Concrete Operational Stage Research Articles

PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK DALAM PERSFEKTIF PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Children's education begins from family (household) where they are influenced by what their parents do by imitating and learning. So, children’s cognitive development is inseparable from the family environment. Children’s development in cognitive theory shows the cognitive skills in the form of perception, learning process, attention, language skill, and emotion. These all are implicated in children’s behavior regarding the cognitive development process in capturing, assessing, comparing, and responding to a stimulus before reacting. An individual receives a stimulus and then performs the cognitive process before reacting to the occurring stimulus. This process includes procedures for obtaining information, presenting, and transforming the information as knowledge. This knowledge reflects an indication of children’s behavior and attitude. Therefore, children’s cognitive development in psychological view is categorized into four: the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.

THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHOLINGUISTICS IN ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE LEARNING

Through psychology we can learn about how students ' attitudes and behaviors in acquiring and learning languages while through linguistics we can learn about language concepts and structures. At the stage of language acquisition, there are four phases of language acquisition in the child (1) the level of the (starting from age 0 sampai1 years), (2) period of holophrase (starting at the age of 1 to 2 years), (3) The two-word greeting period (starting at 2 to 2 years 6 months) (4) The starting period of grammar (starting at 2 years 6 months – up to 3 years and above). And the four advanced stages are; 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth up to age 2 – 3 years), (2) Pre-operational stage (3 to 6 or 7 years old) (3) concrete operational stage (aged 6/7 years to 11 or 12 years), (4) Formal operational stage (12 years old to adulthood). While language learning is done formally in formal settings, For example language learning in the classroom. It is not important to learn anywhere while not in the classroom as long as the process of learning is directed at the mastery of the rules of the language consciously by educators as well as learners, the process is called learning. During the formal and informal learning process, the psycholinguistic process works to acquire language knowledge through a study. So this interdisciplinary can lead educators to understand the process that happens in every student who is faced with when they are trying to understand and identify the material understanding in language learning presented in the classroom.

PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN DARING TERHADAP CAPAIAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

This study aims to determine the effect of online learning on the learning outcomes of elementary school students. The research method is carried out through library research by collecting data information related to relevant matters from various sources such as journals, articles, news, books. The criteria for selecting documents, namely that there is a discussion of online learning and the learning outcomes obtained during online learning in elementary schools. The results showed that online learning had an influence on student learning outcomes. This is caused by internal and external factors from students. Elementary school age students are at the concrete operational stage where they are able to do logical reasoning for things that are concrete in nature, while for things that are abstract in nature they are still unable to do it. Students have certain characteristics so they need time to adapt to be able to adjust to online learning. The learning outcomes obtained by students depend on how students respond to the online learning that is being carried out. The role of teachers and parents is very important for the success of students in learning.

Metacognition Profile of Vocational High School Students in Mathematics Problem Solving Based on Logical Thinking Skills

This study describes the profile of vocational high school students' metacognitive abilities in mathematics problem solving based on their logical thinking abilities. This research was conducted using descriptive research methods with a qualitative approach. The data was collected using a logical thinking ability test and problem-solving test and. Three students were selected who met different logical thinking stages: the abstract operation stage, the transition stage, and the concrete operational stage. The results showed the subject of the abstract operation stage fulfilled the metacognition stage by re-describing the given problem, knowing the relationship between what was known and what was asked, working on the problem by writing down what was known and asked and entering into the formula and also checking the answer. Transition stage subjects fulfill the metacognition stage by describing initial information and instructions, performing problem-solving steps, and counting to check completed work. The subject of concrete operations fulfills the metacognition stage by stating information and instructions that are non-specific and detailed. The subject has not been able to state the proper steps to ensure the information's conformity with the problem, and the subject sees what is done by calculating.

21st Century Obstacles for Children’ Physical, Social, Emotional and Moral Development (PSEM) – With Special Reference to COVID-19

Human beings become the human resource while humans possess good Physical, Social, Emotional, and Moral Development (PSEM). This PSEM is developing during formal and concrete operational stages. But the contemporary school, schooling, social, and family environment are not providing sufficient opportunities for children for sound physical, social, emotional, and moral development (PSEM). The socio-economic changes, revaluation in information and communication technology are becoming great challenges to the children's physical, social, emotional, and moral development. Keeping these as a background the author intended to descript the challenges and obstacles in the development of PSEM by 21st-century children with special reference to the Covid-19 situation. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-24-01 Publication date: August 31 st 2021

Knowledge, Metaphor, and Delusions about Grammar of Concrete Operational Stage Language Users

Araştırmada ilkokul öğrencilerinin dil bilgisi hakkındaki bilgi, metafor ve yanılsamalarını tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması (case study) yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu İstanbul ilinde yaşayan 250 ilkokul 4. sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak 21 sorudan oluşan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde MAXQDA 2020 nitel veri analiz programı kullanılarak içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Görüşme formuna verilen yanıtlar “Biliyorum”, “Bilmiyorum Öğrenmek İstiyorum”, “Bilmiyorum Öğrenmek İstemiyorum” doğrultusunda analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre öğrenciler “isim, fiil, sıfat, zarf, bağlaç, fiilde zaman, sözcükte anlam, yapı bakımından kelimeler (basit-türemiş-birleşik), yüklemin yerine göre cümleler (kurallı-devrik), anlamına göre cümleler (olumlu-olumsuz-soru) ve noktalama işaretleri” konularına “Biliyorum” biçiminde; “zamir, edat, fiilde kişi, cümlenin ögeleri, kök-ek, fiilimsi, ses olayları ve anlatım bozuklukları” konularına ağırlıklı olarak “Bilmiyorum Öğrenmek İstiyorum” biçiminde yanıt vermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları doğrultusunda öğrencilerin dil bilgisi kurallarını uygulama becerisinin dil bilgisi testleri ve yazılı anlatım çalışmalarıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi önerilmektedir.

Pengembangan Buku Saku Berbasis Mind Mapping Materi Bentuk Keberagaman di Indonesia Untuk Peningkatan Hasil Belajar PPKn Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to (1) analyze the necessary development, (2) develop, and (3) analyze the reliability of the mind mapping based pocketbook with the materials about the diversity in Indonesia to enhance the fourth graders’ civics learning outcomes in Rara Mendut cluster, Pati . This Research and Development used Borg and Gall model. The data were obtained from the interview, questionnaire, and attitude scale techniques. The results of the research are: First, the Pocketbook development is needed to improve the learning outcome by considering the characteristics of Civics materials and the developed learners’ cognitions at the concrete-operational stage. Secondly, the Pocketbook was successfully developed through 7 stages. Third, the Pocketbook was reliable with a very reliable criterion. N-Gain test on the trial run product obtained a percentage of 0.39. It meant there was an improvement result between the pretest and posttest with a moderate category.

Different Developmental Stages and Developmental Ages of Humans in History: Culture and Socialization, Open and Closed Developmental Windows, and Advanced and Arrested Development

Abstract Piagetian cross-cultural psychology indicated that humans living in preindustrial nations do not develop the adolescent stage of formal operations but stay in the preoperational or concrete operational stage. The stage of formal operations originated among intellectual elites of early modern times and became a mass phenomenon in the 20th century, many empirical indicators suggest. Racial-biological approaches cannot explain these phenomena, but those that combine developmental psychology with socialization theory can. The culture of modern, industrial nations, with their systems of primary and secondary socialization and their systems of occupation and media, stimulate young brains and psyches to use open developmental windows so strongly that they can reach the formal operational stage successfully. Conversely, premodern cultures, across times and regions, do not stimulate humans to develop beyond the childhood stages. Accordingly, unused developmental windows in youth lead to early arrested development there. Both ethnographic data and Piagetian training studies indicate that premodern adults cannot skip stages, being stuck in the childhood stages throughout their lives. However, children born in premodern cultures can develop the formal operational stage when they move to modern cultures in their early years. Only the theory of (open or closed) developmental windows can explain these remarkable phenomena. Data indicate that every stage or substage described by developmental psychology was once the “developmental age” certain nations or social milieus had actually reached.

ANALYSIS OF THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ART AND CULTURE CLASS III MI/SD, CONFORMITY OF CHARATERISTICS, HOTS, AND 4C

The analysis of the subject matter of Cultural and Arts and MI / Elementary Workshops conducted by the author aims to find out the relevance of the subject matter contained in the Thematic Book of teachers and class III students of the 2013 revised 2018 curriculum with the scope of the subject matter of Cultural Arts and MI / SD Crafts which includes competencies knowledge and skills, characteristics and development of MI / SD Art and Cultural Materials, analyzing KI-KD and their relevance to MI / SD Art and Cultural structure, characteristics of student development, HOTS, 4C (Critical Thinking, Creativity, Communication, Collaboration ), cultural and citizenship literacy and character education, and innovation. The method used is the type of library research. Collection and review of reference indicators for the analysis of the subject matter of Art and Culture and Grade III elementary / MI. The research method used is the type of library research. The results of the analysis state that the relevance of the scope of Culture and Arts and Crafts in Permendikbud number 21 2016 on Basic and Secondary Education Content Standards with the 2013 Revised 2018 Curriculum Student Book is considered to be relevant. Characteristics of Cultural Arts and MI / Elementary Workshops include aspects of fine arts, aspects of music, aspects of dance and aspects of skills. Characteristics of student development are in a concrete operational stage. Hots Distribution (Critical Thinking 24%, Problem Solving 9%, and Creative Thinking 67%). 4C distribution (Critical Thinking 23%, Communication 6%, Collaboration 8%, and Creativity 63%). Cultural and citizenship literacy as well as character education are listed in the subject matter of Cultural Arts and the Revised Workshop of 2018 books of teachers and class III students. The innovations offered in the learning of Arts and Culture and MI / SD Crafts are using interactive multimedia that is relevant to the development of science and technology in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0.

Learning Needs Analysis: Thematic Teaching Book Based on HOTS Assisted with 3D Stereoscopic Images to Improve Critical Thinking Ability of Elementary School Students

This study is descriptive explorative which aims to see the needs of teachers and students in implementing High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) based learning in thematic learning. The research objectives were achieved through observation, interviews and document study. The results of observations show that in learning students have problems with learning interest, this can be seen when students do activities that are not related to learning. Meanwhile, the results of the interviews which were supported by document study data revealed that in the thematic book the conceptual presentation was not given in depth. It is necessary to add various activities that support the student learning process. In addition, the teacher argues that it is necessary to provide pictures as an illustration of the teaching concept given, this is because elementary school students are in the 7-11 year age range who are still in the concrete operational thinking stage which requires textbooks that can present abstract concepts. concretely. Based on this, it is natural that students are not interested in participating in learning. This study concludes that the thematic textbooks currently used have shortcomings in the presentation of HOTS material and supporting activities. To cover these shortcomings, it is necessary to develop thematic books that have a more complete concept of material and are made according to the characteristics of elementary school students and contain various activities to support HOTS ability improvement. The development of textbooks is needed as an effort to increase learning interest so that learning objectives can be maximally achieved.

Cognitive Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Approach

Children with autism spectrum disorder often experience difficulties in cognitive skills related to understating, comprehending, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and differentiating between two objects. The present study objective to investigate the effect of Piaget based cognitive tasks on the cognitive skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Eight children with ASD were selected through purposive sampling and assigned for the intervention program. To measure IQ, the Non-Verbal performance test Raven’s colored progressive matrices test was used, and the Indian scale for assessment of autism (ISAA) was used to measure the level of autism spectrum disorder. The IQ was obtained above 80, mild level of ASD, and 6-12 years of the children were placed for this study. The cognitive skills of children were assessed pre- (before) and post- (after intervention). An intervention program based on Piaget’s cognitive tasks was implemented on ASD children for four weeks (six days per week) with 30 minutes per session. The total scores on cognitive skills of ASD children were enhanced in the post-test score. The effects of the Piaget’s cognitive tasks (concrete operational stage: conservation task, classification, and particular reasoning) intervention were most evident in the task performance rating scale on tasks conservation, classification, and particular reasoning. Children with ASD can benefit from the Piaget based cognitive tasks to enhance cognitive skills. The study findings emphasize the effectiveness of the cognitive skills on Piaget based cognitive tasks intervention, which parents may use, psychologists, special educators who work with ASD children.

Designing a field trip: The role of multiple intelligence and scientific reasoning

Field trip is one learning method that provides direct experience for students to be able to interact with the surrounding environment. In Biology class, field trip is one of the keys when students want to observe natural phenomena. This study aim to identify student multiple intelligences and scientific reasoning profile as a reference in designing a field trip for high school students on ecosystem topics. The subjects in this study were 55 students from two classes of 10th grade in even semester with purposive sampling. Data collection using Teen MIDAS (15-19 years) to identify student multiple intelligence and TOLT instruments for student scientific reasoning profile. The results of this study indicate that there are 3 types of intelligence that are most prominent, namely naturalistic, interpersonal and logical-mathematical as for future reference to dividing groups based on these three intelligences. In addition, student scientific reasoning which was found to be at 66% formal operation, 22% transitional and 12% concrete operation stage indicated that the design of the field trip that had to be prepared to have a level of analysis with one or two variables. There are still many students who have not been able to solve combinatorial reasoning. Thus it can be concluded that the best field trip design for this group of student is a design with worksheet that featured naturalistic, interpersonal and logical-mathematical with no more than two variables involved.

EFEKTIVITAS METODE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEAKTIFAN SISWA MI TARBIYATUL ATHFAL BABAT

Student activity is one of the learning activities that should be trained to students because high scientific reasoning will affect students in making decisions and solving problems. It takes seriousness in practicing scientific reasoning skills. So the teacher must choose the appropriate learning approach. This article discusses the problem based learning model which is an inquiry-based learning model, where learning begins by giving a problem. The second discussion, introduced patterns of scientific reasoning that can be trained on students both at the concrete and formal operational stages. At the end of the discussion, the PBL model will be able to facilitate students in developing scientific reasoning

THE ROLE OF INQUIRY APPROACH AND COGNITIVE STAGE ON STUDENT’S MATHEMATICAL CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY AND SELF REGULATED LEARNING

The goal of this research is to analize the role of inquiry approach (IA) and cognitive stage (CS) on students’mathematical critical thinking ability (MCTA) and self regulated learning in mathematics (MSRL). The research adopted a pretest and postest design and involved 60 eleventh grade students of 16 – 18 years old, a MCTA test, the TOLT, and Longeot test, and a MSRL scale, and student’s opinion on IA lessons. The study revealed that percentage of student’ CS, were as follow 11.7% at concrete stage, 65.0% at transition stage, and 23.3% at formal stage. In further analysis the study found that IA and CS took a good role on obtaining student’s MCTA, but not for MSRL. The formal operational stage students obtained higher grades on MCTA than the transitional and concrete operational stages, conversely the concrete operational stage students obtained higher grades on MSRL than the formal and transitional operational. Students taught by saintific approach (SA) realized more difficulties in solving MCTA tasks than students getting treatment with IA. The study also found 1) MCTA students whose learning with IA is better than SA at medium grade level 2) no association between MCTA and CS, MCTA and MSRL, and CS and MSRL. Beside that, students performed intense activities during the IA lessons such as to discuss acitvely, to solve problems enthutiastically, and to present their work in front of the class voluntary.

Mengembangkan Kecerdasan Kinestetik Anak SD dengan Pelatihan Pembuatan Jumputan Untuk Asesoris Interior

This community service activity aims to improve children's kinesthetic intelligence and to introduce local cultural arts to children from an early age, by taking partnersin two state primary schools in Serengan district at the age of 7-12 years.The reason for taking samples at this age is because children of that age have entered a concrete operational stage, where children have the ability to group,arrange and connect / count numbers or numbers. The training that will be carried out is to provide provision of batik practice learning with jumputan techniques to increase children's experience, knowledge and creativity, especially in the areaof handicraft skills. Children aged 7-12 years tend to have a high level of activity, so this activity if directed properly will be able to increase the kinestheticintelligence it has. There are limitations to the lack of class hours to learnvarious skills, especially batik because it is incorporated into SBDP subjects. The absence of optimizing the kinesthetic intelligence in the batik making field and the lack of insight and knowledge of teachers about the practice of makingbatik. Based on these findings, training needs to be held, one of them is the practice of batik making to optimize the potential of kinesthetic intelligence. So that children can be trained which later can bring up student creativity.Besides that, children have more insight and understanding of local culturalarts by producing a product that can be efficient. This activity is planned fora period of six months, planned activities in the form of: counseling about batikas a legacy of local cultural arts, training in pattern making / design, practice ofusing practical and appropriate tools, coloring practices, then training in developing batik patterns / designs that in the market right now. Keyword : Develop kinesthetic intelligence, batik jumputan, elementary school

The Use of History in Life Studies Textbooks in Germany

Hayat bilgisi derslerinde tarih konularının yer alması, tarih farkındalığının ve tarihsel öğrenmenin erken yaşlarda inşasında önemlidir. İlkokulda tarih konularının öğretilmesi, pedagojik yaklaşımla doğrudan ilgilidir. Tarihsel öğrenmede, ülkemizdeki gibi, Piaget’nin bilişsel gelişim kuramına yakın bir yaklaşım etkiliyse, çocuğun sihirli yıl olan 12 yaşa kadar somut işlemler döneminde olduğu düşünülür. Soyut içeriğe sahip tarih dersleri ancak bu yaştan itibaren yani soyut işlemler döneminde öğrenilebilir. Egan’ın tarihsel düşünme evrelerine yakın bir yaklaşım etkiliyse, çocuğun mitik evreden (4-9 yaş) itibaren tarih öğrenebileceği savunulur. Böylece öğrenciler tarih konularıyla daha erken yaşta karşılaşır. Almanya’da ilkokul öğrencileri hayat bilgisi derslerinde (Sachunterricht) tarih konularıyla karşılaşırlar. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Almanya’da hayat bilgisi dersi kapsamındaki tarih konularının neler olduğunun ve tarihin nasıl kullanıldığının incelenmesidir. Nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışmasının kullanıldığı araştırmada doküman incelemesi yapılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, hayat bilgisi ders kitaplarından elde edilmiş ve bulgulara, betimsel analiz ve içerik analizi yapılarak ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Almanya’da 3. sınıfta okutulan iki, 3 ve 4. sınıflarda okutulan bir adet hayat bilgisi ders kitabı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, “geçmişe bakış, günümüz ve gelecek için öğrenmeyi mümkün kılar” anlayışını benimseyen hayat bilgisi ders kitaplarında; zaman kavramından, değişim ve sürekliliği temel alan çocuğun yakın çevresinden, yaşadığı yerin tarihsel arka planına yönelik yerel tarih konuların yanı sıra ilk insanlardan, doğanın ve doğal unsurların şekillenmesinden, geçmişte ve günümüzde kullanılan eşyalardan, orta çağda yaşamdan konular yer almaktadır. Ayrıca tarih konularının ‘yerel tarih/ mekânın tarihi’, ‘eşya/ nesne tarihi’, ‘sosyal tarih/ gündelik hayatın tarihi’, ‘Orta çağ tarihi’ temaları altında yer aldığı ve değişim ve süreklilik ile kültürel miras farkındalığını sağlamak amacıyla kullanıldıkları anlaşılmıştır.

A Study on Students' Cognitive Development in Answering English Task

This study focuses on students’ cognitive development in answering English tasks based on Piagetian theory. The design of this study is descriptive quantitative with a pilot study to ensure that the tasks are reliable and valid. The subject of this study were 26 students at the third grade of MIN 3 Pekanbaru. While the object of this study is the students’ cognitive development. Data collection techniques used in this study are tests and documentation. Data analysis techniques used are editing, coding and tabulating. After conducting the study, the authors found conclusions on the students’ cognitive development at the third grade of MIN 3 Pekanbaruare in various levels, namely seriation (57.69%), transitivity (43.59%), composition (65.38%), decentering ( 50.00%), reversibility (52.56%), elimination (61.54%) and egocentrim elimination (24.36%). After calculation, the average of students’ cognitive development is in the medicore level (50.73%), whereas their agesare in the middle of the concrete operation stage, that is between 8 and 9 years old.

An Empirical Verification of the Integral Development Method for Deaf Children

Empirical findings on the difficulties deaf children face in certain areas of cognitive, conative, emotional and social development served as a basis for The Integral Development Method for Deaf Children. The principles of the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) relating to the importance of sign language, neglected for a long time, provided a wider basis of this method. The first part of the article presents the method in a general way. The research part of the article examined the results of two experimentally controlled workshops. The first workshop examined the effects of various non-verbal stimulation techniques on cognitive development. The second workshop examined the effects of a systematic application of sign language on communicative and educative development. Data in Study 1 were collected by Piaget’s test and in Study 2 we collected by the Communication Competence Scale. The sample consisted of 50 subjects in Study 1 and 60 subjects in Study 2. The subjects were deaf children aged 8 to 12 years. The results confirmed that systematic application of various non-verbal workshop techniques that are suitable for deaf children significantly contributes to the promotion of cognitive development and that they effectively enhance and accelerate the concrete operational stage. A systematic application of Serbian sign language influenced promotion of Serbian speech language and complete communicative competence as well as higher cohesion of sign language end speech language communication skills. Sign language also influenced school achievement. Key words: cognitive development; communication; non-verbal approaches; sign language

Abstract Thinking of Practicum Students at Najran University in Light of Piaget's Theory and Its Relation to Their Academic Level

The present study aimed to identify the stage of thinking of practicum students at Najran University in light of Piaget's theory and its relationship to their academic achievement in the scientific disciplines they were studying at the college of science, mainly mathematics, physics and chemistry disciplines. The sample consisted of (50) female student teachers who were practicing teaching mathematics, physics and chemistry at the public schools in Najran. Piaget test was used as a main instrument to determine participants' thinking stage. Results showed that only 10% of participants were in the stage of abstract thinking, 46% were in the transitional stage and 44% were in the stage of concrete operations. Results also revealed statistically significant differences (α=0.05) between the academic cumulative averages of participants in the concrete thinking and transitional thinking stages in favor of participants in the transitional stage. Moreover, results indicated that there were significant differences between the cumulative academic averages of participants in the concrete and abstract thinking stages in favor of participants in the abstract thinking stage. Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant differences between the cumulative averages of participant students in both transitional and abstract stages. Significant differences were revealed between mathematics and physics student teachers in favor of participants of mathematics discipline. On the opposite, no significant differences were noticed between mathematics and chemistry student teachers, on one hand, and between physics and chemistry student teachers. In addition, there was no significant effect for the interaction between participants' stage of thinking and cumulative average.

Cognitive Impairments in Children with Down Syndrome

This study is designed to determine the cognitive impairments in individuals with Down syndrome. This study was conducted in September to November 2014. Sample of 30 patients was taken by using purposive sampling technique within three months. Observational and Cross-sectional study design was used. This was a hospital-based study in which patients with Down’s syndrome between the age range of 5-18 and both genders were included. A structured questionnaire was developed that was based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development to assess the cognitive abilities by assessing tasks related to developmental ages. Out of those 30 patients 15(50٪) were male and 15(50٪) were females. Most of the patients were found in age range of 5-10 years according to frequency 16 (53.3٪) followed by 10 (33.3٪) patients in 10-15 years and 4 (13.3٪) in 15-20 years. The preoperational stage of cognitive development showed that the girls were more impaired. Pretend-play (boys (50%), girls(46.7%)),Centration(boys(40.%), girls(33.3%) and irreversibility boys (50%) girls(40.%) are the aspects in which boys were tending to show better than boys. In concrete operational stage and in formal operational stage both genders were tending to show equal impairments in their cognitive aspects. In the children with Down syndrome it is observed that there is high frequency of cognitive impairment and girls are more cognitively impaired than boys. While the tasks which require more accuracy and intelligence such as reasoning, meta-cognition, inductive and deductive reasoning are rarely present in both genders. Keywords: Down syndrome, pre-operational, concrete-operational and formal-operational. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/71-12 Publication date: February 29 th 2020