Cement Concrete Research Articles

Mechanical and Thermomechanical Evaluation of Geopolymeric Concrete Derived from Demolition Waste and its Comparison with Conventional Portland Cement Concrete

Mechanical and Thermomechanical Evaluation of Geopolymeric Concrete Derived from Demolition Waste and its Comparison with Conventional Portland Cement Concrete

Evaluation of long-term properties and life cycle assessment of alkali-activated concrete with varying fiber inclusions

The potential for using alkali-activated concrete (AAC) as a sustainable substitute for Portland cement (PC) concrete is a topic of ongoing research interest. The uncertainties in the raw material composition, the reportedly low tensile strength of AAC, and the lack of relevant standard codes of practice further inhibit wider industrial usage of AACs. Fiber inclusions reportedly enhance the tensile properties of traditional PC concrete. However, there is no long-term data available for fiber-reinforced alkali-activated concrete (FRAAC) mixtures. Hence, the present study is aimed at investigating the long-term mechanical properties of ambient-cured FRAAC with GGBS as the sole precursor. Four different types of fibers, viz., steel (SF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVAF), polypropylene (PPF) and glass (GF) are used in this research as reinforcements in AAC. Tests for compressive strength (fc′), splitting tensile strength (fsp) and flexural strength (fr) are conducted for FRAAC containing varying fiber contents of 0.1–0.3%. The findings demonstrated that fiber additions do not have any noticeable influence on the compressive strength of AAC. However, relative to the plain mix, the fsp and fr of FRAACs were enhanced by up to 32% and 29%, respectively. The formation of the hardened calcium aluminosilicate matrix and evolution of the fiber-matrix bonding over time was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The related molecular bonds over a period of 7-d to 360-d was identified through mineralogical and chemical analyses. Furthermore, to validate its environmental sustainability, life cycle assessments were conducted. The AACs exhibited at least 43% lesser impacts than PC concrete on the ecosystem. FRAACs had only slightly higher (≤ 7% increase across all fiber types) impacts than plain AAC.

Influence of surface roughness and interfacial agent on the interface bonding characteristics of polyurethane concrete and cement concrete

As a new type of concrete material, polyurethane concrete has excellent physical and mechanical properties which is widely used in the maintenance and reinforcement of damaged areas of concrete pavement. Because of the difference in the performance between polymer concrete and ordinary concrete, it is of great significance to accurately evaluate the bond performance between polymer concrete and ordinary concrete in order to avoid interface damage in the subsequent use of the repaired pavement. In this study, the bonding specimens were made by changing the roughness and interfacial agent of the bonding interface between polymer concrete and cement concrete, and splitting tensile test and direct shear test were carried out to explore the bond properties between them. Polymer concrete-cement concrete composite beam specimens were made to simulate the maintenance and reinforcement of cement concrete pavements with polymer concrete in the actual projects, and the flexural performance test was carried out to explore the common mechanical characteristics of bonding specimens. The test results showed that the bond performance of polymer concrete and cement concrete was closely related to the interface roughness and the interfacial agents, and the addition of polymer concrete improves the common stress characteristic of composite beam specimens. The test results provide a basis for polymer concrete as a rapid repair material for concrete pavement repair.

Why sustainable concrete cannot penetrate concrete markets

Several studies have shown that sustainable concrete mixtures could be a solution to reduce the CO2 emissions of concrete while utilizing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) that are waste byproducts, including fly ash, metakaolin, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. However, for these sustainable concrete mixtures to be adopted as a replacement for conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC), site engineers, decision-makers, and authorities need to be aware of the mechanical and durability properties of these sustainable concrete mixtures. A brief review of the mechanical and durability properties of both geopolymer concrete and alkali-activated cement demonstrates the objective performance relative to OPCC. Then, the results of a survey targeting researchers, site civil engineers, decision-makers, and employees in governmental agencies are presented. The results indicate that even though the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer/sustainable concrete are recognized, limited awareness and availability present significant challenges to the adoption of sustainability concrete in infrastructure projects. The survey highlights the need for focused marketing efforts to educate decision-makers on the availability as well as mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete. Additionally, it serves as a call for future research to overcome obstacles such as high initial cost, safety concerns, and limited practical applications.

Molecular dynamics study on microporous direction effect on C-S-H fracture performance

The hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) gel is the main hydration product and source of paste strength of cement. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation method based on ClayFF was used to investigate the effect of micropore direction on the fracture performance of C-S-H under tensile load and interpret the micro deformation, fracture, and failure processes of cement concrete. After establishing a complete C-S-H model with chemical formula (CaO)1.60(SiO2)(H2O)1.57 and micropore models with different pore sizes and directions, the influence of micropore direction on the fracture performance of the C-S-H models was analyzed from three perspectives: mechanical property, micro fracture process, and energy evolution. It was found that the ultimate stress and Young’s modulus of the C-S-H models showed a decreasing trend with the increase of micropore size, and were less affected by the direction of micropores. It was also found that the direction of micropores had a significant impact on the structural failure of the C-S-H models in the x direction tensile simulation, followed by the y direction, and had the smallest effect on the z direction. It was also found that the elastic energy and input energy of the C-S-H models exhibited decreasing trends with the increase of pore size, and the three-dimensional critical energy release rates of different pore models’ difference also decreased.

Utilization of straw ash as a partial substitute for ordinary Portland cement in concrete

The disposal of agricultural waste ash is a great ecological challenge. This study analyzed the basic properties of corn straw ash and soybean straw ash, encompassing the identification of key oxides, the assessment of particle size distribution, and the performance of thermogravimetric analysis. This study also evaluated the potential of corn straw ash and soybean straw ash to replace cement in mortar and concrete through laboratory tests. The findings indicated that the strength activity index of corn straw ash was higher than soybean straw ash. Furthermore, when these ashes were used as cement replacements, the compressive strength of concrete decreased. Notably, concrete containing corn straw ash exhibited greater strength than concrete with the same substitution amount of soybean straw ash. Specifically, at a 5% substitution level, the compressive strengths of corn straw ash concrete and soybean straw ash concrete were 31.5 and 30.5 MPa, respectively. Additionally, soybean straw ash concrete demonstrated superior resistance to water penetration compared to corn straw ash concrete. Both corn straw ash and soybean straw ash exhibited the potential to enhance the early crack resistance of concrete.

Flexural performance and damage of reinforced fly ash and slag-based geopolymer concrete after coupling effect of freeze-thaw cycles and sustained loading

To better represent field conditions, the bending performance of reinforced geopolymer concrete (GPC) beams after the coupling effect of freeze-thaw cycling and sustained flexural load was investigated. Two types of GPC (G10 and G50) with different content of fly ash and slag were included and compared with ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC). The mechanical strength of concrete and bond strength of rebars in concrete before and after freeze-thaw cycles were measured. It was found that the frost resistance of G10 was the weakest followed by OPC and G50. Three scenarios of bending tests on reinforced concrete beams were included: (1) control (without freeze-thaw damage); (2) individual freeze-thaw cycling; (3) coupling effect before bending. Rebound tests were conducted to evaluate frost damages at different areas of the beams as the base to analyze bending behaviors of the beams. The failure mode, load-displacement(strain) relationship, ultimate flexural strength, and bending stiffness of beams from bending tests are analyzed. All beams in scenario (1) were dominant in flexural failure. For scenario (2), G10 and G50 failed in debonding failure due to significant reduction in bond strength, while OPC failed in diagonal tension failure as OPC could sustain bond stiffness, thus preventing debonding failure. For scenario (3), damages in GPC were exacerbated, while damages in OPC were limited.

Quantitative analysis of asphalt concrete’s tension-compression asymmetry effects on pavement response through 3D numerical modeling with dual viscoelastic model

Asphalt concrete (AC) exhibits noticeable tension-compression (TC) asymmetry, but it is typically considered isotropic in pavement design. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effect of AC’s TC asymmetry on pavement response under loading through numerical modeling. To achieve this objective, a temperature-dependent dual viscoelastic constitutive model was applied to incorporate AC’s TC asymmetry into pavement modeling. Besides, three pavement structure models, including one with thick AC layers, one with thin AC layers, and one with a Portland cement concrete (PCC) base, were developed. The responses of the three pavement structures under traffic and environmental loading conditions were simulated. Modeling results showed that AC’s TC asymmetry can significantly increase the vertical strain in AC, leading to higher stress concentration and larger deformation in AC layers. Unlike the conventional understanding that tensile strain concentrates at the bottom of AC layers, high tensile strains were observed in the top AC layers, especially for the pavement with thick AC layers or a PCC base, which may lead to top-down cracking. High tensile strains were observed on the granular subbase for the pavement with thin AC layers, which may induce bottom-up cracking. Besides, AC’s TC asymmetry also significantly increases the shear strains, especially the horizontal shear strain in AC layers, which may result in debonding and shoving distresses in AC layers. It was also noticed that the pavement response highly depends on its temperature and vehicular speed. A higher temperature or lower vehicular speed leads to more significant AC’s TC asymmetry as well as its effects on asphalt pavement’s response. The outcomes of this study are expected to help enhance the design and maintenance of more durable asphalt pavement.

Optimizing compressive strength of quaternary-blended cement concrete through ensemble-instance-based machine learning

Optimizing the composition of concrete, particularly when incorporating ordinary Portland cement (OPC) along with supplementary materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (BF), fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF), poses challenges due to the intricate nonlinearity inherent in concrete properties. Addressing this challenge has urged growing interest in employing Machine Learning (ML) techniques for precise property assessment. In this investigation, various predictive models, encompassing eXtra Gradient Boosting (XGB), random forests (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithms were formulated to predict the compressive strength (CS) of ternary-blended concrete incorporating OPC, BF, FA, and SF. Through comprehensive analysis of an extensive dataset comprising 810 distinct records, the study identifies optimal concrete blends, providing invaluable insights for practical applications. Evaluation of ML models underscores the superior performance of XGB, with a coefficient of multiple determination (R2) values of 0.923 and 0.997 for training and testing datasets, respectively, indicative of exceptional predictive accuracy. Additionally, SHAP values underscore the importance of input age, water–binder ratio, and OPC content. This research enhances understanding of ternary-blended concrete characteristics, offering practical implications for construction practices and laying a foundation for future research endeavors to refine ML models, explore attribute interactions, and optimize concrete constituent proportions for broader civil engineering applications.

Waste Glass Upcycling Supported by Alkali Activation: An Overview.

Alkali-activated materials are gaining much interest due to their outstanding performance, including their great resistance to chemical corrosion, good thermal characteristics, and ability to valorise industrial waste materials. Reusing waste glasses in creating alkali-activated materials appears to be a viable option for more effective solid waste utilisation and lower-cost products. However, very little research has been conducted on the suitability of waste glass as a prime precursor for alkali activation. This study examines the reuse of seven different types of waste glasses in the creation of geopolymeric and cementitious concretes as sustainable building materials, focusing in particular on how using waste glasses as the raw material in alkali-activated materials affects the durability, microstructures, hydration products, and fresh and hardened properties in comparison with using traditional raw materials. The impacts of several vital parameters, including the employment of a chemical activator, gel formation, post-fabrication curing procedures, and the distribution of source materials, are carefully considered. This review will offer insight into an in-depth understanding of the manufacturing and performance in promising applications of alkali-activated waste glass in light of future uses. The current study aims to provide a contemporary review of the chemical and structural properties of glasses and the state of research on the utilisation of waste glasses in the creation of alkali-activated materials.

Influence of corn cob ash additive on the structure and properties of cement concrete

In accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) concept, there is a need to find technologies that would help make concrete production less energy intensive and more environmentally friendly. One technology involves substituting some mineral components in concrete with rapidly renewable plant-based alternatives. This study aims to establish the essential patterns among the concrete composition, micro-structure, and properties of cementitious composites modified with corn waste. Additionally, it seeks to explore the potential for producing high-quality composites using this waste material. To assess the effectiveness of this kind of waste, the strength of the cement-sand mortar, several characteristics like compressive strength, flexural durability and water absorption of hardened concrete were studied. It is established that introducing corn cob ash (CCA) to substitute a part of the cement up to 16% is justified and allows to obtain mortar and concrete with enhanced properties. CCA has a beneficial impact on the properties of Cement Sand Mortar (CSM) when replacing cement by no more than 15%. The maximum effect was achieved at 10% CCA, and the rise of compressive and flexural strength were 6.06% and 6.32%. In concrete with a CCA amount of 8%, the most impressive growth of compressive strength was 7.14%, and the lowest value of water absorption, which is 10.31% lower compared to the ordinary composition. Including CCA reduces the properties like workability, density of concrete mixtures, and the hardened composite density. The scientific results obtained prove the possibility of using CCA as an effective mineral pozzolanic additive that improves the properties of concrete.

How does carbonation of alkali-activated slag and Portland cement systems impact steel corrosion differently?

Carbonation of cementitious materials, associated with neutralization of pore solution, is one of the prevalent reasons for inducing corrosion of steel in concrete. Compared with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, the poorer carbonation resistance of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete leads to serious durability concerns of a higher risk of steel corrosion. This work investigates the corrosion behaviors of steel embedded in intact and carbonated AAS and OPC mortars exposed to various relative humidity conditions, with the aim of fostering a better understanding of how carbonation impacts steel corrosion differently in these two cementitious systems. The results show that uncarbonated AAS mortars have better protective ability against corrosion than OPC counterparts; however, poorer performance after complete carbonation. It is mainly attributed to the combined effect of severe deterioration and coarsening of pore structure and increased ratio of chloride ion concentration to hydroxide ion concentration ([Cl−]/[OH−]) in pore solution, resulted from the consumption of hydroxide ions and release of bound chloride after carbonation. Besides, the different shifts of R-C (material resistivity versus corrosion rate) relationship lines in AAS and OPC mortars after carbonation are observed, which is ascribed to the different compositional and microstructural evolutions induced by carbonation in these two cementitious systems.

Development of a Machine Learning (ML)-Based Computational Model to Estimate the Engineering Properties of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)

Portland cement concrete (PCC) is the construction material most used worldwide. Hence, its proper characterization is fundamental for the daily-basis engineering practice. Nonetheless, the experimental measurements of the PCC’s engineering properties (i.e., Poisson’s Ratio -v-, Elastic Modulus -E-, Compressive Strength -ComS-, and Tensile Strength -TenS-) consume considerable amounts of time and financial resources. Therefore, the development of high-precision indirect methods is fundamental. Accordingly, this research proposes a computational model based on deep neural networks (DNNs) to simultaneously predict the v, E, ComS, and TenS. For this purpose, the Long-Term Pavement Performance database was employed as the data source. In this regard, the mix design parameters of the PCC are adopted as input variables. The performance of the DNN model was evaluated with 1:1 lines, goodness-of-fit parameters, Shapley additive explanations assessments, and running time analysis. The results demonstrated that the proposed DNN model exhibited an exactitude higher than 99.8%, with forecasting errors close to zero (0). Consequently, the machine learning-based computational model designed in this investigation is a helpful tool for estimating the PCC’s engineering properties when laboratory tests are not attainable. Thus, the main novelty of this study is creating a robust model to determine the v, E, ComS, and TenS by solely considering the mix design parameters. Likewise, the central contribution to the state-of-the-art achieved by the present research effort is the public launch of the developed computational tool through an open-access GitHub repository, which can be utilized by engineers, designers, agencies, and other stakeholders.

Application of Greenroads Rating System and Life Cycle Assessment in Informing the State of the Practice in Sustainable Roadway Construction

This paper highlights the application of the Greenroads Rating System in collecting, measuring, and communicating sustainable best practice data in the context of roadway infrastructure construction. Once measured, meaningful comparisons between common practice and what goes above and beyond routine can be recognized, educated, advertised, spread, and finally, implemented. This study collected, organized, and analyzed data from 33 Greenroads-certified roadway construction projects completed between 2011 and 2018 with a total value of over 2 billion USD. We believe such a database is scarce within the literature and is worth exploring. Greenroads scorecards, which indicate the level of achievement in sustainable construction practices, were analyzed to show the frequency with which best practices are pursued. Findings show that projects typically perform activities that can be considered common practice and avoid activities that fall outside of their prior experience realm. Realizing that roadway surfaces including pavement structures often contribute to a high proportion of a roadway project’s sustainability efforts, the last piece of this study is dedicated to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of paving materials as conducted and reported by project teams. Integrating LCA results with financial information from pay item lists, correlation analyses between carbon and energy footprints and the price of major paving materials such as asphalt mixtures and portland cement concrete were carried out. Results show that the quantified environmental footprints of projects and the materials used to build them strongly correlate with the total price of projects and the price of constituent materials, respectively.

Parametric study on the decarbonization potential of structural system and concrete mix design choices for mid-rise concrete buildings

Mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings are projected to continue being the predominant typology for urban development. Thus, reducing the carbon footprint of such buildings is critical for achieving a sustainable built environment. Reducing the amount of concrete and steel in a building through structural and mix design optimization is identified as a primary resource efficiency strategy. This paper is among the first to present evidence of the decarbonization potential of these dematerialization strategies on a building level. The study combines structural design choices such as slab system design, steel reinforcement optimization and span width with materials-based strategies, such as low binder concrete and low-carbon binders. For each scenario, material quantities are calculated following design prescriptions by EN1992–1–1 while state-of-the art life cycle inventory data are adopted to calculate the carbon footprint. Results show that shifting towards more efficient structural systems (i.e., waffle slab system) could save up to 20% of the carbon footprint on the building level compared to more traditional systems, such as slab on beams and flat slabs. In addition, reducing the spans from 7.5 to 5 m can save up to 20% more. Finally, the use of low-clinker cement in low-binder concrete can save another 50% in terms of CO2 impact per built-up area. Realistically, results of the case study concluded that implementing these three strategies could reduce the typical 232 kg CO2e/m2 value of the carbon footprint of structural elements of a mid-rise building up to only 58 kg CO2e/m2, i.e., a four-fold reduction.

Field monitoring and modelling of sediment transport, hydraulics and hydroabrasion at Sediment Bypass Tunnels

Sediment Bypass Tunnels (SBTs) are proven to be an effective measure to reduce or even stop reservoir sedimentation by bypassing sediment laden flows around reservoir dams to the downstream river reach. They are mostly used in Switzerland, Japan, and Taiwan. However, hydraulic and sedimentological operating conditions and the resistance of the invert materials against hydroabrasive erosion affect their cost-effectiveness. Hydroabrasion is a pressing issue at SBTs, other hydraulic structures and steep bedrock rivers exposed to high sediment transport rates under supercritical flow conditions. The present study was therefore conducted to address this issue by aiming at improving knowledge on abrasion mechanics and calibrating a mechanistic saltation abrasion model enhanced by Demiral-Yüzügüllü (2021). To this end, the abrasion resistance of fourteen different invert materials installed at Solis, Pfaffensprung and Runcahez SBTs in Switzerland was quantified by annual 3D laser scanning and the hydraulic conditions and sediment transport rates were regularly monitored between 2017 and 2021. The analysis of invert scans and hydraulic conditions revealed that Prandtl’s first and second kinds of secondary currents occurring in the bends and straight sections of the SBTs, respectively, and the observed abrasion patterns were strongly interrelated. The tested potassium aluminate cement and steel fibre concretes, granite, cast basalt and steel plates had better abrasion resistance against impact of sediment-laden flows compared to other materials. Sediment mineralogical composition i.e., bulk hardness relative to the invert material properties significantly affected hydroabrasion. The enhanced abrasion prediction model was calibrated with the present data and a quasi-constant abrasion coefficient of kv = (4.8 ± 2.2) × 104 was obtained. The enhanced model is well-suited for both laboratory and field scales. The present findings will contribute to the sustainable utilization and operational safety of hydraulic structures, optimization of SBT and reservoir operations regarding bypassing efficiency and reservoir lifetime and modelling of bedrock river erosion.

Influence of Sunflower Seed Husks Ash on the Structure Formation and Properties of Cement Concrete

The limitation of the application of non-renewable materials is one of the solutions to the problem of the sustainable evolution of civilization in the 21st century. Using additional binders in concrete obtained from plant waste will be economically and environmentally beneficial and will also allow us to move closer to achieving sustainable development goals. This study searches for rational composition components and a methodological approach regarding the technological characteristics to get the highest quality elements and prime concrete properties on the basis of sunflower seed husk ash (SSHA). Experimental concrete specimens were manufactured with partial Portland cement substitution with SSHA amounts ranging from 2% to 16% by weight in increments of 2%. This study focuses on investigating the density and workability of the concrete mixture, along with the compressive strength, concrete density, and water absorption. This article used granulometric, microscopic, and X-ray phase analysis methods. Including SSHA in all considered ranges reduces the slump in concrete mixtures. The optimal SSHA content in concrete is up to 12%. An 8% SSHA content has been found to deliver the most favorable mechanical characteristics of the concrete studied. The compressive strength of the investigated concrete has increased by 14.89%, and water absorption has decreased by 15.78%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-08 Full Text: PDF

Recent Developments on the Effects of Micro- and Nano-Limestone on the Hydration Process, Products, and Kinetics of Cement.

Limestone is commonly used in cement concrete due to its unique nature and type. It has physical effects (nucleation effect and dilution effect) and chemical effects on the hydration process of cement. This paper reviews the effects of three representative limestone materials on the hydration process, hydration products, and hydration kinetics. In the hydration process, the reaction was delayed by limestone powder with a particle size larger than 20 μm and calcium carbonate whiskers due to their dilutive effect. On the other hand, limestone powder with a particle size smaller than 20 m and calcium carbonate nanoparticles facilitated the reaction through nucleation and chemical effects. Limestone has a similar effect on hydration products, promoting the production of C-S-H through nucleation. The mechanism of action for this nucleation effect depends on the differences in crystalline form and particle size of the three types of micro- and nano-calcium. Chemical effects impact the amount of AFt produced, with the generation of new products being the main reaction influenced by the limestone admixture.

Assessment of Building Response Supported on Shallow Foundation Due to Tunnelling in Cohesionless Soil

The depth of foundations significantly influences the building response due to tunnelling-induced ground movement. The present study investigates the responses caused by tunnelling on buildings supported on isolated footings. The response of buildings supported on shallow foundation systems due to progressive tunnelling is investigated through experimental and numerical methods. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEM) has been developed to evaluate the response of an existing reinforced cement concrete (RCC) building underpasses a circular-shaped tunnel in cohesionless soil. The model includes soil strata, footings, super-structure, and tunnel. Different parametric studies, i.e., C/D ratios, tunnel volume losses, and eccentricity of the building, have been considered in the present study. A scale-down model of the tunnel and building is prepared in the laboratory. The scale-down model simulates the volume loss during tunnelling and evaluates the response on surface and building components due to tunnelling. The surface settlement, total and differential settlement of the foundation, and induced strain on lining and building elementals are estimated. The numerical model is benchmarked with the experimental study conducted in the laboratory. It is observed that the numerical method agrees well with the experimental investigation. The responses of buildings supported on shallow footings are compared with available literature. The findings of the present study will be useful for the hazard estimation of existing buildings situated along/adjacent to a proposed alignment of the tunnel.

Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS and Silico Manganese with M30 Grade Concrete

Abstract: Cement in concrete is a several disadvantages when used without any replacement to it in concrete such as high carbon footprint high cost of construction, and low tensile strength. To address these materials such as GGBS, and silico manganese can be used, designing concrete mixtures with lower cement content can reduce the carbon print, cost, and potential cracking, resulting in more sustainable, cost effective and durable concrete structures. In our project we are going to use GGBS (Ground granulated blast furnace slag) and silico manganese as a replacement of materials to cement in varying percentage. GGBS and silico manganese cementitious properties and can particularly replace cement in concrete mixtures. It improves the durability, workability, and strength of concrete. GGBS has a lower carbon footprint than traditional cement, making it an environmentally friendly alternative. Silico manganese is the process involves high temperature to melt the raw materials and reduce them to their metallic forms. This project represents the results of an experimental investigations accomplish to understand the suitability of GGBS and Silico manganese on strength of referral concrete M30 Grade concrete was prepared by replacing PART OF 0%, 30%, 40%, 50% (by weight of cement) for GGBS and Silico manganese. Fresh concrete was properties viz. slump cone was carried out. Strength of concrete were determined by performing compressive strength test on (150mm×150mm×150mm) size cubes.