Concrete Norms Research Articles

The role of social message using norm abstraction level and ecological value orientation to achieve sustainable consumption

Pro-environmental behavior is one of human activities to achieve sustainability. In order to encourage people to do so, it needs contribution from marketing discipline using social message. The research aims to investigate the effect of social message framed by norm abstraction level and ecological value orientation on attitude and intention to act pro-environmental behavior in the context of littering. This study implemented a 3 (message framing: biospheric/altruistic/egoistic) × 2 (norm abstraction level : abstract/concrete) between subject experimental design to collect the data. An independent sample t test was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that a social message using concrete norm combined with the three ecological value orientation gains more positive response than the use of abstract norm with the same ecological value orientations. Findings of the research are expected to help government or other institutions to create an appropriate social message in anti littering campaign and motivates people to change their behavior in practicing sustainable consumption.

THE FUNCTION OF LEGAL REASONITY IN COURT JUDGEMENT (MODEL ON FINDING THE LAW REFLECTY PANCASILA VALUE)

Legal research is a process to determine the rule of law, principles of law and legal doctrines in order to address the legal issues at hand. This study using a type of normative juridical (legal research). Rechtvinding understanding in Indonesian as legal discovery (translated literally) could mislead rechtvinding function is to find concrete norm to associate the relevant legal facts. Adhering to the understanding of the rechtvinding the judge in carrying out its functions prosecute a legal case can not be separated from efforts to find concrete norms to be linked to the fact the law. Furthermore, when the facts of law has no grounding norms that govern mutatis mutandis thus not regulated in the rules of positive law and customary law. Scholasticism and dialectic method is used as a support hermeneutic interpretation of legal facts to me recht construction of a new legal norm normative ideas should not be separated from Idee recht itself. Rechvinding model contained in the provisions of the Basic Law of Judicial Authority Article 1 in Conjunction with Article 5, Article 10 in conjunction with Article 50 1 for the model Rechtvinding is the approach taken by norma series is a concept of morals and justice and practices considered society as law and the criminal law model rechtvinding is also banned norma concrete (new), to assess the actions (act) so that an exit permit from the actions that have not been regulated in the act so that such actions are not punished.

Statistical and methodological problems with concreteness and other semantic variables: A list memory experiment case study

The purpose of this article is to highlight problems with a range of semantic psycholinguistic variables (concreteness, imageability, individual modality norms, and emotional valence) and to provide a way of avoiding these problems. Focusing on concreteness, I show that for a large class of words in the Brysbaert, Warriner, and Kuperman (Behavior Research Methods 46: 904–911, 2013) concreteness norms, the mean concreteness values do not reflect the judgments that actual participants made. This problem applies to nearly every word in the middle of the concreteness scale. Using list memory experiments as a case study, I show that many of the “abstract” stimuli in concreteness experiments are not unequivocally abstract. Instead, they are simply those words about which participants tend to disagree. I report three replications of list memory experiments in which the contrast between concrete and abstract stimuli was maximized, so that the mean concreteness values were accurate reflections of participants’ judgments. The first two experiments did not produce a concreteness effect. After I introduced an additional control, the third experiment did produce a concreteness effect. The article closes with a discussion of the implications of these results, as well as a consideration of variables other than concreteness. The sensorimotor experience variables (imageability and individual modality norms) show the same distribution as concreteness. The distribution of emotional valence scores is healthier, but variability in ratings takes on a special significance for this measure because of how the scale is constructed. I recommend that researchers using these variables keep the standard deviations of the ratings of their stimuli as low as possible.

Framing QA as Building and Ranking Intersentence Answer Justifications

We propose a question answering (QA) approach for standardized science exams that both identifies correct answers and produces compelling human-readable justifications for why those answers are correct. Our method first identifies the actual information needed in a question using psycholinguistic concreteness norms, then uses this information need to construct answer justifications by aggregating multiple sentences from different knowledge bases using syntactic and lexical information. We then jointly rank answers and their justifications using a reranking perceptron that treats justification quality as a latent variable. We evaluate our method on 1,000 multiple-choice questions from elementary school science exams, and empirically demonstrate that it performs better than several strong baselines, including neural network approaches. Our best configuration answers 44% of the questions correctly, where the top justifications for 57% of these correct answers contain a compelling human-readable justification that explains the inference required to arrive at the correct answer. We include a detailed characterization of the justification quality for both our method and a strong baseline, and show that information aggregation is key to addressing the information need in complex questions.

Konstitusionalitas dan Legalitas Norma dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang Terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

The Constitutionality of norms are inseparable with the model of judicial review of laws against the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. It can be see from the reviews of abstract and concrete norms by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. The review of conrete norms in the decision of judicial review basically does not constitute authority of the Constitutional Court. Theoretically, norms review should be starting from abstract norms as the implications of the Constitutional Court authority. In order to review the constitutionality of laws, norms and abstract norms should be interpreted by the Constitutional Court. While concrete norms focuse more on the implementation or application of the norm itself. The application of norms cannot be separated from the legality of the norms, while constitutionality of norms is related to its coherence with with the Constitution. If the basis of norms review is the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia then abstract norms should be the main subject matter to be reviewed. Otherwise, when concrete norms are the subject matters to be reviewed, then the implementation of the norms that have been applied in concrete cases. This research is using normative juridical method with case approach in which 15 (fifteen) verdicts of the Constitutional Court of Republic of Indonesia over the period of 2003-2013 in judicial review of laws against the 1945 Constitution are analyzed. The focus is on the ratio decidendi of the Constitutional Court judges in determining the constitutionality of norms. The result of this research shows that, the Constitutional Court, in the judicial review of laws against the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia does not separate abstract norms and concrete norms dichotomously. In an attempt to protect the constitutional rights of citizens, the absence of legal remedies that can be further pursued by the applicant, as well as to provide legal certainty, the Constitutional Court, granted, in its decision, the review of concrete norms. Even though the Constitutional Court remains firm in satting that it is a concrete norms, the applicant’s petition is granted in part which is concerning the review the abstract norms only. Whereas, with respect to the verdict of the constitutional court that rejected the review of concrete norms, it is because the review is not on the constitutionality of norms but the application of the norms and also concerns a petition for an interlocutory decision which is irrelevant to the subject matter of the case. The review of concrete norms in a rejecting ruling is a form of prudence by the Constitutional Court in order not to prosecute the matters which constitute the authority the other judicial bodies, namely the Supreme Court and the lower courts. As for the ruling which declared a petition inadmissible, the Constitutional Court stated that the applicant has no legal standing and the Constitutional Court does not have the authority to test these norms. In the future the Constitutional Court needs to affirm the status of norms before further examining in depth the petition filed. In addition, the Constitutional Court should be conferred with the authority to hear constitutional complaint and constitutional question in order to create the harmonization of interpretation based on the Constitution.

Policy windows for school-based health education about nutrition in Ecuador.

The aim of this study is to identify opportunities in policy framing for critical health education (CHE) about food and nutrition in Ecuadorian schools. The research engages in a dialogue between the perspectives of critical nutrition and political ecology, as it seeks to clarify and develop a critical perspective on health promotion and health education. Critical nutrition studies and political ecology highlight the need to consider and also act upon the broader connections of, and influences on, food and nutrition. In a CHE approach, students learn to address the wider determinants of health through critical, democratic and collaborative processes, anchored in and supported by the local community. Based on a textual analysis of health, food and education policy documents, the study finds that concrete norms endorse a biomedical stance. Consequently, focus remains on prescribing individual behavior, and schools are regarded as intervention settings, rather than a site for generating change as would be the case of health promotion using a CHE viewpoint. However, the study finds the possibility for developing a CHE perspective in the overarching rationale of 'good living', which reaffirms a holistic understanding of health, the need for critical and plural participation and the importance of the community. It is possible that the notion of community participation could facilitate introducing a CHE approach in Ecuadorian schools.

Analytical Model for Assessing Reinforced Beams

This study presents an analytical model for assessing reinforced simply supported beams based on recommendations of the Brazilian Concrete Norm (NBR-6118) and a study published by the International Federation of Concrete (fib). Rectangular and “T” sections are only considered in this study. The beam’s deformation depicted the diagram of moment curvature in regard with the limits of materials deformation in the elastic state is also explored. The results obtained by both Norms were complement with each other, revealing great similarity. Furthermore, destructive tests of reinforced beams made in the laboratory were compared with those obtained by the analytical model, showing excellent performance of the proposed model. The objective of this publication is the presentation of the analytical model. Analysis of comparing the results between the analytical model and from field tests were presented in another publication that will be mentioned in this study.

Recent evolution of learnability in American English from 1800 to 2000

Concreteness—the psycholinguistic property of referring to a perceptible entity—enhances processing speed, comprehension, and memory. These represent selective filters for cognition likely to influence language evolution in competitive language environments. Taking a culturomics approach, we use multiple language corpora representing more than 350 billion words combined with concreteness norms for over 40,000 English words and demonstrate a systematic rise in concrete language in American English over the last 200years, both within and across word classes (nouns, verbs, and prepositions). Comparisons between new and old concreteness norms indicate this is not explained by semantic bleaching, but we find some evidence that the rise is related to changes in population demographics and may be associated with increasing numbers of second language learners or attention economics in response to crowding in the language market. We also examine the influence of gender and literacy. In sum, we demonstrate evolution in the psycholinguistic structure of American English, with a well-established impact on cognitive processing, which is likely to permeate modern language use.

“I Don’t Like Watching Japanese Adult Videos Because You Like It”

This article focuses on women’s use of pornography in modern Taiwan, with an eye to making sense their “claimed” preference for American pornography. Our research shows that men and women display vast differences in pornography use and pornography preference with men tending to identify with Japanese adult videos and women with American pornography. Such gendered use of pornography has been substantially documented and examined through multiple disciplinary lenses. While illuminating, these studies tend not to examine further how such gender differences come about. It fosters an impression that gender can be used to explain away the reasons that men and women will differ in pornography use and sex. Gender is thus seen as universally applicable and able to explain everything without providing any concrete explanations. From this vantage, the specific, concrete gender norms that gave rise to the differences in pornography use in different cultures are dismissed as just manifestations of their genders. This article therefore aims to recover the specific gender norms and politics in Taiwan, which are often lumped together and explained away as gender inclinations and see how these specific contents gave rise to gender differences in pornography use. To understand how these gender differences ultimately come about, one needs to first explore how and why men and women consume pornography, respectively. Elsewhere, we have explored Taiwanese men’s use of, and preference for, pornography. This article therefore aims to examine Taiwanese women’s use of pornography with reference to gender norms in Taiwan.

Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas

Concreteness ratings are presented for 37,058 English words and 2,896 two-word expressions (such as zebra crossing and zoom in), obtained from over 4,000 participants by means of a norming study using Internet crowdsourcing for data collection. Although the instructions stressed that the assessment of word concreteness would be based on experiences involving all senses and motor responses, a comparison with the existing concreteness norms indicates that participants, as before, largely focused on visual and haptic experiences. The reported data set is a subset of a comprehensive list of English lemmas and contains all lemmas known by at least 85 % of the raters. It can be used in future research as a reference list of generally known English lemmas.

The Research of Mixture Ratio Factors on the Concrete Consumption Norm

Concrete valuation work is mainly on the composition of concrete raw material pricing, different concrete mixture ratio has decisive influence on the valuation. Concrete mix is influenced by many parameters, such as water-binder ratio, sand percentage, unit water and so on. The mixture ratio is the purpose to research the inner relationship between concrete parameters.In the preparation of the consumption of the concrete norm, analysis to the reasonable mix can not only make valuation work accords with the specification requirements, but meet the practice.

Behavior of reinforced concrete haunched beams subjected to cyclic shear loading

Final research results and interpretations of the testing of ten prototype simply-supported reinforced concrete beams (eight haunched and two prismatic) designed to develop a shear failure under cyclic loading are presented. Five beams (four haunched and one prismatic) were tested without shear reinforcement whereas the remaining five (four haunched and one prismatic) were tested with a shear reinforcement satisfying the minimum required for prismatic beams by the concrete norms of Mexico’s Federal District Code (MFDC). These haunched beams are identical in geometry and reinforcement to a set of haunched beams previously tested under static loading. These additional cyclic testing confirmed the usefulness of a proposed equation to estimate the shear strength of reinforced concrete haunched beams, taking into account parameters such as the haunch angle, the concrete compressive strength, the shear reinforcement and the contribution of the inclined longitudinal reinforcement. From the obtained results, it can be observed that haunched beams have a different cyclic shear behavior with respect to prismatic beams, having higher deformation and energy dissipation capacities, among other reasons, because non-prismatic beams favor an arching action in the haunched length as the main resisting mechanism, that develops smoother cracking patterns.

«Biblia y moral». Los criterios de interpretación en el documento de la Pontificia Comisión Bíblica (2008)

El presente trabajo es un estudio sobre los criterios de interpretación de los textos bíblicos propuestos por el documento de la Pontificia Comisión Bíblica, “Biblia y moral. Raíces bíblicas del comportamiento cristiano” (2008). El documento parte del concepto clave de “moral revelada”, entendiendo por tal la iniciativa salvífica de Dios que suscita la respuesta religiosa y ética del ser humano. Queda preservada de este modo la originalidad de la moral bíblica, la cual, sin menoscabo de su continuidad con la moral natural, integra esta última en el contexto dialogal de la Alianza. A partir de este cuadro de referencia, el documento formula criterios de discernimiento moral capaces de orientar al intérprete en la tarea de elaboración, a la luz de los textos bíblicos, de normas concretas de conducta. Ello permite superar la tendencia a buscar en los textos bíblicos indicaciones normativas prescindiendo del contexto literario y de sentido en el que están insertas.

Service robots on their way? First steps of an interdisciplinary technology assessment

Service robots on their way? First steps of an interdisciplinary technology assessment

Normas de concretude para 909 palavras da língua portuguesa

Normas de concretude para 909 palavras foram coletadas utilizando-se uma escala de julgamento com sete pontos, onde cada extremo representava os níveis altamente abstrato ou concreto, respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram uma distribuição bi-modal sugerindo que as palavras podem ser classificadas nas categorias concreta ou abstrata. A confiabilidade média das normas foi r=0,97. Não foram detectadas influências do sexo, idade, freqüência de ocorrência das palavras em materiais escritos ou tamanho da categoria nos julgamentos de concretude. Os resultados sugerem que a concretude pode ser considerada como um atributo independente das palavras.

Behavior of reinforced concrete haunched beams subjected to static shear loading

The final research results and interpretations of the testing of ten prototype simply supported reinforced concrete beams (eight haunched and two prismatic) designed to develop a shear failure under static loading are presented. Five beams (four haunched and one prismatic) were tested without shear reinforcement whereas the remaining five (four haunched and one prismatic) were tested with a shear reinforcement satisfying the minimum required for prismatic beams by the concrete norms of Mexico’s Federal District Code (MFDC). Test results show and confirm that haunched beams have a different behavior with respect to prismatic beams. Haunched beams favor an arching action in the haunched length as the main resisting failure mechanism. The study discusses both the deformation capacity and the shear strength mechanism of reinforced concrete haunched beams. Previous design equations proposed by other authors are reviewed, modified and upgraded taking into account the additional experimental evidence obtained in this research.

Love Your Neighbor and Yourself: A Jewish Approach to Modern Personal Ethics (review)

Love Your Neighbor and Yourself: A Approach to Modern Personal Ethics, by Elliot N. Dorff. Philadelphia: Publication Society, 2003. 366 pp. $34.95. Rabbi Elliot Dorff is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Judaism in Los Angeles. He has published widely in the areas of law and ethics. This book is one of a series of books by Dorff which deal with moral theory. All of these books are intended for the educated lay reader, as is made clear when Dorff starts off by outlining theories of and how Jewish fits among them. He is careful to use language that is jargon-free, in his words, and it is clear from the outset that this book is not intended for specialists. Indeed, he even suggests that some people may prefer to skip the theoretical sections, presumably out of fear that it might put them off from reading the sections which deal with concrete issues. One of the most admirable characteristics of all of Dorff's writing is clarity and directness. So it is a good match to have a person with inclusive knowledge of the field present this knowledge in simple, direct, and clear language. This is a wonderful book for the beginner who wants to understand tradition concerning personal because it provides an expert's overall description of the field, and a clear and interesting description of approaches of tradition to modern personal ethics. After giving an excellent concise and clear summary of ethical theories, including a proper demur about his broad sweep, Dorff tries to put thought into that picture. He grapples with the complex interplay between ethics, (i.e., moral theory), morals, (i.e., concrete norms of good or bad), halakhah, and thought (i.e., moral values found expressed in Midrash and Aggada). Because of the complexity of this interaction it becomes extremely difficult to speak of Jewish ethics altogether. Dorff implicitly acknowledges this difficulty, but he chooses not to deal with it because that would be counter to the goal of this book. Thus, the book deals mainly with morals in concrete situations. Even then, the relationship between halakhah and remains cloudy, although Dorff does point to distinctions that indicate a grappling with this thorny issue. It seems to me that Dorff has missed the opportunity of making a valuable contribution in this area. This may be the result of the fact that most of the chapters in the book are based upon previously published work. The areas of personal morality that Dorff deals with are: privacy, which includes internet, spying on employees, disclosure, and intrusion; sexuality, which includes sexual relations, marriage, nonmarital sex, homosexuality, and meaningful sex; and parents and children, which includes filial duties, caring for parents, and parental duties. It also deals with family violence, which includes wife-bearing, child abuse, witnessing abuse, and the role of rabbis and other leaders in relating to abuse; and forgiveness, which includes God's role, obstacles to forgiveness, and the process of teshuvab. Finally, it deals with hope and destiny, which includes topics of support within families and communities and dealing with death. In his appendix Dorff makes a case for an interaction of Judaism and morality. He attempts to show how tradition defines, motivates, and educates a moral person. The chapter on hope and destiny is typical of the book in that Dorff reveals his knowledge of and sensitivity to thought as the way tradition framed moral decisions. thought, aggadah, philosophy, and halakhah all combine to circumscribe a description of concrete situations that express specific values and views. It is this description which Dorff brings to bear on his subjects. This is the reason that much of the book is illuminating. He also is consistent in pointing out how this description, that is, the set of values and views, differs from dominant conceptions in United States society. …

Unreliable information on the internet: a challenging dilemma for the law

This paper examines what role the law can and should play with regard to unreliable information available on fast communication networks, such as the Internet. Users of electronic information find it increasingly difficult to assess its reliability. The traditional structures for assessing reliability are lacking or function inadequately. Clear social norms have not yet been developed. As regards the law, traditionally liability law is the first legal guard against undesirable societal developments. We conclude however, that liability law is an inadequate remedy for unreliable information. Self‐regulatory initiatives such as trust mark seals for websites providing reliable information offer a more promising perspective, although these also have their limitations, especially in the sphere of enforcement and legitimacy. In this paper, self‐regulation is nonetheless hailed as an important instrument because it provides an indispensable test‐bed for more concrete legal norms derived from reliability criteria for information. Even if self‐regulation may not completely materialise, discussion about self‐regulation could be a stepping stone to the development of pertinent social norms.

«El mejor retrato de cada uno» la materialidad de la escritura epistolar en la sociedad hispana de los siglos XVI y XVII

Epistolary writing reached a remarkable diffusion in Hispanic society in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It was one of the most significant forms of writing, and its social extension was also extraordinary. This has been shown in a number of different studies and editions are profuse. However, in many of those works the study of the meanings and functions of this epistolary writing is extremely limited. On the basis of some previous reflections on epistolary discourse, I attempt here to analyze the material characteristics of epistolary testimonies, the distinction between letters and billets, the formal constitution of both, and the relations between the social conditions of the people and their written production (from the literati to inexpert writers). Finally, I will address the particularities that each act of writing involved in terms of the dialectic tension between the concrete norms and their appropriation in a certain society.

The Pyramid of Social Norms: A New Perspective

The legal literature on social norms is at a crossroads. While we seem to have a grasp of the nature and potency of social norms, we still lack understanding of their structure and the factors that cause them to emerge or wither away. In this essay, I posit that a promising way to proceed from this crossroads is to take the path not (yet) taken by lawyers and legal economists. The theory of values and value dimensions in cross-cultural psychology offers a systematic framework for laying the foundations to a more robust theory of social norms. The underlying insight of this essay is straightforward: I argue that values are the core terms of social norms. They may be likened to building blocks of a socio-genetic code that every modern society is endowed with. The cultural profile of each society affects its members' personal utility functions as well as its social institutions. It therefore defines the setting in which more concrete norms evolve. In the metaphorical pyramid of social norms, values constitute the lower strata and concrete social norms are found at higher strata. This essay outlines the notional model of the pyramid of social norms and demonstrates its contribution to debates over emergence and evolution of social norms and over social norms and the law.