Concrete Facts Research Articles

Self Bearing Witness

Self Bearing Witness Devin King (bio) Three Poems Hannah Sullivan Farrar, Straus and Giroux www.us.macmillan.com 80 Pages; Print, $11.99 There are indeed three poems in Hannah Sullivan's new book. They are long and go down like a smoothie in an airport. Healthy-ish but there's ice cream in there. The first, about doing drugs and gettin' laid, is called "You, Very Young in New York" and is about fifteen pages. The second and third are each about thirty pages; their titles are "Repeat Until Time" and "The Sandpit after Rain." They're about 1) the death of Sullivan's father and 2) the two-week-late and C-section birth of her child. Hugh Kenner and Joan Didion references, as well as gestures to Tinder and reflexology tell you what you need to know about the poet. Do you like The New Yorker but skip the poems and the fiction? You might enjoy this book. Sullivan, a Harvard grad now teaching at Oxford, has also written an academic book about revision and the modernists. Because the poems are so long, Sullivan works quasi-narratively. What does that mean for her? The poems gain movement out of section breaks. Rather than use these short, usually page-long sections to dose the reader with a series of fragile lyric moments, Sullivan charts low-key emotional changes in her narrator. These are slight emotions, and Sullivan is good about alternating their provenance. The emotions are generally presented to the reader through four millennial languages: the feminist body, Western new age "yoga" mysticism (and all its kin), grumpy acquiescence to the possibility of freedom through acceptance of the market, and the referential language of the academic. Each detail that leads to a slight emotional shift—the discovery of a new cocktail, whispers from a Tinder date, or reading Henry James—suddenly coalesce as the key moments leading to the ego transition that bursts through the end of each poem. Here, she is replacing bereavement cards for the death of her father with congratulations for her new baby in the final poem: Look at the mantelpiece with its tents.My life is at a distance from my life.Like the Telegraph announcements column,Not always as interesting as the weather,and certainlyLacking the true frisson of pleasureThat the elderly take in the dying,The jilted in the newly engaged. This is one of the better stanzas in the book. The foregrounded engagement with Heraclitus in an earlier section ("Repeat Until Time" is subtitled "The Heraclitus Poem") earns her a concentrated, personal maxim of change: "My life is at a distance from my life." The three poems are in chronological order and the effect is additive. Slow change suddenly total. The self bearing witness. The astonishing appearance of some concrete fact in James comes to mind (there's a section on him in the second poem), or how Zweig uncovers the years of tension leading to someone handing someone [End Page 28] else a napkin. Mannered pre-war Europe in NPR America. Instead of a tourist playing chess or reading novels, we see Sullivan on the internet. From "You, Very Young in New York" : On Yelp someone has written, 'This cakesmells so goodIf I ever have to go on a respirator (*knockon wood) I hope they use this cake case as myrespirator.'(*knock on wood*)…The bakery is in Astoria, on Broadway and28th.On Street View you look at strangers' faces,at the averted gaze Of men in sportswear smoking in front ofF*MOUS BRANDS,At takeout bikes, nail salons, Turkish icecreamstands, And a grocery store with an unlit sign, 'HotCoffee,' Notice the slight difference between this, the bored internet time of Sullivan's twenties when she dreams of all the stores she will visit, and what she does following acupuncture sessions to induce birth in her late thirties. From "The Sandpit After Rain": I get a discount on the final session,'It wasn't going to work, as I said…'The date must be wrong, miscalculated.Soon it will be the year of the sheep.And what...

Safety and Risk Management at Work: The Search for Culturally and Institutionally Embedded Solutions

There have been significant efforts made to understand the relationship between national culture and safety. However, the results on how to act upon these findings are meager. This article discusses the research paradigms that produce circular reasoning on culture as an object of analysis and proposes an alternative approach to organizing the observation of the concrete life-situation using an ethnomethodology, which can provide empirical evidence of causalities, thus making way for improvements. Based on a multi-case study, it is argued that the features of large power distance, high uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 2001) and low trust (WVS, 2015), when combined in a national culture, can produce negative effects on the learning capacity of individuals and teams and on their information-treating capabilities. Observation of practices reveals the negative consequences of excessive controls and its effect on producing fragmentation in the necessary tacit relationship that should exist between meaning, experience and the concrete facts observed in daily work situations at the bottom of the organization, thus creating a context for the normalization of deviance in organizations (Vaughan, 1999). National culture can engender a context in which there are many hidden risks and this should be considered in a typology of organizational errors.

ШКОЛА «МОЛЛА НАСРЕДДИН» В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРИНЦИПОВ ЛИТЕРАТУРНОЙ ШКОЛЫ


 
 
 The article deals with the literary school “Molla Nasreddin” that is considered on the basis of the concrete facts and examples in the context of the principles of the literary school. The main principles of the literary school are highlighted: unity of opinions, clouseness of aesthetic ideals and novelty. The activities of the Azerbaijani satirical journal “Molla Nasreddin”, the first Azerbaijani newspaper “Ekinchi”, (“A ploughman”), the journal “Fuyuzat” (“Admonition”) are traced and appreciated. It is emphasized that the beginning of the XX century is one of the most important stages in the history of Azerbaijani literature. The special attention is given to Jalil Mammadguluzadeh’s activity as a creator of the satirical school “Molla Nasreddin” and founder of critical realism in Azerbaijan. The literary school “Molla Nasreddin” created by him is considered to be a top of satirical literature in Azerbaijan.
 
 

CHANGES IN SOVIET ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN THE 1930s

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to study the history of Soviet architecture, associated with changes in its stylistic orientation, when instead of the previously dominant constructivist forms other forms began to prevail, namely Art Deco, neoclassicism and eclecticism. The paper explores the processes in architecture of that time, identifies the main prerequisites for the formation of that architectural style.Methodology/approach: The methodological approach includes a comparative analysis of scientific publications and buildings of Soviet architecture of the 1930s. A comprehensive study is conducted to identify the prerequisites, processes and features of the architecture of this period.Research findings: The main results concern the period under study accompanied by both evolutionary and cardinal changes in architecture associated with the general architectural policy of the government and the creativity of architects. All this determines the peculiarities of the controversial, transitional style of Soviet architecture. The analysis of the controversial architectural style considers the individual genesis. This style is formed under specific conditions and has its own history. Architectural competitions of the 1930s demonstrate the stylistic diversity of architecture and the evolutionary transition from constructivism to Soviet neoclassicism observed in the works of those architects who previously designed the style of constructivism. The term post-constructivism means both a purely chronological concept, that is a period in the history of architecture following the epoch of constructivism and the specific architectural and stylistic phenomenon which still combines constructivism and elements of the subsequent style. A search for individual architects determines the style of the 1930s. In this regard, the term post constructivism best reflects the diversity of architecture of that time, taking into account the historical era and national identity, and the use of elements typical to Art Deco, Neo-Renaissance, or Classicism.Practical implications: The research results can be used to further studying the architecture of this period as well as in the preparation of courses on the history of Soviet architecture of the 1930s. This study makes it possible to realize historical, artistic and cultural value of this style, thereby preserving it in the future.Originality/value: The history of the architecture of that period is still not well understood and is of particular interest for researchers. This study considers both well-known and insufficiently studied buildings of Soviet architecture of the 1930s, compares the obtained facts and opinions of other authors‟. As a result, the paper combines, compares and analyzes interesting information on this topic and investigates concrete facts. Also, a comparison is given to the architecture of the studied and previous periods.

'There shouldn't be anything wrong with not knowing': epistemologies in simulation.

Medical education embraces simulation-based education (SBE). However, key SBE features purported to support learning, such as learner safety and learning through experience and error, may not align with the dominant culture of medicine, in which portraying confidence and certainty about one's knowledge prevails. Misaligned conceptions about knowledge and learning may produce unintended negative effects, including the suboptimal implementation of SBE, which could consequently compromise SBE and its outcomes. To uncover the epistemological beliefs of students experiencing SBE, we conducted a theory-informed analysis of interviews with 24 pre-clerkship medical students following their participation in an SBE training study. Our analysis borrowed from coding methods common in constructivist grounded theory and used Hofer and Pintrich's four dimensions of epistemology as sensitising concepts. Participants subscribed to a dominant view of knowledge as consisting of concrete facts, derived from external sources. By contrast, they described but did not prioritise a conception of building their own knowledge through different learning experiences. Participants positioned experts (i.e. teaching faculty members) as the ultimate knowledge validators through their presence and feedback. Participants also noted that faculty staff could counter medicine's pressures to perform with certainty and confidence at all times by instead embodying and modelling an authentic appreciation of learning through experiences, errors and discovery. Medicine's tendency to idealise the objective pursuit of singular truths may compromise the purported culture of SBE as a space for learning many wide-ranging aspects of medicine, including how and when to innovate and deviate from norms. Explicit attempts to bridge the epistemological beliefs of medicine and SBE may better enable the realisation of safe experiential learning. Faculty members are positioned to play key roles in enabling this bridging.

La configuración del tiempo en la Real Provisión. Una función de síntesis y orientación

La obra tardía de Norbet Elias, Sobre el tiempo, compuesta de varios escritos que intentan explicar desde una teoría sociológica del tiempo la relación entre experiencia y pensamiento como partes de un solo proceso, nos sirve aquí para pensar en cómo la configuración del tiempo en la Real Provisión, un modelo documental emitido a nombre del rey, ejerce una función de síntesis y orientación a lo largo de su escrituración. Con la guía estructural de una concreta Real Provisión del siglo XVIII que se conserva en el Archivo Histórico de Cali (Colombia), intentamos poner en relación el procedimiento administrativo a través del cual se incorporan unos hechos concretos en el documento —producto de las relaciones sociales alrededor de un asunto determinado— con una sucesión de momentoscronológicos que los determinan.

A Phonological Property of Syllable Structure and Economy in Urdu: An OT Account

A Phonological Property of Syllable Structure and Economy in Urdu: An OT Account

Corrective Justice: An Economic Approach for Law

Corruption has a negative impact on people’s lives and statehood. The strategic positions in State-owned enterprises (SOE) are vulnerable to abuse of power and authority which has an impact on state losses. The concept of interpretation of the legal system of state finance in SOE governance actually raises its own problems. The purpose of this study is to obtain an overview and analyze policy solutions for understanding law enforcement of state finance, state admission law, and SOE. Research methods is normative descriptive juridical on public companies and state finances laws. The inclusion of elements detrimental to state finances in the formulation of criminal acts of corruption brings certain legal consequences in the field of evidence law. The concrete facts in the court of law that there is no explicit difference in principle and consequently between public law and private law bring its own problems in the field of law. Efforts to support SOE in line with the principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) and efforts to save state finances are counterproductive. The results of the study as a framework for formulating policies to avoid the injustice of law enforcement in concreto towards the application elements of state financial losses.

Досвід українців східної галичини у побудові системи місцевого самоврядування (кінець ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)

Висвітлено складні події кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст., які відбувалися на теренах Східної Галичини. Йдеться про процеси, що стосуються історичного досвіду українців у побудові системи місцевого самоврядування, формування Галицького Крайового Сейму, міських, сільських органів виконавчої влади, про вічовий рух за загальне виборче право як важливий етап боротьби за становлення структур громадянського суспільства. Проаналізовано перспективи українського державoтвoрення початку ХХ ст., які переконливо вказують на наявність і готовність українства власними силами будувати кооперацію, банківську та кредитну справу, а також необхідні управлінські структури, які наприкінці ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. вражали бажанням змін і давали приклад українцям по інший бік Дніпра.

COMPLEX CHARACTER OF LOGIC IN LEGAL METHODOLOGY

Problem setting. In the modern methodology, the issues related to the impossibility of fulfilling the general scientific logical requirements of completeness and consistency are actualized: whitish spots testify to the inability to achieve the ideal of scientific completeness, and legal conflicts - about the contradiction of legal norms, which is potentially present in the legal system. Therefore, in relation to the problems of modern legal methodology, logical investigations are conducted with the intention of realizing non-classical ways of reasoning.Recent research and publications analysis. In studies on legal methodology, the logical form is used as a frame, for which the legal form is harmonized. Legal logic has distinct characteristics about traditional and classical logic, which need to be addressed. Researchers in legal logic refer to informal logic.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to cover the paradigmatic characteristics of logic involved in legal methodology, justification of the logical toolkit in the perspective of the execution of legal tasks.Paper main body. At the legislative level and in the legal theory, lawyers rate a legal subject using the strongest and most effective in terms of achieving the truth and therefore the most influential practices of convincing logical forms and techniques. These, for example, include: modus Barbara simple categorical syllogism, known as litigation mode; modus ponens of conditional categorical syllogism, which is a logical form intended to form qualifications in violation of law (it is called legal syllogism); modus tollens conditional-categorical syllogism, which appears as a logical form as a formally-logical standard of the legal norm, etc. Thus, the logical form of legal qualification has a structure of conditional-categorical syllogism, modus ponens. On the other hand, legal logic differs from traditional and classical logic by the fact that it limits logical possibilities of cognition and implies deviation from logical rules, creating an exception in the logic of a legal subject. Limitation of logical possibilities is carried out from the point of view of the tasks of legal epistemology. That is, not all truths have legal significance. Restrictions and exceptions regarding logical rules are conditioned in particular by doubts as to whether the desired goal is achieved by qualifying concrete facts in terms of the logic of abstract subjects. Qualification from a legal point of view means establishing an identity (full or partial) of the attributes. The question arises: can there be identical signs of an abstract (or generalized on a high level) and specific subjects. The logical paradigm of abstract thinking is based on the ratio of gender and form, and the logical paradigm of specific thinking is based on the ratio of the part and the whole. In the practice of legal thinking, these logical paradigms are correlated in a special way. The proportion of the part and the whole are considered in the hermeneutical logic in the process of interpretation. Abstract norms require the establishment (or refinement) of the meaning, that is, the procedures of interpretation. Concrete facts are interpreted, provided contextual content they are given legal value.Conclusions of the research. The complex nature of the logic of lawyers appears in the simultaneous use of two logical paradigms (types of thinking), on the basis of which are also structured two types of interpretation.

PECULIARITIES OF ARTISTIC REPRODUCTION OF OPPRYSHKIVSTVO IN THE FIRST EDITORY OF THE NARRATIVE OF GNAT KHOTKEVYCH “STONE SOUL”: FOLKLORE SECTION

The article deals with the peculiarities of the artistic reproduction of opryshkivstvo in the first edition of the narrative of Gnat Khotkevych «Stone Soul» (1911). The level of assimilation by the author of the historical and folk material about opryshko Marusyak and its transfer to the artistic text. The skill of the author is revealed, which, based on the concrete facts and historical material, managed to construct an interesting plot; filled the text with internal conflicts and collisions that "move" the action of the work.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ ЗМІСТУ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО МЕДІАДИСКУРСУ (на прикладі англомовних політичних медіатекстів)

Introduction. This article explains the peculiarities of the content constructing of the political media discourse of the Russian Internet resource sputniknews.com for September 2016, represented by English-language political media texts about events in Ukraine. Purpose . The purpose of the article is to disclose peculiarities of the content constructing of the political media discourse in question via the analysis of the cognitive plane of its objectification. Results . The article holds that the political media discourse is a complex phenomenon that has three planes of its objectification: cognitive, pragmatic, and communicative (linguistic). The analysis of its cognitive plane accomplished as the analysis of the content of its political media texts enables to disclose peculiarities of their content constructing. The article proves that this constructing is typically based on a purposeful manipulation of information on behalf of the message author (sender). It is done in different ways and by various means – by faking facts, by their partial distortion, by a shift within the concept semantic field, by the concept simplification, and by stereotyping. The very form of facts presentation also contributes to information distortion – it can be statement, repetition, fragmentation, breaking news, sensation, and non-alternativity (of information source or of view point). Such а content constructing, typical of the analyzed political media texts, enables the message author (sender) to present concrete facts, political events and the very social reality in the right light, suggesting or imposing on the message recipient a certain (necessary) understanding of what is perceived. Originality . Originality of this article is provided by a complex approach to the analysis of the political media discourse. The article contributes to the discourse analysis, in particular to the studies of its cognitive and linguistic-cognitive characteristics. The perspective of the problem under discussion can be seen in the analysis of interrelated pragmatic and communicative (linguistic) planes of the political media discourse objectification. Conclusion. Thus, according to the obtained data, the content constructing of English-language political media texts about events in Ukraine, which represent the political media discourse of the Russian Internet resource sputniknews.com for September 2016, is typically based on manipulation of information. Accomplished by the message author (sender) in different ways and by various means, manipulation of information results in various interpretations of concrete facts, political events and social reality with the purpose to suggest or impose on the message recipient a certain (necessary) understanding, which is, in fact, a manipulative impact on public consciousness.

Integration as Didactic Prerequisite for Creating Situations of Axiological Choice to be Made by Students

Schooling helps to take on the image of “Self” by integrating the meanings and narratives of our culture, identifying oneself with its values, including social ones. Integration is viewed by the authors as a process bringing multifarious meanings together, into a single interface between the meanings of various subjects and objects of the pedagogical process. It is proved that such approach encourages students to make a certain axiological choice, the first manifestation of meaning. Selected elements of pedagogical process - problems, problems-antinomies, events, concrete facts, personalization - combine various contents, make them into a single whole, creating prerequisites for axiological choices. It was found that the greater is the meaningful potential of integrated knowledge in the choice situations, the higher is the personal relevance of the problem for the student; events, specific facts and “acting out the characters” should affect the emotional and aesthetic sphere of the student. Due to this the axiological choice will be based on inner emotion, experiencing which is an indispensable prerequisite of personality development

THE PODILIAN PAGE IN THE HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN GALICIAN ARMY IN THE MEMOIRS OF CONTEMPORARIES

The paper studies the Podilian page in the history of the Ukrainian Galician Army through the memoirs and recollections of its contemporaries. The importance of the latter for аn in-depth investigation of the issue leaves no doubt. It is argued that along with the actual material, they сontain valuable theoretical generalizations. The memoirs in question are conditionally classified according to their origin. The content of the memoirs is analyzed in terms of military-political, socio-economic, and national-cultural aspects of the above said military formation deployed in the Podilia region. In addition to the information on the battles fought by the Galician army, the memoirs and recollections are found to contain data on its size, organization, combat path. As well they contain information on the then political events that directly affected the Ukrainian Galician Army and the relationship of the Galician soldiers with the residents. It is noted that сertain concrete facts in the memoirs testify to the complexity and sometimes contradictory nature of those relationships. The publications attest to the true attitude of the Podolians to the Galician army and show a significant proportion of both supporters and opponents. Personal reflections of the contemporaries are also recorded in their memoirs. Keywords Ukrainian Galician Army, Podilia, Galician troops, memoirs, recollections.

Does a Restricted Quintic Polynomial in Minimum Time Step (Planck Time Interval) Being Solvable in a Galois Theory Sense Affect the Closing of a Wormhole Throat if (Kaluza Klein Theory) Is Assumed and Impact Admissible Gravitational Wave Polarization?

In a prior paper, the d = 1 to d = 7 sense of AdS/CFT solutions were described in general whereas we did not introduce commentary as to GW polarization of gravitational radiation from a worm hole. We will discuss GW polarization, for d = 1 and in addition say concrete facts as to the strength of the GW radiation, and admissible frequencies. First off, the term Δt is for the smallest unit of time step. Note that in the small Δt limit for d = 1 we avoid any imaginary time no matter what the sign of Ttemp is. And when d = 1 in order to have any solvability one would need X = Δt assumed to be infinitesimal. To first approximation, we set X = Δt as being of Planck time, 10-31 or so seconds, in duration.

Мова як засіб маніпулятивного впливу (на прикладі англомовного політичного медіадискурсу)

Introduction. This article exposes manipulative impact of the political media discourse of the Russian Internet resource sputniknews.com for September 2016, represented by English-language political media texts about events in Ukraine. Purpose . The purpose of the article is to disclose the role of language in exerting a manipulative impact in the frame of the political media discourse in question . Results . The article holds that immanent chacarteristics of language and its units, in particular lexical and syntactic, make it possible to covertly (manipulatively) affect public consciousness, shaping or changing it . It also shows that the language of the political media discourse differes from the ordinary, every-day language in the way information is presented, i.e. facts and events are named and assessed. Thus, a purposeful use of nominative, axiological, and rhetorical linguistic means makes it possible to covertly insert in people’s mind certain ideas, values, and beliefs, which is a manipulative impact on the public consciousness. Originality . Originality of this article is provided by a complex approach to the analysis of the political media discourse. The article contributes to the discourse analysis, in particular to the studies of its communicative, pragmatic and linguistic-pragmatic characteristics. The perspective of the problem under discussion can be seen in the analysis of the role of quazi-linguistic and extra-linguistic means that, by accompanying linguistic means, are used to exert a manipulative impact on public consciousness . Conclusion . Thus, according to the obtained data, English-language political media texts about events in Ukraine that represent the political media discourse of the Russian Internet resource sputniknews.com for September 2016 typically exert a manipulative impact on public consciousness. It is done by a purposeful use of linguistic means that provide various interpretations of concrete facts, political events, and social reality with the aim to orchestrate their understanding and evaluation.

Crime Follies: Overcriminalization, Independent Prosecutors, and the Rule of Law

This chapter from Peter W. Morgan & Glenn H. Reynolds, Appearance of Impropriety: How The Ethics Wars Have Undermined American Government, Business, and Society describes how the combination of politically inspired prosecutions and indeterminate criminal offenses has served to undermine fairness and faith in government. Excerpt: In the old days, we would refrain from ringing up the cops until after there was fairly clear evidence of a crime, such as Professor Plum lying in a pool of blood in the conservatory. Off everyone would go looking for clues, with the concrete fact of Professor Plum's corpse to focus their energies. Today, though, we frequently summon our sophisticated investigative technicians before there is evidence of a crime. We run to the phone as soon as someone suggests Colonel Mustard might have committed some impropriety. We then try to solve the mystery of whether this or some other past indiscretion of Colonel Mustard just might constitute a crime. Nowadays, it is more remarkable when the ethics crime laboratory cannot come up with a viable theory of criminality than when it can. Particular attention is paid to the False Statements Act, 18 U.S.C. 1001.

A INFLUÊNCIA DOS PRINCÍPIOS NAS DECISÕES JUDICIAIS

The purpose of this paper is to examine the principle of justification in the light of constitutional principles - due to legal process, contradictory, natural judge - and the Democratic State of Law. This delimited the minimum content that a decision must include to be considered sufficiently motivated and to legitimize the judicial activity, providing a just, effective, timely and adequate legal protection, that affects not only the procedural subjects, but the society as inspector of the Judicial function. The purpose of this study was to present the importance of principles as the basis for judicial decisions. The method used was the hypothetical deductive, this part of general ideas that are accepted as satisfactory and, from this, a series of assumptions are deduced that soon contrast with the concrete facts of reality. The present paper deals with the guiding principles of the judicial process, in which the relevance of the same in the applicability is emphasized to obtain a fairer and more efficient judicial rendering.

«История цама в Монголии» ― сочинение настоятеля монастыря Гандан габджу Эрдэнипэла

The article examines the published excerpt from A History of Tsam in Mongolia, a historical work by the Abbot of Gandan Monastery (Ulaanbaatar) ka-chu Erdenipel (1877–1960) who was one of the last representatives of the classical Mongolian academic tradition with expertise in Buddhist literature and held the position of Gandan’s Abbot after the 1944 reinstatement of religious services. As compared to many other educated Buddhists of Mongolia, he is distinguished for written literacy in both Tibetan and Mongolian. Still, only few his works survived to the present day. E.g., he is known to have written Khor-Choijun (A History of Religion in Mongolia) but the work was never discovered, and only a Russian translation of part one is available nowadays. According to Ts. Damdinsuren’s diaries, historical works of the priest were kept by his student Dangaasuren who attempted to publish them. Acad. Ts. Damdinsuren’s House Museum (Ulaanbaatar) stores two Mongolian-language works by Erdenipel ― A History of Khambo Nomyn Khans of Ikh Khuree and A History of Tsam in Mongolia. The composition about Tsam is a manuscript written in ink and feather. Ts. Damdinsuren’s inscription says the text was composed in 1942. And the autograph may very possibly have been made by Erdenipel himself. It contains a number of marks and corrections that could have been made by the author only. A History of Tsam in Mongolia comprises a brief introduction and a list of Mongolian monasteries indicating whether and which specific kind of Tsam (dance) used to be arranged there. The introduction relates about origins of Tsam supposed to have developed from magic rites of Indian Yogâcâryas who made use of special garments and ritual objects during corresponding performances. Erdenipel concludes Tsam appeared in Tibet during the second (‘later’) dissemination of Buddhism, i.e. after the 11th century AD. Moreover, Tsam was initially performed by monks of the Red Hat sects, while the Yellow Hat Gelugpa introduced Tsam into its rites only under the 1st Panchen Lama Chӧkyi Gyaltsen in Tashilhunpo and Namgyal Monasteries in the late 16th – 17th centuries. After that Erdenipel starts explaining the meanings of Tsam moves supposed to suppress anti-religious and anti-human demonic powers, and describes attributes of the mystery characters. Special attention is paid to Tsam characters, such as tarnichi who direct Tsam dancers (the so-called Black Hats), or tarnichi who suppress evil powers (masks of oxen and deer) and act as assistants to the Ruler of Hell Chӧejel, the dead in the form of skeletons, the merciful Hushan, White Old Man, acharyas and others. The most interesting part is a narrative about the dissemination of Tsam in Mongolia. According to Erdenipel, the beginnings of Tsam in Khalkha Mongolia were laid by the 2nd Khalkha Dzaya Pandita Lobsang Nyandag Geleg Namgyal in 1744, though there is no data about that Tsam. Still, concrete facts testify about a 1787 Tsam performance in Erdene Zuu Monastery where it was initiated by the famous Abbot Nomchi Tsorji Dagvadarj (1734–1803). The dance scheme followed the pattern of Namgyal Monastery (Lhasa) but was supplemented with Tsam characters of Sakya Monastery which significantly influenced the rituals in Erdene Zuu. The capital of Northern Mongolia ― Ikh Khuree ― first witnessed a Tsam mystery only in 1810. Its principles and scheme also followed the pattern of Tashilhunpo and Namgyal Monasteries. As time passed, the number of Tsam characters increased upon initiatives of different Mongolian public and religious officials. So, there were added masks of lions, Gombo, Chadrabal, Jnanamitra, Dagiradza, Daragsada, Lhamo, etc. Tsam was performed in winters and summers, a complete variant being the privilege of summer ceremonies only.

Seth Vannatta’s Justice Holmes

Seth Vannatta identifies the common law as a central feature of the jurisprudence of former United States Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Holmes treated the common law as if it were an epistemology or a reliable mode for knowledge transmission over successive generations. Against the grand notion that the common law reflected a priori principles consistent with the natural law, Holmes detected that the common law was historical, aggregated, and evolutionary, the sum of the concrete facts and operative principles of innumerable cases with reasonable solutions to complex problems. This view of the common law is both conservative and pragmatic. Vannatta’s analysis of Holmes opens new directions for the study of conservatism and pragmatism—and pragmatic conservatism—demonstrating that common-law processes and practices have much in common with the form of communal inquiry championed by C.S. Peirce.