Concrete Production Research Articles

Risks of Using Slag Aggregates in Concrete Products for Road Construction

When GOST 17608 and GOST 6665 were republished, the authors prohibited the use of slag fillers, so manufacturers of products produced according to these standards have a problem: the use of only natural inert materials will lead to an increase in the cost of the final product. At the same time, however, this should lead to an improvement in the quality of manufactured products. But is it so? This article presents a comparative analysis of standards for fillers of natural origin and from metallurgical production waste in order to identify the reasons that do not allow the use of slag aggregates in concrete products for road construction. It was determined that most of the requirements for aggregates of both natural and man-made origin are the same, i.e. if the manufacturers observe and fulfill the requirements of the standards for slag aggregates, there should be no risk of reducing the quality of the final product. Then why the developers of GOST 17608 and GOST 6665, excluding from the list of aggregates for concrete materials according to GOST 3344–83 do not give an alternative in the form of aggregates according to GOST 5578–2019? The authors of the article have tried to reveal the answer to this question.

Reuse of ceramic waste in concrete production for a sustainable ecosystem

Reuse of ceramic waste in concrete production for a sustainable ecosystem

Recycling glass fiber-reinforced plastic in asphalt concrete production

<abstract> <p>Glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) have been produced in large quantities for over half a century and nowadays their waste has become a problem worldwide. Their recycling is difficult because they are predominantly manufactured from thermosetting matrices that are not suitable for secondary processing. Only few technologies are able to target full-scale utilization of residual mechanical performance at recycling, with the replacement of gravel in asphalt concrete being one of them. The possibility of introducing crushed GFRP (GFRP crumb) into asphalt concrete and its impact on mechanical characteristics have been investigated in our study. As the source of GFRP, road noise-protection fence was chosen due to large quantities of its waste accumulated in urban economy. Several approaches to produce crumbs were attempted with only shredding being successful. The GFRP crumb has provided excellent mechanical performance of asphalt concrete fabricated by standard routine. In particular, the improvement in compressive modulus was 40%, even under conditions of elevated asphalt concrete temperature at 50 ℃. Besides, introduction of GFRP crumb reduced the overall weight of asphalt concrete mixture, providing further reduction of a carbon footprint. The results obtained indicated that recycling of GFRP waste as replacement of gravel in asphalt concrete provides an economically and environmentally safe solution.</p> </abstract>

Combined Geometric and Kinetic Data Model in Model-Based Systems Engineering of Robotic Cells

The main intention of the presented research is the development of an engineering framework that allows the automated generation of a combined geometric and kinetic digital twin of a robotic cell. The engineering framework is based on graph-based design languages and an appropriate compiler for their translation in order to realize a novel form of a machine-executable V-model for Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). In this novel machine-executable MBSE process, the primary process management objects are no longer some documents but abstract process descriptions that can be automatically compiled into concrete product models. For such a holistic MBSE process, the models have to be enriched with physical behavior and performance information. The method is illustrated with a use-case of the engineering process of robotic cells. The starting point of the automated synthesis of the robotic cell with its resources is the abstract modelling by means of object-oriented programming. The use-case illustrates a pick-and-place operation that requires a specific geometry of a monolithic gripper. The gripper geometry synthesis is based on design automation with topology optimization, which is also realized inside the executable V-model. A large number of synthesis results from the geometry generating processes can be included in automated kinetic simulations, thus generating digital twins for a large solution spectrum to achieve an overall holistic optimization. Further, a digital twin created from geometrical data and kinetic simulation enables process monitoring based on physical values (joint forces, pressure, etc.) which then can be used to predict failure or evaluate new/optimized motion sequences.

Jhama Brick in Construction: A Sustainable Alternative

This research project aimed to assess the feasibility and potential advantages of substituting a portion of the coarse aggregate in concrete with Jhama brick aggregates. With concrete being a fundamental construction material, the selection of coarse aggregates significantly impacts its properties. Traditionally, natural resources like gravel and crushed stone are utilized, but concerns regarding resource depletion and environmental impact have spurred interest in alternative materials. Jhama bricks, commonly used in construction across various regions, possess properties that make them promising candidates for replacing coarse aggregates in concrete partially. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the mechanical, dura- bility, and workability properties of concrete mixes containing different proportions of Jhama brick aggregates. The findings offer valuable insights into the viability of Jhama brick aggregates as a sustainable alternative to conventional coarse aggregates in concrete construction. This research has potential implications for reducing the environmental footprint of concrete production and promoting the utilization of locally available materials.

Implementasi Akuntansi Lingkungan Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Konsep Triple Bottom Line Menuju Green Economy Guna Mencapai Keberlanjutan Pada PT Varia Usaha Beton (VUB) Sidoarjo

PT. Varia Usaha Beton Sidoarjo is a manufacturing company that produces concrete products and provides services, where the products produced definitely produce a high environmental impact. The application of environmental accounting itself is needed to support the company's operational activities to identify, measure, evaluate and report environmental accounting as control over the responsibility for negative impacts from the company's operational activities. The triple bottom line concept is also a theory that looks not only from the profit aspect but also from the people and planet aspect. This research aims to find out how environmental accounting is implemented in relation to the triple bottom line concept towards a green economy in order to achieve sustainability at PT. Varia Usaha Beton Sidoarjo. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research design with a case study approach. The data in this research was obtained from observations and interviews by researchers with parties related to the research. Based on the results of research at PT. Varia Usaha Beton, it is known that the company has implemented environmental accounting, but the recording carried out does not yet have a separate account. The company has been responsible for managing and minimizing environmental costs to improve company performance, which is related to the triple bottom line concept towards a green economy in order to achieve company sustainability through managing waste and the products produced.

Evaluation of the engineering properties of asphaltic concrete composite produced from recycled asphalt pavement and polyethylene plastic.

This study investigated the suitability of recycled asphalt pavement and polyethylene wastes as coarse aggregate in asphaltic concrete by evaluating the impact of the use of polyethylene polymer wastes and recycled asphalt pavement composite as aggregates on the physical and mechanical properties of the asphaltic concrete. The physical characteristics of the aggregate and bitumen were determined using relevant parametric tests. Recycled asphalt pavement was used to make asphaltic concrete samples using LDPE at 5%, 10%, 15%, RAP at 5% and HDPE at 5%, 10%, 15%, and a mixture of LDPE + HDPE at 5+5%, 7.5+7.5% and 10+10% RAP at 5% as additives. Marshall Stability test was conducted to assess the mechanical strength of the asphaltic concrete, and the results included information on the aggregate's stability, flow, density, voids filled with bitumen, voids filled with air, and voids in mineral aggregate. In addition, the surface and crystal structure of the aggregates was studied by carrying out a microscopic examination with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The results obtained from this study demonstrated that RAP, HDPE & LDPE are viable conventional aggregate substitute for asphalt concrete production.

Determination of the Strength Characteristics of Sporosarcinal -PasteuriiConcrete

The strength characteristics ofSporosarcinal Pasteuriiconcrete (S. Pasteurii concrete)was investigated.To achieve this aim, the suitability of the materials used for concrete specimens weretested before the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of the S.Pasteurii concrete was investigated.Bacteria concentration of 0, 0.5, 2, 4 and 6OD was mix with the concrete. The water cement ratio adapted was 0.5.For the compressive strength, three cubes of size 150 x 150 x150mm was crushed for each curing day of 1, 3, 7,14, 28 and 56 days. The average compressive strength was obtained as the compressive strength of the concrete at eachcuring age. For the split tensile strength, three cylindrical specimen of size 100mm x 200mm was used at each day to obtain the strength at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The average tensile strength was obtained and for the flexural strength, three beam samples of 100 x 100 x 450mm was used at each curing day of 7, 14, 21 and 28days to obtain the average flexural strength.All the properties of the materials used for the concrete production met the standard requirement of the relevant code of practice. The compressive, tensile and flexural strength of S. Pasteurii concrete was improved in comparison with the control concrete. The percentage increase of the compressive strength at 28days are 17.76%, 19.72%, 25% and 4.04% for 0.5OD, 2OD, 4OD and 6OD respectively.The highest tensile strength was increased by 16.24% and obtained when 0.5OD bacteria concentration was used and cured for 14days. The flexural strength of S. Pasteurii concrete was improved by 44.44%, 8.89%,47.40% and 8.52% for 0.5OD, 2OD,4OD and 6OD respectively at 28 day of curing.

Improve the Intelligent Convenience of Multivariate Optimization of Concrete Mix Ratio and the Development of Corresponding Applications

In order to be more efficient in the optimization of concrete mixture, a new intelligent optimization model of concrete mixture was established by using particle swarm optimization on the basis of the original optimization model, and the specific performance was fitted and predicted by using the support vector machine. Using the optimization model established in this work, the test results of 1,443 groups of mixed ratios show that the prediction accuracy of the new model is better than that of the traditional model. The average relative errors of the 7‐ and 28‐day compressive strengths and initial collapse were 10.42%, 7.43%, and 17.14%, respectively. This method is used in a practical project where a set of C25, C30, C35, and C40 concrete mix ratios are designed. The prediction and actual error of 7‐day intensity and 28‐day intensity are −14.4% to −6.1% and −17.6% to 0.6%, respectively, while the predicted value and actual slump error are 15%. The results show that the error between the measured value and the design value is basically within 15%, which meets the design requirements. The method can reduce the time and cost of concrete production, with the cost per cubic meter after optimization is 3.5–8 CHY lower than the concrete mix calculated by the conventional method. The relative decrease ranges from 1.53% to 3.22%. Finally, a practical quality and cost control system (compos) is established to make the strategy easier to apply.

Discussion on the reuse of wastewater from concrete mixing stations for concrete production

Discussion on the reuse of wastewater from concrete mixing stations for concrete production

Strategy For Increasing The Productivity Of PT. Intidi With Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) Method

PT. INTIDI is an industry engaged in the manufacture of concrete, the superior product is the u-ditch type. The casting process for making u-dich requires machine and manual handling by the workforce so that in the production process there are still facilities that can reduce labor productivity. The method used to increase labor productivity is Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The ISM method was chosen because this method is simple and easy to understand and this method is used for the most important elements that must be addressed. Based on this research, the key element variable of leadership commitment is included in level 1, which means that this variable is the key or most important variable that must be addressed first and these results can increase labor productivity.
 Highlights :
 
 Leadership Commitment as the key element variable in increasing labor productivity through ISM.
 The simplicity and ease of understanding of ISM make it suitable for addressing critical aspects of U-Ditch concrete production.
 Focusing on the most important variables, such as leadership commitment, helps improve overall efficiency and effectiveness in the manufacturing process.
 
 Keywords - Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), Increased Productivity, key element

Utilization of Plant Waste Materials as a Partial Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregates in Concrete Production

The research focused on possibility of producing high quality concrete by the way of adding plant waste materials like sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), rice husk (RH) and cassava starch (CS) to concrete mixtures. Varying percentages of SBA (0, 5, 10, 15% - weight of the cement), rice husk (0, 5, 10, 15% - weight of the fine aggregates) and cassava starch (0, 1, 2, 3% - weight of the cement) were incorporated into the concrete mixtures design. Comprehensive laboratory investigations were done on the concrete’s workability (slump), density and mechanical strength, to establish the impact of these organic materials on the mechanical parameters of the concrete produced. The laboratory test results show that SBA and CS augmented the concrete slump rate whereas, the rice husk retarded the concrete’s workability. The result of the density indicated that the rice husk and SBA reduced the concrete’s density; however, the cassava starch caused substantial increment in the concrete’s density. On the concrete mechanical properties, it was noted from the results that the compressive strength was boosted by the incorporation of SBA and CS. The maximum compressive strength (23.7 N mm-2) was recorded through by substituting the cement with 10 and 2% of SBA and cassava starch respectively, in the presence of 10% RH as partial replacement of the sand. This study findings had revealed the potential of SBA, rice husk and cassava starch combinations in the right mixture design, to produce light-weight concrete material having sustainable high compressive strength.

Kuat Lentur Beton Menggunakan Agregat Batu Petangis dan Pasir Semboja dengan Penambahan Botol Plastik

Utilizing local materials is a strategic step in optimizing concrete production in East Kalimantan. There's an example supply of petangis stone and semboja sand aggregates. Apart from that, using various wastes, including plastic waste, in concrete production is also a current issue. This study aims to investigate the potential substitution of fine aggregates with PET and combine them with local materials, to understand their impact on the bending strength of concrete. The study tested concrete bending strength using 15x15x60 cm blocks with PET plastic substitutions at 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% of sand weight, comparing them with PET-free concrete. The research results show that adding 0.30 and 0.45% PET plastic bottles causes a decrease in the flexural strength of concrete. This is related to the influence of changes in the composition of the concrete mix, including factors such as uneven aggregate distribution and less-than-optimal material binding. Flexural strength increases at a percentage of 0.60% by 3.7% or 3.3 MPa and shows better results than normal concrete. So the PET percentage can be used as a recommendation in making concrete using local materials such as petangis stone aggregate and semboja sand.

A Review of Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Based on Slag

Abstract: The studies on Lightweight Geopolymer concrete (LGC) are leading-edge in the development of sustainable and ecofriendly concrete. Attempts were being made to develop LGC by various methods of production. This paper reviews about previously published research work on lightweight geopolymer concrete and the observations to the material binders - an alternate to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by the utilization of industrial by-products, alkaline activator solution, foaming agents, chemical expansive agents, lightweight aggregate, production methods, and their physical and mechanical properties. The main focus is to investigate pore size formation, density, compressive strength and curing conditions. From the review it is found that the stabilization of foam and the control of efflorescence are the two challenging problems faced by the industry for the mass production of lightweight geopolymer foam concrete. Furthermore, topics for future work in this field were suggested.

A Review of Structures and Performance of Ternary Blends of Rice Husk Ash and Some Wastes in Concrete

The field of structural engineering has in recent times begun to widen its scope from the traditional analysis and design, into the development of new structural materials. This is because the use of non-renewable materials in forming and framing structural projects are raising serious environmental concerns bothering on sustainability of materials, especially cement, to produce structural concrete. Cement has been found to be a major contributor to greenhouse gases which affect the environment negatively. Waste from both the industrial and agricultural industries are gradually becoming sources of material to partly replace cement in concrete because of their pozzolanic properties. The agro-based pozzolanic materials include Rice husk Ash (RHA), Saw dust ash (SDA), Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) amongst others. To further widen the scope and resource base of pozzolanic materials for concreting, ternary blends consisting of agro-based pozzolans are being researched into. These research efforts however appear to be uncoordinated, and thus there is a need to juxtapose these efforts together to see the extent of work done on such ternary blends and present their relevant structural properties. This is with a view to helping identify gaps in such research as a means of preventing wastage of research energies. This paper presents a review of structural properties of some agro-based ternary blends used in structural concrete. It is concluded that more research effort is needed, especially in the development of practical and acceptable guidelines that will aid their application in concrete, for sustainable production of structural concrete.

A Study on the Properties of Materials Affecting the Strength of Concrete in Summer

The aim of this study is to accurately show the cause of repeated concrete strength decrease in summer and to help establish appropriate countermeasures. The evaluation results of seasonal cement (n=16) conducted jointly by SSANGYONG-clients from 2019 to 2022 were analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that the chemical compositions, physical properties, and concrete performance of the seasonal cement were all at the same level. Through the evaluation of each concrete manufacturing condition considering the temperature conditions, the cause of the decreasing strength in summer was estimated and the improvement plans were reviewed.

Precast and Prestressed Concrete for the Future Construction of Sudurpaschim

Concrete is the second most consumed material in the earth after water. While concrete has been used for more than 2000 years, widespread use of precast elements has emerged as the latest concrete technology for quality of construction. Precast concrete follows modular construction approach which is sometimes classified as one of the top ten construction innovations. The widespread application of precast concrete was augmented by the invention of prestressed concrete as a revolutionary technology in concrete. This study provides an overview of the use of precast and prestressed concrete technology in Nepal. It highlights the benefits of concrete for national economy by utilizing domestic resources and in realizing sustainable development through durable construction. Recent applications of precast and prestressed concrete in Nepal are highlighted, with examples from various structures including building, river training, and slope stability, hydropower and tunnel projects. The challenging aspects of precast and prestressed construction are also illustrated with examples. Research and development of precast and prestressed concrete products in Nepal are highlighted by presenting the initiatives from experimental studies and academic research. Even though Nepal is in the early stage of application of precast and prestressed concrete technology, the initial applications indicate huge potential and great benefits of application of such products for the faster, cost-effective and durable construction in various parts of Nepal.

Research on EMP Shielding Concrete Product Development and Improvement

In this study, the research was conducted for the purpose of developing Electro Magnetic Pulse (EMP) shield concrete using electric furnace oxidizing slag and carbon material and improving the quality of EMP shield concrete mixed with fly ash(FA) and blast furnace slag(BS). As a result of the study, it was confirmed that compressive strength and Shielding Effectiveness (SE) increased when electric furnace oxidized slag(EOS) was used as aggregate, and that SE increased when Carbon Fiber(CF) was used rather than Milled Carbon Fiber (MCF) in the form of carbon materials. In the case of CF, when the mixing ratio increased, the SE increased, but the fluidity significantly decreased, so the Electric Furnace Oxidized Slag CF 0.2 was suitable as an EMP shielding concrete. Fluidity and SE were increased when FA and BS were incorporated, and EMP BS20 was confirmed to be effective in improving quality.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Different Waterproofing Products in Concrete for Sustainability

The efficacy of several waterproofing products in concrete, such as integrated waterproofing compound, water-repellent cement and waterproofing coatings with acrylic and styrene-butadiene latex co-polymer bases was assessed in this experimental study. The mechanical properties, durability and fresh concrete parameters were examined and a comparison was related to control concrete-concrete that had not been treated with any waterproofing compound. Concrete with an integrated waterproofing chemical exhibited the largest slump of 56 mm, whereas the concrete with water-repellent cement displayed the highest density of 2459 kg/m3. Concrete with integral waterproofing chemical showed the best compressive strength of 39.33 N/mm2, flexural strength of 5.85 N/mm2 and split-tensile strength of 3.80 N/mm2, respectively, at 28 days. Cube specimens treated with an acrylic base water-proofing coating showed a minimum average rate of water absorption of 0.36 and a minimum sorptivity of 0.022 mm/min0.5, after 48 hours. It was concluded that the best result for mechanical properties was shown by concrete with an integral waterproofing compound, whereas the concrete with acrylic-based waterproofing coating was the best performer in terms of durability parameters.

A Study on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Concrete Using Various Types of Synthetic Zeolites

Abstract -The world's most common man-made material is concrete. Portland cement is a key component of a typical concrete mix. However, about 5% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions are brought on by the manufacture of cement. Engineers and scientists need to invent and use a green building material to make the world more sustainable. Due to its corrosion resistance, geopolymer concrete is also significantly more durable than regular concrete. It is also significantly stronger than regular concrete. The development of green construction will be facilitated by the innovative sustainable building material known as geopolymer concrete. Alkali- activated materials also known as geopolymers, are made from a variety of materials (usually industrial byproducts) known as precursors. These are combined with an alkaline medium to create a cementitious material that can be used in place of Portland cement in the production of concrete. Mineral admixtures (such as fly ash and GGBS) are typically added in larger amounts in concrete to improve its workability, resistance to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion, and sulphate attack, and to allow for a reduction in cement content. In the current study, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as alkaline activators with a Molarity of 12M, and fly ash, GGBS, and types of synthetic zeolites as binder ingredients. 40% of GGBS is kept constant and fly ash is replaced with zeolite in various percentages. In this paper, zeolite is replaced with 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of fly ash to create geopolymer concretes. Zeolite powder obtained by the calcination process with the aid of sodium hydroxide and fly ash, industrial wastages. The performance of the created concrete is then evaluated using mechanical behavior on developed mix. Key Words: Alkali activator, fly ash, Ground granulated blast- frunace slag, synthetic zeolites, strength properties.