques to find applicable border conditions. Thus, a customized hybrid feature was developed and embedded in every object class feature to be used as classifier with employed hierarchical clustering strategy for cross-examining and filtering features. This features are boost using machine learning algorithms as trainable sets of information for a more competent feature detection. The product classification in this investigation was compared to a classification based on conventional object-oriented approach promoting straight-forward functionalities of the software eCognition. A compelling rise of efficiency in the overall accuracy (74.4% to 93.4%) and kappa index of agreement (70.5% to 91.7%) is noticeable based on the initial process. Nevertheless, having low-dense LiDAR dataset could be enough in generating exponential increase of performance in accuracy.

NON-TRIVIAL FEATURE DERIVATION FOR INTENSIFYING FEATURE DETECTION USING LIDAR DATASETS THROUGH ALLOMETRIC AGGREGATION DATA ANALYSIS APPLYING DIFFUSED HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING FOR DISCRIMINATING AGRICULTURAL LAND COVER IN PORTIONS OF NORTHERN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

Leaning on the derived results conducted by Central Mindanao University Phil-LiDAR 2.B.11 Image Processing Component, the paper attempts to provides the application of the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) derived products in arriving quality Landcover classification considering the theoretical approach of data analysis principles to minimize the common problems in image classification. These are misclassification of objects and the non-distinguishable interpretation of pixelated features that results to confusion of class objects due to their closely-related spectral resemblance, unbalance saturation of RGB information is a challenged at the same time. Only low density LiDAR point cloud data is exploited in the research denotes as 2 pts/m<sup>2</sup> of accuracy which bring forth essential derived information such as textures and matrices (number of returns, intensity textures, nDSM, etc.) in the intention of pursuing the conditions for selection characteristic. A novel approach that takes gain of the idea of object-based image analysis and the principle of allometric relation of two or more observables which are aggregated for each acquisition of datasets for establishing a proportionality function for data-partioning. In separating two or more data sets in distinct regions in a feature space of distributions, non-trivial computations for fitting distribution were employed to formulate the ideal hyperplane. Achieving the distribution computations, allometric relations were evaluated and match with the necessary rotation, scaling and transformation techniques to find applicable border conditions. Thus, a customized hybrid feature was developed and embedded in every object class feature to be used as classifier with employed hierarchical clustering strategy for cross-examining and filtering features. This features are boost using machine learning algorithms as trainable sets of information for a more competent feature detection. The product classification in this investigation was compared to a classification based on conventional object-oriented approach promoting straight-forward functionalities of the software eCognition. A compelling rise of efficiency in the overall accuracy (74.4% to 93.4%) and kappa index of agreement (70.5% to 91.7%) is noticeable based on the initial process. Nevertheless, having low-dense LiDAR dataset could be enough in generating exponential increase of performance in accuracy.

Forest Structure and Species Composition of Mangroves in the Eastern Baja California Peninsula: The Role of Microtopography

Mangroves grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and subtropical latitudes. This study investigated microtopographical conditions and differences in soil properties, mangrove forest structure and species composition. Forest structure was analysed using number of individuals, the number of stems, plant height and basal trunk diameter. We found significant differences in forest structure for four microtopographical conditions designated as Border condition (BO), Channel (CH), Permanent flooding (PF) and Temporary flooding (TF). We found that Langucularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle were the dominant species in BO and CH while Avicennia germinans was the dominant species in TF. Ecological indices showed that R. mangle was the most important species in the CH and PF conditions. Structural differences were found among the microtopographic conditions where the mangroves were taller and denser at the channel site characterized by lower salinity (<36 ppt). Rhizophora mangle was excluded from the TFcondition characterized by waterlogged and saline soils where the stress tolerant but stunted A. germinans was found. Mangrove forests respond to the arid environment in the eastern Baja California Peninsula by containing dense and shorter trees, thus differing from tropical areas where communities are composed of a mixture of species without a clear dominant.