Concurrent Patterns Research Articles

발파 굴착에 의한 주방식 지하구조물의 굴착공기 분석 연구

A room-and-pillar underground structure is characterized by its grid-type array of room and pillar. As a result, its construction and economical efficiency can be governed by excavation sequence. In this study, the construction period by the drill and blast method which can be treated as a main sequence for excavation was examined by considering the regulation for blasting and construction standard of estimation in Korea. To evaluate the construction period for the room-and-pillar underground structure constructed in 4 kinds of square-type area (30×30~57×57 m), the concurrent excavation pattern which was suggested in the previous researches was used. From the suggested condition, the total construction period by drill-and-blast method can be estimated with the consideration of the construction area, number of jumbo drill and faces in operation.

Behavior of Werner states under relativistic boosts

We study the structure of maps that Lorentz boosts induce on the spin degree of freedom of a system consisting of two massive spin-1/2 particles. We consider the case where the spin state is described by the Werner state and the momenta are discrete. Transformations on the spins are systematically investigated in various boost scenarios by calculating the orbit and concurrence of the bipartite spin state with different kinds of product and entangled momenta. We confirm the general conclusion that Lorentz boosts cause non-trivial behavior of bipartite spin entanglement. Visualization of the evolution of the spin state is shown to be valuable in explaining the pattern of concurrence. The idealized model provides a basis of explanation in terms of which phenomena in systems involving continuous momenta can be understood.

Properties of Enzymes Produced from Antagonistic Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis GS-2

Bacillus thuringiensis GS-2 was incubated on various culture media to investigate the concurrent expression patterns of chitinase and chitosanase isozymes by SDS-PAGE. Chitinase activity increased rapidly with a maximum level (11 units/mL) after 5 days of incubation in colloidal chitin medium. B. thuringiensis GS-2 had strong antifungal activity on PDA medium for Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Four chitinase isozymes were expressed on the SDS-PAGE gel as active bands (about 70, 65, 37, and 35 kDa) on LB medium after incubation. The chitosanase isozyme of 39 kDa was expressed strongly on the SDSPAGE gel in LB medium and was expressed lightly on the SDS-PAGE gel after incubation in 0.5% chitosan powder and 0.5% chitosan beads medium. Four chitinase isozymes (C1, C2, C3, and C4) were expressed on 2-D gel at 5 h and 12 h after incubation. Three chitinase isozymes (C1, C3, and C4) were expressed on 2-D gel at 1 h and 2 h after incubation. Isoelectric point (pI) of chitinase isozymes was range from 3.5 to 9.

Weight cycling and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the EPIC-Germany cohort.

Studies on weight cycling and the risk of type 2 diabetes have revealed inconsistent results, possibly due to differences in the definition of weight fluctuations. Here, we investigated whether weight cycling during adulthood is related to diabetes risk in a large cohort study, using a complementary approach to define patterns of weight development. Weight cycling, weight loss and weight gain were defined (1) a priori, using distinct categories, and (2) by functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to capture weight patterns in greater detail. Associations of weight cycling, weight loss and weight gain with the risk of type 2 diabetes were evaluated by Cox regression models. A priori defined weight cycling was associated with increased diabetes risk, compared with stable weight (HR 1.36 [95% CI 1.09, 1.68]). No significant association between FPCA-derived weight cycling and risk of diabetes was observed after adjustment for concurrent weight patterns (HR 1.19 [95% CI 0.89, 1.60]). Subgroup analyses showed that FPCA-derived weight cycling during net weight gain was associated with a higher risk of diabetes (HR 1.68 [95% CI 1.14, 2.48]). A priori defined weight gain (HR 2.08 [95% CI 1.60, 2.70]) was more clearly related to the risk of diabetes than FPCA-derived weight gain (HR 1.20 [95% CI 0.95, 1.51]), while no significant associations were observed for weight loss. Overall, weight cycling may not be an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes when accounting for concurrent patterns of weight development. However, weight cycling may pose a stronger risk of diabetes than non-cycling during net weight gain.

Effects of Combined Electrical Stimulation of the Dorsal Column and Dorsal Roots on Wide-Dynamic-Range Neuronal Activity in Nerve-Injured Rats.

Electrical stimulation at the dorsal column (DC) and dorsal root (DR) may inhibit spinal wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neuronal activity in nerve-injured rats. The objective of this study was to determine if applying electrical conditioning stimulation (CS) at both sites provides additive or synergistic benefits. By conducting in vivo extracellular recordings of WDR neurons in rats that had undergone L5 spinal nerve ligation, we tested whether combining 50 Hz CS at the two sites in either a concurrent (2.5 min) or alternate (5 min) pattern inhibits WDR neuronal activity better than CS at DC alone (5 min). The intensities of CS were determined by recording antidromic compound action potentials to graded stimulation at the DC and DR. We measured the current thresholds that resulted in the first detectable Aα/β waveform (Ab0) and the peak Aα/β waveform (Ab1) to select CS intensity at each site. The same number of electrical pulses and amount of current were delivered in different patterns to allow comparison. At a moderate intensity of 50% (Ab0 + Ab1), different patterns of CS all attenuated the C-component of WDR neurons in response to graded intracutaneous electrical stimuli (0.1-10 mA, 2 msec) and inhibited windup in response to repetitive noxious stimuli (0.5 Hz). However, the inhibitory effects did not differ significantly between different patterns. At the lower intensity (Ab0), no CS inhibited WDR neurons. These findings suggest that combined stimulation of DC and DR may not be superior to DC stimulation alone for inhibition of WDR neurons.

Control of anode supported SOFCs (solid oxide fuel cells): Part I. mathematical modeling and state estimation within one cell

In this paper, a 3-dimensional mathematical model for one cell of an anode-supported SOFC (solid oxide fuel cells) is presented. The model is derived from the partial differential equations representing the conservation laws of ionic and electronic charges, mass, energy, and momentum. The model is implemented to fully characterize the steady state operation of the cell with countercurrent flow pattern of fuel and air. The model is also used for the comparison of countercurrent with concurrent flow patterns in terms of thermal stress (temperature distribution) and quality of operation (current density). Results reveal that the steady-state cell performance curve and output of simulations qualitatively match experimental data of the literature. Results also demonstrate that countercurrent flow pattern leads to an even distribution of temperature, more uniform current density along the cell and thus is more enduring and superior to the concurrent flow pattern. Afterward, the thorough 3-dimensional model is used for state estimation instead of a real cell. To estimate states, the model is simplified and changed to a 1-dimensional model along flow streams. This simplified model includes uncertainty (because of simplifying assumptions of the model), noise, and disturbance (because of measurements). The behaviors of extended and ensemble Kalman filter as an observer are evaluated in terms of estimating the states and filtering the noises. Results demonstrate that, like extended Kalman filter, ensemble Kalman filter properly estimates the states with 20 sets.

Do Alcohol Misuse, Smoking, and Depression Vary Concordantly or Sequentially? A Longitudinal Study of HIV-Infected and Matched Uninfected Veterans in Care.

We analyzed temporal patterns of alcohol misuse, smoking, and depression among veterans in care to determine whether these conditions vary concordantly or sequentially. Using the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, harmful alcohol use (AUDIT-C ≥ 4), current smoking, and depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 8), were measured. In regression analyses, predictors included each outcome condition at baseline, the other two conditions in the same survey, the other two conditions in the immediately preceding survey, number of years since enrollment, and HIV status. We found that current smoking and depression were more common among HIV infected individuals. Harmful alcohol use was more common among uninfected individuals. Temporal analyses suggested a concurrent pattern: each condition was associated with the other two conditions (p < 0.03, OR 1.12-1.66) as well as with the prior presence of the same condition (p < 0.0001; OR 6.38-22.02). Smoking was associated with prior depression after controlling for current depression (OR 1.16; p = 0.003). In conclusion, alcohol misuse, smoking, and depression were temporally concordant and persistent, raising the question of whether they constitute a common syndrome in HIV infected patients and others with chronic diseases.

English

Control chart patterns (CCPs) can be associated with certain assignable causes, and recognition of such patterns can assist the diagnostic search for those causes. Variations could be one or more instances of trend, cyclic, hugging, sudden shift or some other variations over time. Each pattern has special statistical characteristics which differentiate one pattern from another. In a time series, presence of more than one pattern may exist and identification of concurrent pattern is important. In this paper, we will utilize a new approach, RobustICA, for identification of concurrent patterns which is efficient when compared to traditional approaches being used for feature extraction. It will identify independent components hidden in mixture patterns and input those independent components to decision trees for recognition of as many as eight separate control chart patterns.

Biodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect

Infectious diseases of humans, wildlife, and domesticated species are increasing worldwide, driving the need to understand the mechanisms that shape outbreaks. Simultaneously, human activities are drastically reducing biodiversity. These concurrent patterns have prompted repeated suggestions that biodiversity and disease are linked. For example, the dilution effect hypothesis posits that these patterns are causally related; diverse host communities inhibit the spread of parasites via several mechanisms, such as by regulating populations of susceptible hosts or interfering with parasite transmission. However, the generality of the dilution effect hypothesis remains controversial, especially for zoonotic diseases of humans. Here we provide broad evidence that host diversity inhibits parasite abundance using a meta-analysis of 202 effect sizes on 61 parasite species. The magnitude of these effects was independent of host density, study design, and type and specialization of parasites, indicating that dilution was robust across all ecological contexts examined. However, the magnitude of dilution was more closely related to the frequency, rather than density, of focal host species. Importantly, observational studies overwhelmingly documented dilution effects, and there was also significant evidence for dilution effects of zoonotic parasites of humans. Thus, dilution effects occur commonly in nature, and they may modulate human disease risk. A second analysis identified similar effects of diversity in plant-herbivore systems. Thus, although there can be exceptions, our results indicate that biodiversity generally decreases parasitism and herbivory. Consequently, anthropogenic declines in biodiversity could increase human and wildlife diseases and decrease crop and forest production.

Quaternary refugia and secondary contact in the southern boundary of the Brazilian subregion: comparative phylogeography of freshwater fish

Freshwater fish are an ideal model to illustrate how climate-tectonic changes affect the distribution of genetic variation. Freshwater bodies are extensively affected by environmental changes, with streams even changing their courses in the most extreme cases. Fortunately, this situation is reflected in the genetic composition of populations and may currently be inferred from the study of mitochondrial DNA molecular markers. Here we analyze and compare the phylogeographic patterns of the species Corydoras paleatus and Jenynsia multidentata at the southern limit of the Brazilian subregion. These basins are isolated in the current hydrogeographic pattern due to geologic and paleoclimatic changes. Our results support a concurrent pattern for both species. Some lineages have persisted in the area under adverse climate conditions, possibly in environmental refuges, while other lineages may have colonized the area later by means of paleodrainages connections. In addition, the presence of independent, greatly diverging lineages, even within the same watercourses, suggests secondary contact between these lineages. This work represents a first approach to understand how geologic and paleoclimatic changes have affected the distribution of genetic variation in the Southern Pampean Area.

Scleromyxedema concurrent with dermatomyositis and paraproteinemia: A case report

The paper describes the case of a female patient who had at least three diseases: scleromyxedema, dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM), and paraproteinemia (monoclonal gammopathy). The concurrence of these diseases determines the atypism of their clinical and morphological patterns, as well as refractoriness to performed therapy. Scleromyxedema preceded DM followed by paraproteinemia, which does not rule out its presence in an earlier period when the patent was not carefully examined. The specific feature of this case is scleromyxedema concurrent with DM that was prevalent in the clinical picture of the disease, by determining the severity of the patient’s status and the need to be treated with high-dose glucocorticoids in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. There was no evidence for scleroderma systematica that was supposed to be present in the patient who had scleroderma-like skin involvement. The authors have repeatedly mentioned the concurrency pattern of scleroderma diseases, which reflects the close mechanisms of their development and hinders the identification of specific nosological entities. In this observation, the concurrence of scleromyxedema and DM complements a group of overlap diseases observed in dermatology and rheumatology. Paraproteinemia characteristic of scleromyxedema is occasionally encountered in systemic connective tissue diseases. The patient had monoclonal gammopathy that is most common in scleromyxedema. No signs of myeloma and tumors were seen. Classical paraneoplastic DM/PM was not detected either, which does not rule out the fact that the mechanism responsible for the development of this syndrome and the disease is similar in the patient described.

Computed tomography landmark-based semi-automated mesh morphing and mapping techniques: Generation of patient specific models of the human pelvis without segmentation

Current methods for the development of pelvic finite element (FE) models generally are based upon specimen specific computed tomography (CT) data. This approach has traditionally required segmentation of CT data sets, which is time consuming and necessitates high levels of user intervention due to the complex pelvic anatomy. The purpose of this research was to develop and assess CT landmark-based semi-automated mesh morphing and mapping techniques to aid the generation and mechanical analysis of specimen-specific FE models of the pelvis without the need for segmentation. A specimen-specific pelvic FE model (source) was created using traditional segmentation methods and morphed onto a CT scan of a different (target) pelvis using a landmark-based method. The morphed model was then refined through mesh mapping by moving the nodes to the bone boundary. A second target model was created using traditional segmentation techniques. CT intensity based material properties were assigned to the morphed/mapped model and to the traditionally segmented target models. Models were analyzed to evaluate their geometric concurrency and strain patterns. Strains generated in a double-leg stance configuration were compared to experimental strain gauge data generated from the same target cadaver pelvis. CT landmark-based morphing and mapping techniques were efficiently applied to create a geometrically multifaceted specimen-specific pelvic FE model, which was similar to the traditionally segmented target model and better replicated the experimental strain results (R2=0.873). This study has shown that mesh morphing and mapping represents an efficient validated approach for pelvic FE model generation without the need for segmentation.

Sexual practices, partner concurrency and high rates of sexually transmissible infections among male sex workers in three cities in Vietnam.

Background This paper examines sexual practices, partner concurrency and sexually transmissible infections (STI)/HIV infection among male sex workers (MSWs) in Vietnam. Six hundred and fifty-four MSWs, aged 16-35 years, were recruited in Hanoi, Nha Trang and Ho Chi Minh City between 2009 and 2011. Survey measures included demographic characteristics, drug use, types of sexual partners and sexual practices. Subjects were screened for STIs, including HIV. MSWs in Ho Chi Minh City (33%) were more likely than those from the other two sites to be current users of one or more types of illegal drugs (P<0.001). MSWs with both male and female elective partners (compared with other partnership types) were more likely to have anal sex with male client partners (P<0.001), elective male partners (P=0.045) and elective female partners (P=0.025). At last sex with a male client partner, only 30% used a condom during anal intercourse. At last sex with an elective female partner, only 31% used a condom during vaginal sex and only 3% during anal sex. Although rates of HIV are low (4%), other STIs are high, including chlamydia (17%), gonorrhoea (29%) and human papillomavirus (33%). Most (57.3%) have never been tested for HIV and only 17% have ever disclosed to a healthcare provider that they have sex with men. Complex patterns of sexual concurrency, coupled with high rates of STIs, signal the urgent need for health services interventions among MSWs, both to improve individual health outcomes and to reduce secondary STI/HIV transmission among sexual partner networks.

An Intensional Concurrent Faithful Encoding of Turing Machines

The benchmark for computation is typically given as Turing computability; the ability for a computation to be performed by a Turing Machine. Many languages exploit (indirect) encodings of Turing Machines to demonstrate their ability to support arbitrary computation. However, these encodings are usually by simulating the entire Turing Machine within the language, or by encoding a language that does an encoding or simulation itself. This second category is typical for process calculi that show an encoding of lambda-calculus (often with restrictions) that in turn simulates a Turing Machine. Such approaches lead to indirect encodings of Turing Machines that are complex, unclear, and only weakly equivalent after computation. This paper presents an approach to encoding Turing Machines into intensional process calculi that is faithful, reduction preserving, and structurally equivalent. The encoding is demonstrated in a simple asymmetric concurrent pattern calculus before generalised to simplify infinite terms, and to show encodings into Concurrent Pattern Calculus and Psi Calculi.

Landscape and climate determine patterns of spread for all colour morphs of the alien ladybird Harmonia axyridis

AbstractAimUnderstanding why some areas are more vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien species than others represents a key challenge in invasion biology. We investigated the roles of landscape, climate, proximity to initial invasion sites, recording intensity and colour pattern polymorphism in explaining the spread of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis across Great Britain.LocationThe British mainland and inshore islands (Anglesey, Isle of Wight and the Inner Hebrides).MethodsPatterns in time to invasion of H. axyridis were quantified at a hectad level (10 km grid squares) from over 23,000 records. Bayesian spatial survival models were developed relating spread patterns to concurrent patterns in climate, land cover and recording intensity. Separate models were developed for melanic (f. conspicua and f. spectabilis) and non‐melanic (f. succinea) colour forms that were hypothesized to differ in their response to climate factors, particularly temperature, and subsequent spread.ResultsHarmonia axyridis spread more rapidly into hectads containing a high proportion of urban land cover and marginally more slowly into hectads containing high conifer cover. Invasions were recorded more rapidly in hectads with high recording intensity, or that were close to initial invasion sites. Harmonia axyridis colour morphs spread to similar extents, although increased sunshine significantly enhanced the spread of the non‐melanic form (f. succinea). Correspondence between observed and predicted times of invasion from survival models was substantial (Pearson's rp for all H. axyridis colour forms = 0.834).Main conclusionsThe ability of H. axyridis to use a wide range of habitats and prey species and overwinter inside buildings may have allowed this species to establish rapidly in urban areas. Native ladybird species in urban areas may suffer combined negative impacts of habitat deterioration and competition from H. axyridis. Spatial survival models help us to identify areas vulnerable to invasion and to understand the impacts of multiple environmental drivers on the spread of invasive alien species, given detailed data on time to invasion.

Scripting Multiple CPUs with Safe Data Sharing

Scripting languages are very popular and are being used to implement a wide range of applications. Meanwhile, multi-core processors are everywhere, from dektop computers to mobile devices, and concurrency has become the only means to improve performance. However, concurrent programming remains difficult and despite some interest in researching new concurrency models for compiled languages, the conventional concurrency support in scripting languages is still lacking. In this paper we are interested in \emph{safe data sharing for scripting languages}. We explore the landscape of conventional concurrency support in popular scripting languages and discuss some of its limitations. Then, we identify some emerging concurrency patterns in scripting languages, namely: no-default sharing, data ownership, futures and data immutability. Finally, we analyze some limitations in existing mechanisms and discuss how the patterns we identified can be used to provide safe data sharing in scripting languages.

A Concurrent Pattern Calculus

Concurrent pattern calculus (CPC) drives interaction between processes by comparing data structures, just as sequential pattern calculus drives computation. By generalising from pattern matching to pattern unification, interaction becomes symmetrical, with information flowing in both directions. CPC provides a natural language to express trade where information exchange is pivotal to interaction. The unification allows some patterns to be more discriminating than others; hence, the behavioural theory must take this aspect into account, so that bisimulation becomes subject to compatibility of patterns. Many popular process calculi can be encoded in CPC; this allows for a gain in expressiveness, formalised through encodings.

An empirical study of the effect of file editing patterns on software quality

ABSTRACTDevelopers might follow different file editing patterns when handling change requests. Existing research has warned the community about the potential negative impacts of some file editing patterns on software quality. However, very few studies have provided quantitative evidence to support these claims. In this paper, we propose four metrics to identify four file editing patterns: concurrent editing pattern, parallel editing pattern, extended editing pattern, and interrupted editing pattern. Our empirical study on three open source projects shows that 90% (i.e. 1935 out of 2140) of files exhibit at least one file editing pattern. More specifically (1) files that are edited concurrently by many developers are 1.8 times more likely to experience future bugs than files that are not concurrently edited; (2) files edited in parallel with too many other files by the same developer are 2.9 times more likely to exhibit future bugs than files individually edited; (3) files edited over an extended period of time are 1.9 times more likely to experience future bugs than other files; and (4) files edited with long interruptions have 2.0 times more future bugs than other files. We also observe that the likelihood of future bugs in files experiencing all the four file editing patterns is 3.9 times higher than in files that are never involved in any of the four patterns. We further investigate factors impacting the occurrence of these file editing patterns along three dimensions: the ownership of files, the type of change requests in which the files were involved, and the initial code quality of the files. Results show that a file with a major owner is 0.6 times less likely to exhibit the concurrent editing pattern than files without major owners. Files with bad code quality (e.g. high McCabe's complexity, high coupling between objects, and lack of cohesion) are more likely to experience the four editing patterns. By ensuring a clear ownership and improving code quality, the negative impact of the four patterns could be reduced. Overall, our findings could be used by software development teams to warn developers about risky file editing patterns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

On the Expressiveness of Intensional Communication

The expressiveness of communication primitives has been explored in a common framework based on the pi-calculus by considering four features: synchronism (asynchronous vs synchronous), arity (monadic vs polyadic data), communication medium (shared dataspaces vs channel-based), and pattern-matching (binding to a name vs testing name equality). Here pattern-matching is generalised to account for terms with internal structure such as in recent calculi like Spi calculi, Concurrent Pattern Calculus and Psi calculi. This paper explores intensionality upon terms, in particular communication primitives that can match upon both names and structures. By means of possibility/impossibility of encodings, this paper shows that intensionality alone can encode synchronism, arity, communication-medium, and pattern-matching, yet no combination of these without intensionality can encode any intensional language.

Identification and quantification of concurrent control chart patterns using extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition and extreme learning machines

Control chart pattern recognition (CCPR) is an important issue in statistical process control because unnatural control chart patterns (CCPs) exhibited on control charts can be associated with specific causes that adversely affect the manufacturing processes. In recent years, many machine learning techniques [e.g., artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs)] have been successfully applied to CCPR. However, such existing research for CCPR has mostly been developed for identification of basic CCPs. Little attention has been given to the utilization of ANNs/SVMs for identification of concurrent CCPs (two or more basic CCPs occurring simultaneously) which are commonly encountered in practical manufacturing processes. In addition, these existing research for CCPR cannot provide more detailed CCP parameter information, such as shift magnitude, trend slope, cycle amplitude, etc., which is very useful for quality practitioners to search the assignable causes that give rise to the out-of-control situation. This study proposes a hybrid approach that integrates extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition (ESMD) with extreme learning machine (ELM) to identify typical concurrent CCPs and in addition to accurately quantify the major CCP parameter of the specific basic CCPs involved. The numerical results indicate that the proposed model can effectively identify not only concurrent CCPs but also basic CCPs. Meanwhile, the major CCP parameter of the identified concurrent CCP can also be accurately quantified.