Number Of Conditions Research Articles

Recent Advances in the Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Management of Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma.

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is an infiltrative, locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasm of intermediate malignancy that typically arises in the distal extremities of middle-aged adults. It can histologically be confused with a number of benign and malignant conditions. Recently, high-grade examples of MIFS have been described. Immunohistochemistry plays a very limited role in the diagnosis of MIFS. Several genetic alterations have been identified in MIFS, including a t(1;10)(p22;q24) translocation with TGFBR3 and/or OGA rearrangements, BRAF rearrangement, and VGLL3 amplification. Although it appears that VGLL3 amplification is the most consistent alteration, the molecular pathogenesis of MIFS remains poorly understood. A wide resection is considered the standard treatment for MIFS. Radiotherapy may be a viable option in cases with inadequate surgical margins or cases where surgery is likely to cause significant functional impairment. The systemic treatment options for advanced or metastatic disease are very limited. This review provides an updated overview of the clinicoradiological features, pathogenesis, histopathology, and treatment of MIFS.

An efficient algorithm for the minimal least squares solution of linear systems with indefinite symmetric matrices

In this work, a new algorithm for solving symmetric indefinite systems of linear equations is presented. It factorizes the matrix into the form LDLt using Jacobi rotations in order to increase the pivot´s absolute value. Furthermore, Rook´s pivoting strategy is also adapted and implemented. In determinate compatible systems, the computational cost of the algorithm was similar to the cost of the Bunch-Kaufman method, but the error was approximately 50 % smaller for intermediate and large matrices, regardless of the condition number of the coefficient matrix. Furthermore, unlike Bunch-Kaufman, the new algorithm calculates with little additional cost the fundamental basis of the null space, and obtains the minimal least squares and minimum norm solutions. In minimal least squares with minimum norm problems, the new algorithm was compared with the LAPACK Complete Orthogonal Decomposition algorithm, among others. The obtained error with both algorithms was similar but the computational cost was at least 20 % smaller with the new algorithm, even though the Complete Orthogonal Decomposition is implemented in a blocked form.

Impact of cardiovascular disease on health-related quality of life among older adults in eastern China: evidence from a national cross-sectional survey.

This study explores the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores of Chinese older adults with Cardiovascular Disease(CVD) using the EQ-5D-3L, the aim of this study is to investigate the association between health and HRQoL in older adults with CVD. The data for this study were obtained from a cross-sectional study involving older adults residing in Chinese communities The EQ-5D-3L is used to measure the HRQoL scores in the older adults with CVD. One-way analyses were conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test to assess differences between groups. A binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the influence each variable has on the presence of "any problem" on each dimension of EQ-5D-3L in older adults with CVD. An ordinal least squares (OLS) model is used to assess the relationship between older adults with CVD and HRQoL. The mean EQ-5D-3L score for older adults with CVD is 0.774. 40.0% of older adults with CVD reported problems with pain/discomfort, followed by Mobility (35.9%), Self-care (31.5%), and Anxiety/depression (17.0%). Binary logistic regression models show that financial resources were the main factor influencing the five dimensions of EQ-5D-3L. The OLS model further indicates that younger age, financial resources, and a lower number of chronic conditions among older adults with CVD are associated with higher HRQoL scores. Chinese older adults with CVD have low HRQoL scores. Variousfactors influence both overall HRQoL scores and scores on each EQ-5D-3L dimension. This study is helpful in enhancing society's attention to the HRQoL of older adults with CVD and taking targeted measures to improve them.

Harnessing the Systemic Biology of Functional Decline and Cachexia to Inform more Holistic Therapies for Incurable Cancers.

Options for treatment of incurable cancer remain scarce and are largely focused on limited therapeutic mechanisms. A new approach specific to advanced cancers is needed to identify new and effective treatments. Morbidity in advanced cancer is driven by functional decline and a number of systemic conditions, including cachexia and fatigue. This review will focus on these clinical concepts, describe our current understanding of their underlying biology, and then propose how future therapeutic strategies, including pharmaceuticals, exercise, and rehabilitation, could target these mechanisms as an alternative route to addressing incurable cancer.

Structured level-2 condition numbers of matrix functions

Matrix functions play an increasingly important role in many areas of scientific computing and engineering disciplines. In such real-world applications, algorithms working in floating-point arithmetic are used for computing matrix functions and additionally input data might be unreliable, e.g., due to measurement errors. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the sensitivity of matrix functions to perturbations, which is measured by condition numbers. However, the condition number itself might not be computed exactly as well due to round-off and errors in the input. The sensitivity of the condition number is measured by the so-called level-2 condition number. For the usual (level-1) condition number, it is well known that structured condition numbers (i.e., where only perturbations are taken into account that preserve the structure of the input matrix) might be much smaller than unstructured ones, which, e.g., suggests that structure-preserving algorithms for matrix functions might yield much more accurate results than general-purpose algorithms. In this work, we present a novel upper bound on the structured level-2 condition number, focusing on perturbation matrices within an automorphism group, a Lie or Jordan algebra, or the space of quasi-triangular matrices. In numerical experiments, we then compare the unstructured level-2 condition number with the structured one for some specific matrix functions such as the matrix logarithm, matrix square root, and matrix exponential.

Correlates of felt age in caregivers of people with dementia: findings from the IDEAL study.

Family relationships influence how people appraise their own aging and how their appraisals impact their health. We analyzed felt age (FA) among family caregivers of people with dementia. We used a stratified sample of 1,020 spousal and 202 adult-child caregivers from the IDEAL study. We estimated cross-sectional associations and bidirectional influences between caregivers' FA and their health and wellbeing (depression, number of health conditions, stress, positive aspects of caregiving) over 2 years. Among spousal caregivers, 25% had a younger FA and 36% had an older FA. Among adult-child caregivers, 21.8% had a younger FA and 36.1% had an older FA. In spousal and adult-child caregivers an older FA was cross-sectionally associated with higher depression, number of health conditions, and stress, and fewer positive aspects of caregiving. In spousal caregivers, hours of care per day moderated the association between FA and depression, and FA was associated with stress 1 year later. Caregiving may impact FA and its relationship with health. We urge continued research on the connections between caregiving and FA, and how interventions might support caregivers' positive views on their own aging, which will translate views on aging scholarship to meaningfully improve caregivers' lives.

Vitamin D and human health: evidence from Mendelian randomization studies.

We summarized the current evidence on vitamin D and major health outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for original MR studies on vitamin D in relation to any health outcome from inception to September 1, 2022. Nonlinear MR findings were excluded due to concerns about the validity of the statistical methods used. A meta-analysis was preformed to synthesize study-specific estimates after excluding overlapping samples, where applicable. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the STROBE-MR checklist. A total of 133 MR publications were eligible for inclusion in the analyses. The causal association between vitamin D status and 275 individual outcomes was examined. Linear MR analyses showed genetically high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis incidence and relapse, non-infectious uveitis and scleritis, psoriasis, femur fracture, leg fracture, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anorexia nervosa, delirium, heart failure, ovarian cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and bacterial pneumonia, but increased risk of Behçet's disease, Graves' disease, kidney stone disease, fracture of radium/ulna, basal cell carcinoma, and overall cataracts. Stratified analyses showed that the inverse association between genetically predisposed 25(OH)D concentrations and multiple sclerosis risk was significant and consistent regardless of the genetic instruments GIs selected. However, the associations with most of the other outcomes were only pronounced when using genetic variants not limited to those in the vitamin D pathway as GIs. The methodological quality of the included MR studies was substantially heterogeneous. Current evidence from linear MR studies strongly supports a causal role of vitamin D in the development of multiple sclerosis. Suggestive support for a number of other health conditions could help prioritize conditions where vitamin D may be beneficial or harmful.

Surgical treatment of Ahmed glaucoma valve’s tube protrusion relapse. Clinical observations

In the practice of an ophthalmic surgeon, patients with a large number of concomitant conditions after repeated surgical interventions are seen with increasingly frequency. One of the grave complications in such patients is secondary glaucoma with a refractory type of course. After successful compensation of intraocular pressure in such patients, the risk of complications increases many times, for example, protrusion of the Ahmed valve drainage tube, which becomes the entrance gate for infection, which can lead to endophthalmitis. This article presents clinical cases of surgical treatment of recurrent protrusion of the Ahmed valve drainage tube.

Optimized configuration for liquid crystal Stokes polarimeters in the presence of fast-axis orientation errors.

We present an optimal configuration for Stokes polarimeters based on liquid crystal variable retarders, with the minimum number of measurements. Due to the inherent variations of the director orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, we propose a configuration that minimizes the sensibility of the polarimeter to fast-axis variations. For the optimization we consider a scheme that maximizes the volume of a tetrahedron inscribed in the Poincare sphere, to address additive and Poisson noise, with one of the vertices invariant to changes in the axis positions. We provide numerical simulations, considering misalignment errors, to analyze the robustness of the configuration. The results show that the proposed configuration helps to maintain the volume enclosed by the tetrahedron with high tolerance to fast-axis orientation errors. The condition number will remain below 3.07 for common misalignment errors and below 1.88 for more controlled liquid crystals. This optimization will improve the performance of liquid crystals polarimeters, with a more robust configuration that also considers misalignment errors, beyond additive and Poisson noise.

Imposing different boundary conditions for thermal computational homogenization problems with FFT‐ and tensor‐train‐based Green's operator methods

AbstractTo compute the effective properties of random heterogeneous materials, a number of different boundary conditions are used to define the apparent properties on cells of finite size. Typically, depending on the specific boundary condition, different numerical methods are used. The article at hand provides a unified framework for Lippmann–Schwinger solvers in thermal conductivity and Dirichlet (prescribed temperature), Neumann (prescribed normal heat flux) as well as periodic boundary conditions. We focus on the explicit jump finite‐difference discretization and discuss different techniques for computing the discrete Green's operator. These include Fourier‐type methods, that is, based on discrete sine, cosine and Fourier transformations, as well as low‐rank tensor methods, that is, the tensor‐train approximation, whose computational prowess was demonstrated recently. We use the developed computational technology to investigate a number of interesting random materials and assess different microstructure‐generation techniques in terms of their compatibility with the prescribed boundary conditions.

Nonlinear periodic response of viscoelastic laminated composite plates using shooting technique

The nonlinear periodic response of viscoelastic laminated composite plates subjected to harmonic excitation is carried out in time domain using the generalized Maxwell model in the form of a Boltzmann integral. The integral form of the viscoelastic constitutive relation is converted to the incremental form for the finite element formulation based on the Reissner–Mindlin plate theory incorporating von Karman geometric nonlinearity. The recursive relations are developed to compute the current time-step solution using only the previous time-step solution. The periodic response is obtained using shooting technique coupled with Newmark’s time integration and arc length continuation method. The implementation of the shooting technique for the Boltzmann Integral based viscoelasticity done for the first time in this study involves derivation of a number of additional recursive relations and initial conditions at the beginning of each shooting cycle. The nonlinear periodic vibration characteristics such as frequency response, damping factor, steady-state response history, phase plane plots, and frequency spectra are presented for viscoelastic plates with different boundary conditions and lamination schemes. Further, the influence of relaxation time and number of Maxwell elements on the frequency response characteristics are investigated. It is seen that the shooting technique is capable of predicting periodic responses of viscoelastic dynamical systems directly from the second-order equations of motion and is more efficient than the direct time integration method. The nonlinear response of viscoelastic plates predicted using the equivalent elastic model with Rayleigh proportional damping (having same linear frequency response) is found to be significantly different from the one predicted using viscoelastic constitutive model.

Social Determinants of Health and Multimorbidity Among Adults 50 Years and Older in the United States.

Living with two or more chronic conditions simultaneously-known as multimorbidity-has become increasingly prevalent as the aging population continues to grow. However, the factors that influence the development of multimorbidity are still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of multimorbidity among U.S. adults 50 years and older and identify associated factors with multimorbidity. We used data from four cycles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2018) to examine the associations between social determinants of health and multimorbidity among American adults aged 50 years and older. A set of variables on socioeconomic status and health behaviors was chosen based on the social determinants of health conceptual framework developed by the World Health Organization. In our study, 4,552 participants were included. All analyses were accounted for a complex survey design and the use of survey weights. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associated factors with multimorbidity. The average age was 63.1 years, and 52.9% were female. The average number of chronic conditions was 2.27. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 63.8%, with high cholesterol and hypertension being the most prevalent conditions. In the adjusted model, age, gender, household income, citizenship status, health insurance, healthcare access, body mass index, and smoking status were found to be associated with living with multimorbidity. Our results indicate that continued efforts aimed at promoting smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy weight will be beneficial in preventing the onset of chronic conditions. Additional research is warranted to gain a deeper understanding of the interrelationships between gender, race/ethnicity, household income, citizenship status, health insurance, and healthcare access as social determinants of health in the context of multimorbidity. Further research will help us develop targeted interventions and policies to address disparities and improve health outcomes for individuals with multimorbidity.

Comorbid health conditions and their impact on social isolation, loneliness, quality of life, and well-being in people with dementia: longitudinal findings from the IDEAL programme

BackgroundMost people with dementia have multiple health conditions. This study explores (1) number and type of health condition(s) in people with dementia overall and in relation to age, sex, dementia type, and cognition; (2) change in number of health conditions over two years; and (3) whether over time the number of health conditions at baseline is related to social isolation, loneliness, quality of life, and/or well-being.MethodsLongitudinal data from the IDEAL (Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life) cohort were used. Participants comprised people with dementia (n = 1490) living in the community (at baseline) in Great Britain. Health conditions using the Charlson Comorbidity Index, cognition, social isolation, loneliness, quality of life, and well-being were assessed over two years. Mixed effects modelling was used.ResultsOn average participants had 1.8 health conditions at baseline, excluding dementia; increasing to 2.5 conditions over two years. Those with vascular dementia or mixed (Alzheimer’s and vascular) dementia had more health conditions than those with Alzheimer’s disease. People aged ≥ 80 had more health conditions than those aged < 65 years. At baseline having more health conditions was associated with increased loneliness, poorer quality of life, and poorer well-being, but was either minimally or not associated with cognition, sex, and social isolation. Number of health conditions had either minimal or no influence on these variables over time.ConclusionsPeople with dementia in IDEAL generally had multiple health conditions and those with more health conditions were lonelier, had poorer quality of life, and poorer well-being.

SPREd: a simulation-supervised neural network tool for gene regulatory network reconstruction.

Reconstruction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from expression data is a significant open problem. Common approaches train a machine learning (ML) model to predict a gene's expression using transcription factors' (TFs') expression as features and designate important features/TFs as regulators of the gene. Here, we present an entirely different paradigm, where GRN edges are directly predicted by the ML model. The new approach, named "SPREd," is a simulation-supervised neural network for GRN inference. Its inputs comprise expression relationships (e.g. correlation, mutual information) between the target gene and each TF and between pairs of TFs. The output includes binary labels indicating whether each TF regulates the target gene. We train the neural network model using synthetic expression data generated by a biophysics-inspired simulation model that incorporates linear as well as non-linear TF-gene relationships and diverse GRN configurations. We show SPREd to outperform state-of-the-art GRN reconstruction tools GENIE3, ENNET, PORTIA, and TIGRESS on synthetic datasets with high co-expression among TFs, similar to that seen in real data. A key advantage of the new approach is its robustness to relatively small numbers of conditions (columns) in the expression matrix, which is a common problem faced by existing methods. Finally, we evaluate SPREd on real data sets in yeast that represent gold-standard benchmarks of GRN reconstruction and show it to perform significantly better than or comparably to existing methods. In addition to its high accuracy and speed, SPREd marks a first step toward incorporating biophysics principles of gene regulation into ML-based approaches to GRN reconstruction. Data and code are available from https://github.com/iiiime/SPREd.

Is loneliness associated with cancellation of medical appointments during the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from the Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic engendered numerous societal and economic challenges in addition to health-related concerns. Maintenance of healthcare utilization assumed immense significance during this period. However, few studies have examined the association between loneliness and cancelled medical appointments during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine whether medical appointments are less likely to be cancelled with increased loneliness during a pandemic. We analyzed the association between loneliness and both patient- and provider-initiated appointment cancellations.MethodsCross-sectional data from the Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) were collected during April 2020–November 2021. The analytical sample included 1,840 participants with an average age of 55.1 years (standard deviation: 6.5, range 45–76 years). Medical appointments cancelled by individuals—medical appointments in general, and GP, specialist, and dentist appointments—and appointments cancelled by healthcare providers served as outcome measures. Loneliness was quantified using a single item ranging from 0 to 10. Accordingly, we created empirical loneliness tertiles. Covariates were selected based on the Andersen model. Several penalized maximum likelihood logistic regressions were utilized to examine the association between loneliness and cancellation of medical appointments during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsThe penalized maximum likelihood logistic regressions showed that, compared to individuals in the lowest loneliness tertiles, individuals in the other two tertiles reported a higher chance of medical appointments cancellation by individuals, particularly driven by cancelled GP appointments. Except for age and sex, none of the covariates were comparably associated with the outcomes. When appointments cancelled by healthcare providers served as outcomes, only a higher number of chronic conditions was significantly positively associated with it.ConclusionsIndividuals scoring higher in loneliness had a greater chance of cancelling medical (particularly GP) appointments. This may contribute to a potential cascade of loneliness and skipped medical appointments in the future, resulting in adverse health outcomes over the medium-to-long term. Future research should examine whether lonely people are more likely to lack the social motivation to visit the doctor.

Screening pearl millet genotypes for resistance to Striga hermonthica and compatibility to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br., 2n = 2x = 14) is a nutritionally rich and climate-resilient food crop cultivated globally. It is a crucial staple crop in Burkina Faso and the dry Sahel region, encompassing Niger, Mali, and Senegal. However, the yield of pearl millet is relatively low in the region (<0.85 tons ha−1) due to Striga hermonthica (Sh) infestation, bird damage, insect pests, diseases, and low-yielding open-pollinated landrace varieties. The study aimed to screen genetically diverse pearl millet accessions for Sh resistance and compatibility to a Striga bio-control agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Strigae (FOS), to select contrasting and promising parents for resistance breeding and production. One hundred and fifty genotypes were evaluated in Sh hotspot fields in the rain-fed and greenhouse conditions using an alpha lattice design and two replications in Burkina Faso. Significant differences were recorded among the tested pearl millet genotypes for the assessed agro-morphological and Striga resistance. Days to flowering was significantly delayed in the assessed genotypes due to Sh infestation. Applying FOS on pearl millet seed significantly reduced the mean Striga number in Sh-infested conditions. The following genotypes: IP-3098, IP-6112, IP-9242, IP-10579, and IP-11358 were identified as exhibiting Sh resistance and were compatible to FOS. The pearl millet genotypes supported few to none Sh emerged plants with comparatively low values under the Striga number progress curve. The selected genotypes are useful parents to breed for Striga resistance and integrated management in Burkina Faso and related agroecologies.

The moderating effect of mental health and health insurance ownership on the relationships between physical multimorbidity and healthcare utilisation and catastrophic health expenditure in India

BackgroundThe current demographic transition has resulted in the growth of the older population in India, a population group which has a higher chance of being affected by multimorbidity and its subsequent healthcare and economic consequences. However, little attention has been paid to the dual effect of mental health conditions and physical multimorbidity in India. The present study, therefore, aimed to analyse the moderating effects of mental health and health insurance ownership in the association between physical multimorbidity and healthcare utilisation and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE).MethodsWe analysed the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, wave 1 (2017–2018). We determined physical multimorbidity by assessing the number of physical conditions. We built multivariable logistic regression models to determine the moderating effect of mental health and health insurance ownership in the association between the number of physical conditions and healthcare utilisation and CHE. Wald tests were used to evaluate if the estimated effects differ across groups defined by the moderating variables.ResultsOverall, around one-quarter of adults aged 45 and above had physical multimorbidity, one-third had a mental health condition and 20.5% owned health insurance. Irrespective of having a mental condition and health insurance, physical multimorbidity was associated with increased utilisation of healthcare and CHE. Having an additional mental condition strengthened the adverse effect of physical multimorbidity on increased inpatient service use and experience of CHE. Having health insurance, on the other hand, attenuated the effect of experiencing CHE, indicating a protective effect.ConclusionsThe coexistence of mental health conditions in people with physical multimorbidity increases the demands of healthcare service utilisation and can lead to CHE. The findings point to the need for multidisciplinary interventions for individuals with physical multimorbidity, ensuring their mental health needs are also addressed. Our results urge enhancing health insurance schemes for individuals with mental and physical multimorbidity.

Implicit boundary conditions in partial differential equations discretizations: Identifying spurious modes and model reduction

We revisit the problem of spurious modes that are sometimes encountered in partial differential equations discretizations. It is generally suspected that one of the causes for spurious modes is due to how boundary conditions are treated, and we use this as the starting point of our investigations. By regarding boundary conditions as algebraic constraints on a differential equation, we point out that any differential equation with homogeneous boundary conditions also admits a typically infinite number of hidden or implicit boundary conditions. In most discretization schemes, these additional implicit boundary conditions are violated, and we argue that this is what leads to the emergence of spurious modes. These observations motivate two definitions of the quality of computed eigenvalues based on violations of derivatives of boundary conditions on the one hand, and on the Grassmann distance between subspaces associated with computed eigenspaces on the other. Both of these tests are based on a standardized treatment of boundary conditions and do not require a priori knowledge of eigenvalue locations. The effectiveness of these tests is demonstrated on several examples known to have spurious modes. In addition, these quality tests show that in most problems, about half of the computed spectrum of a differential operator is of low quality. The tests also specifically identify the low accuracy modes, which can then be projected out as a type of model reduction scheme.

Density-based topology optimization of multi-condition peening pattern for laser peen forming

Laser peen forming (LPF) is a novel forming process with high flexibility but faces challenges in determining process conditions to produce complex geometries. This study proposes a process planning method to determine peening patterns with multiple process conditions based on topology optimization, providing an effective approach for complex shaping of LPF and liberating the high flexibility of the process. The process planning is formulated as a partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization problem, employing the eigen-moment as the design variable. The formulation is discretized using numerical methods, and a continuous optimization model is derived via density-based topology optimization for efficient resolution. The ordered Heaviside interpolation is proposed specifically for LPF process planning to promote intermediate densities to the desired values. The globally convergent method of moving asymptotes (GCMMA), a well-established solver for topology optimization, is used to resolve the process planning of a flexible forming process. The process planning model designs the forming strategy of the dome and cylinder geometries using different numbers of process conditions. The results demonstrated that process planning with multiple process conditions is superior to using a consistent process condition. Finally, experiments are conducted using the optimized peening patterns to form the two geometries. The deformed results perform a high level of conformity to the desired objectives with a maximum error of 0.473 mm and 0.833 mm, respectively, validating the effectiveness of the proposed process planning method.

Ultra‐high frequency sensors positioning on the power transformer to mitigate the negative effects on the partial discharge localization accuracy

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method for improving the partial discharge (PD) localization accuracy by detecting the best places of ultra‐high frequency (UHF) sensors on the power transformer tank. In this way, firstly, the critical sites inside the power transformer that can produce PD are determined. Then the sensors’ positioning is done in such a way that if the PD happens at each point of these critical sites, the distance between the estimated PD location obtained by solving the time difference of arrival (TDOA) equations and the actual PD location is laid in an acceptable range. For this purpose, the TDOA equations are linearized around the critical PD coordinates as a matrix form A.X = B. The configuration of the sensor positions that minimizes the condition number of the matrix A is the best configuration. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, several simulations and evaluations are performed on a power transformer in the CST software. The obtained results and comparing them with the previous method and also conventional arbitrary sensors positioning confirm the effectiveness of this method.