Concrete Attitudes Research Articles

The persistence of anti-Protestant policies from the Fascist period in post-World War II Italy: ideologies, practices and legislation

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to examine the continuities between Fascist Italy and the early republican period in terms of anti-Protestant policy. To this end, it analyses three main issues: the ideology behind Catholic anti-Protestantism and the role played by Catholic hierarchies and Holy See itself; Italian legislation and norms in religious matters, with reference to minority denominations; and the concrete attitudes of State organs at central and peripheral levels. Drawing on extensive archival documentation (from Italian, Vatican and international archives), this article shows the profound continuities, but also the differences, in anti-Protestant legislation and practice between Fascist period and the early Republican era, marked by a strong Catholic and Christian-Democrat hegemony. Thanks to this extensive documentation, this article highlights the role played by various State actors (government, central ministerial apparatuses, local administrations, judiciary) in determining the contrasting side-lining of anti-Protestant policies, which took place in the mid-fifties.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN TEACHING ROMANIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

In the context of the phenomenon of accentuated mobility in today’s globalised world, mastering linguistic skills is no longer sufficient since our students face situations in which they have to identify, recognize and interpret some concrete attitudes and behaviors adopted by their interlocutors in speech. The present article is centred around the development of cultural competence in foreign students learning Romanian as a foreign language. Our aim is to suggest the methods which would ensure the creative character of the language learning process, motivate our students and better integrate them into Romanian society. The case study presented in the paper describes various didactic activities organised with the help of cultural activists and university professors from Iasi, TVR Iasi, Radio Iasi, and Iasi press.

Christus Vivit: Menggagas Peran Orang Muda yang Transformatif

The purpose of this essay is to explore the idea of transformative youth according to the Apostolic Exhortation of Pope Francis Christus vivit. This paper is designed as a study of official Church documents. Through a critical reading of this document, the author finds that transformative youth are those who dare to change their mindsets, have social commitments, and choose concrete attitudes and actions. Transformative youth have a spirituality of change and the power of change. In order to become agents of change, youth need to play an active and creative role in the pastoral work of the Church. Pope Francis' Apostolic Exhortation Christus Vivit motivates the whole transformative movement of youth.

The "Medical friendship" or the true meaning of the doctor-patient relationship from two complementary perspectives: Goya and Laín.

This essay aims to broaden the understanding of the nature of the physician-patient relationship. To do so, the concept of medical philia that Pedro Laín Entralgo proposes is analysed and is considered taking into consideration the relationaltraitof the human being and the structure of human action as a story ofthepermanent tension that exists between freedom and truth, where the ontological foundation of the hermeneutic of the "Gift" and the analogy of "Love" as the central dynamic of this action, helps explain thenature of the doctor-patient relationship as a"friendship relationship". This understanding offers a perspective differing from just the utilitarian considerations of current "patient-centred" approachesand proposed the redirection of the teaching of medicine to more humanistic approaches.The dynamic of the doctor-patient relationship proposed here in its most genuine essence is effectively expressed in physician concrete attitudes that the patient usually captures and relates as the"the doctor's way of being". Goya's painting, Self-portrait with Dr Arrieta (1820), can be taken as an outstanding artistic representation of this expanded dimension of the medical act, capturing the "medical friendship" in action.

Public attitudes toward genetic risk scoring in medicine and beyond.

Advances in genomics research have led to the development of polygenic risk scores, which numerically summarize genetic predispositions for a wide array of human outcomes. Initially developed to characterize disease risk, polygenic risk scores can now be calculated for many non-disease traits and social outcomes, with the potential to be used not only in health care but also other institutional domains. In this study, we draw on a nationally-representative survey of U.S. adults to examine three sets of lay attitudes toward the deployment of genetic risk scores in a variety of medical and non-medical domains: 1. abstract belief about whether people should be judged on the basis of genetic predispositions; 2. concrete attitudes about whether various institutions should be permitted to use genetic information; and 3. personal willingness to provide genetic information to various institutions. Results demonstrate two striking differences across these three sets of attitudes. First, despite almost universal agreement that people should not be judged based on genetics, there is support, albeit varied, for institutions being permitted to use genetic information, with support highest for disease outcomes and in reproductive decision-making. We further find significant variation in personal willingness to provide such information, with a majority of respondents expressing willingness to provide information to health care providers and relative finder services, but less than a quarter expressing willingness to do so for an array of other institutions and services. Second, while there are no demographic differences in respondents' abstract beliefs about judging based on genetics, demographic differences emerge in permissibility ratings and personal willingness. Our results should inform debates about the deployment of polygenic scores in domains within and beyond medicine.

Conflict analysis based on three-way decision for triangular fuzzy information systems

Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) can not only provide the range of fuzzy points, but contain the three most representative fuzzy points, which play an essential role in describing fuzzy information. Combining with conflict situations, the agents' caution in the decision-making process can be well depicted by TFNs. However, little effort has been paid to conflict analysis on triangular fuzzy information systems (TFISs). In this paper, we study three-way conflict analysis based on TFISs. First, we propose the concept of TFISs and then establish a TFIS for conflict analysis. Further, relative area ΔS is defined to describe concrete attitudes of agents about issues. Second, since the importance of the same issue may vary for agents, we attach fuzzy weights to issues according to triangular fuzzy symmetric judgment matrices (TFSJMs) of agents. Third, we determine the total attitude of each agent to all issues. Then we illustrate how to compute thresholds α and β using the theory of triangular fuzzy decision-theoretic rough sets. Finally, a tri-partition of agents is obtained based on the thresholds.

«Топофилия» и «топофобия»:к феноменологии пространственного опыта

The research is dedicated to the critical comparison of two phenomenological strategies that elaborate the issue of space (G. Bachelard’s and D. Trigg’s), and link the placement in space with the emotional and bodily experience and the ca­pacity of human to extend beyond. Phenomenological descriptions of the spacial experience indicate the deeply emotional colouring of human attitude towards place, that implies searching for one’s “own place in the world”, or a home. The article develops the idea that the relationship between the human and the space (or the way the body perceives the space) can be conceptualized through the concepts of topophilia and topophobia. This explanation has existential ground, and it has to deal with poetic imagination, hope and anxiety. The con­cepts of the friendly/unfriendly landscape or environment cannot be reduced to the personal or subjective judgement on its ergonomics, but it also cannot be limited to the constructive characteristics and pecularities of some place per­ceived as a “workspace”, “leisure area” etc. The friendliness of the space as such can be comprehended through the phenomenological description of bodily expe­rience and the corresponding research of topophilia and topophobia, which should be treated not as psychological diagnosis or concrete attitudes of con­sciousness, but as phenomena, which are revealing itself in the world. Phe­nomenology of bodily presence in space can be seen as a prolific method, that could provide the descriptions of experience, which are necessary for implemen­tation of “the right of the city” (H. Lefebvre).

Age Versus Socialization in Understanding Attitudes Toward Economic Reforms in China

ObjectiveThe objective of this research is to address the roles of age and socialization in explanation for attitudes toward economic reforms in China.MethodUsing data from the China Survey 2008 and the China Governance and Policy Survey of 2016, this note reports age/cohort‐related differences in both abstract and concrete attitudes toward economic reforms, and addresses two competing (or complementary) explanations for those differences, one attributing differences to life cycle and the other attributing differences to the different environments within which Chinese adults were socialized.ResultsWhile socialization/generation explanations seem to apply for the more abstract “market reform would bring chaos” attitudes, an age/life‐cycle explanation alone seems sufficient to explain attitudes toward the more concrete subject of “privatization.”ConclusionConsistent with our literature‐based theoretical expectations, “life cycle” tends to explain more concrete attitudes while “socialization”—in early and/or lifelong forms—is a more potent explanation for abstract attitudes.

TIME ATTITUDE PROFILES IN AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS: EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES

Previous research has suggested that time attitude profiles play a greater role in differentiating between adaptive and maladaptive outcomes than individual time attitude scores. In this manuscript, we examined this claim in two samples of American adolescents. The Study 1 sample consisted of 300 participants aged 12 to 19 (M = 16.06, SD = 1.25; 40% female) from diverse ethnic-racial groups. In this sample, we looked at the bivariate correlations between time attitudes and (a) other time constructs (consideration of future consequences, hope, optimism, perceived life chances), (b) academic constructs (academic self-concept, valuing education, perceived barriers to attending college, and school belonging), and (c) expected job discrimination on the basis of gender and ethnicity/race. We also examined the association between these constructs and time attitude profiles. The Study 2 sample consisted of 748 adolescents aged 11 to 20 (M = 15.71, SD = 1.53; 54% female), also from diverse ethnic-racial backgrounds. Similar analyses were conducted in Study 2, but with hopelessness, abstract and concrete attitudes toward education, past discrimination, and expected job discrimination on the basis of gender, ethnicity/race, and income. In both studies, time attitude profiles were strongly associated with outcomes, even when time attitudes were not correlated with the variables. Thus, time attitude profiles seem to be a strong general predictor of adolescent functioning across multiple domains. The findings highlight the importance of time attitude profiles and suggest that these may be useful targets for intervention.

Polityka wobec pamięci versus polityka historyczna: aspekty semantyczny, aksjologiczny i merytoryczny w narracji polskiej

Historical policy versus the politics of remembrance is undoubtedly a policy, or a peculiar way to ‘conduct policy,’ where the optimally true knowledge of history as well as falsified and mythicized information about the past are a means to maintain, win and participate in power. By this token, historical policy is about the instrumentalization of the knowledge of history and mythicized accounts or opinions of the past for the sake of the implementation of a political agenda.So far, the concept of ‘historical policy’ has not yet become a clear academic category, which makes it difficult to agree what it actually encompasses. Still, the concept of ‘historical policy’ stands a chance of becoming an objective category in political science. Some professional historians may lean towards a certain skepticism, especially if they accept the traditional paradigm of studying the history of society.Misunderstandings regarding the issue of ‘historical policy’ sometimes result in a tendency to reject the possibility of this concept being applied by academics from the humanities and social fields of science. Recently, the issue of ‘historical policy’ has become of interest to political scientists, whose area of study involves the multiplicity of ‘detailed policies.’‘Historical policy’ is also discussed by many journalists who do not always present deepened reflections and concrete attitudes, as they rather tend to express their subjective views. It turns out that some Polish historians, political scientists and journalists are embroiled in the current political dispute in Poland. They frequently assume the role of lobbyists or opponents of one option of historical policy or another. The issue of historical policy requires analysis and explanation in an objective and multidisciplinary manner. It is a positive phenomenon that more and more publications with academic aspirations are emerging on this subject in Poland. One should recommend the cooperation between political scientists and historians in order to review and reliably explain planned and executed historical policy in a comparative manner.

Sustentabilidade e turismo: uma relação em análise na praia da Pipa/RN

A presente pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre as ações de sustentabilidade presentes em um destino de turismo litorâneo consolidado no Brasil, a praia da Pipa, pertencente ao município de Tibau do Sul/RN. Tem-se como objetivo da pesquisa ‘detectar os principais projetos voltados à sustentabilidade na praia da Pipa, visando apontar alternativas para um planejamento mais sustentável do turismo’. Para isso, foram realizadas visitas in loco, observação participante, levantamento dos projetos e ações de cunho sustentável desenvolvidas na localidade. Foi possível identificar os representantes e optou-se por entrevistas semiestruturadas como instrumento para levantamento dos dados do estudo de campo, totalizando 17 investigados. Alguns projetos desempenham papel de cunho ambiental, social, cultural e educacional na praia da Pipa, contribuindo com iniciativas coletivas que visam o bem-estar e melhores condições para a comunidade. Apesar de constatar atitudes concretas de compromisso socioambiental, o destino apresenta reflexos negativos provenientes do turismo de massa, tais como: especulação imobiliária, predomínio de relações de poder, exploração de áreas naturais, exclusão dos nativos, ineficiência dos órgãos gestores e fiscalizadores. Como ações preferenciais, é essencial direcionar o planejamento turístico com metas à longo prazo, com consciência sobre os impactos futuros na destinação, voltadas efetivamente para os direcionamentos da sustentabilidade.

How does the welfare state model influence social political attitudes? An analysis of citizens' concrete and abstract attitudes toward poverty

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between the welfare state models and social political attitudes. The data are based on the sixth round of the European Social Survey. The study revealed a mechanism of how the relationship between concrete and abstract attitudes differs between the welfare states. In the Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare states the relationship is a positive one, which indicates that the welfare state has a broad support among citizens. In the Continental, Eastern and Southern welfare states the relationship is a negative one. This means that the less satisfied citizens are with governmental measures, the more positive their attitudes are regarding protecting citizens against poverty. Also the study showed that the welfare state model directly influences citizens’ concrete attitudes and indirectly influences abstract poverty attitudes. In this sense, the welfare state model is seen more as an attitudinal perception than an actual social policy.

The attitude–achievement paradox in Belgium

In Belgium, students of Turkish and North African descent express optimistic attitudes toward education. However, these attitudes conflict with their achievement results, as many underachieve compared to their peers of Belgian descent. Mickelson’s work discusses this attitude–achievement paradox in the United States. In the current study, we use Mickelson’s framework to investigate the attitude–achievement paradox in Belgium. Using quantitative and qualitative research methods, we find that students of Turkish, North African and Belgian descent believe in the importance of education to get ahead in society, holding optimistic abstract attitudes. Students of Turkish and North African descent hold more optimistic attitudes than students of Belgian descent. However, these abstract attitudes toward education do not translate into ethnic minority students’ concrete attitudes toward education, which depend mainly on the socioeconomic background of the student. Students with a low socioeconomic background are much more pessimistic than students with a high socioeconomic background. Concrete attitudes influence the achievement of students of Belgian descent; this is not the case for students of Turkish and North African descent. Qualitative research shows that to understand the interpretation of concrete school attitudes and its relationship with achievement results, we need to consider students’ definitions of success, frames of reference and perceived constraints and opportunities.

Do Attitudes toward School Influence the Underachievement of Turkish and Moroccan Minority Students in Flanders? The Attitude-Achievement Paradox Revisited

While many ethnic minority students underachieve compared with their ethnic majority peers, they often hold very positive school attitudes. Mickelson (1990) explained this attitude-achievement paradox by the existence of a double set of attitudes. Abstract attitudes reflect the dominant ideas about schooling, while concrete attitudes refer to a person’s perceptions of reality and originate from the educational benefits people expect to obtain on the labor market. According to Mickelson, only students’ concrete attitudes influence achievement. Applying Mickelson’s theory in Flanders, regarding students of Turkish and Moroccan descent, we could not find evidence that abstract and concrete attitudes play a role in the achievement of ethnic minority students. Qualitative research suggests that this could be due to distinct interpretations of success and ways of dealing with perceived constraints. This contrasts with ethnic majority students, who are more likely to end the school year unsuccessfully if they hold pessimistic concrete attitudes.

“United by Enthusiasm” or “Young Turkey”: Glimpses of Ottoman Sociopolitical Thought in the Second Half of the 19th Century

The article is centered around the activities of the first political club in the history of the Ottoman realm - the so-called “Young Ottomans” (originally - Ittifak-i hamiyyet, “The League of Enthusiasm”). The evolution in the world outlook of its foremost representatives, namely Ibrahim Sinasi (1826-1871), Namik Kemal (1840-1888), Abdulhamit Ziya (1829-1880) and Ali Suavi (1839-1878), is put under scrutiny. Special attention is paid to the societal context for the rise of the “Young Ottoman” movement: competition among courtly cliques, uneven modernization of the bureaucracy, gradual emergence of “proto-national” conscience under the impact of modern ideologies. Questioning the conceptualization of the “Young Ottoman” circle as a consolidated and organized community with a clear-cut program of action, we stress the differences in concrete attitudes and ambitions which account for the absence of a common platform and the individualism of political behavior, typical for the movement’s leaders. An attempt is also made at analyzing the individual careers of the circle’s members against their social background, education, informal links, participation in client-patron networks of the Sublime Porte and personal relationships with the imperial elite of the Tanzimat period (1839-1876) and Abdulhamit II’s reign (1876-1909). Modes of interaction are traced between Western and Islamicate elements in “Young Ottoman” concepts of “Motherland”, “freedom”, “nation” and others, which were rapidly imbibed by the political language of the Islamic world in the second half of the 19th century. Special accent is made on the innovative features of the “Young Ottoman” press (Tercuman-i ahval, Tasvir-i efkar, Muhbir, Hurriyet journals) in the context of the history of Middle Eastern media. Specific points of their intellectual attitude towards the issues of cultural transformation faced by the Ottoman society in 1830-1860-s are discussed, in particular, a consideration is made of the contribution of their literary and journalistic legacy to the Turkish nation-building success of the 20th century based on the consolidation of Turkic-speaking populations in Asia Minor and the Balkans.

Does expertise matter? An in-depth understanding of people’s structure of thoughts on nature and its management implications

Understanding people’s way of thought on the natural environment may improve communication and collaboration between professionals and stakeholders from the general public. Focusing on similarities and differences between professionals and the public, this study investigates the relation between people’s way of thought and actual attitudes towards conservation measures. Based on an innovative hybrid of quantitative and qualitative research methods, we show that people’s thoughts on nature and landscape have a specific structure, consisting of clusters of normative (how we value it), experiential (how we experience it emotionally) and descriptive (how we define it) meanings. Although professionals and the public use similar structure of thoughts, the specific content and relevance of these thoughts differ significantly. Professionals referred to normative meanings four times more often than the public. Because analysis showed people’s general thoughts on nature informed concrete attitudes on conservation measures, these results have clear management implications. For example, we found important differences in the preferred conservation focus. Contrary to the professional focus on species, habitats and ecosystem health, the public tended to evaluate conservation measures on their effects on individual animals and trees and their consequences for scenic quality. Results may help practitioners to find common ground for discussing with critical groups in society. Expanding communication from predominantly normative arguments to include also the emotional connotations of nature may contribute to a shared emotional connection with the public that can be a powerful tool to overcome resistance and build shared visions on conservation issues.

Opiniões, conhecimento e atitudes de profissionais da saúde sobre o aborto induzido: uma revisão das pesquisas brasileiras publicadas entre 2001 e 2011

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão das pesquisas brasileiras quantitativas e qualitativas sobre opiniões, conhecimentos e atitudes de profissionais da saúde sobre o aborto induzido publicadas entre 2001 e 2011. Admitiram-se publicações com amostras compostas por profissionais com quaisquer graus de formação. Os trabalhos foram categorizados segundo características metodológicas: abordagem dos dados, técnica e instrumento para coleta de dados, categorias profissionais incluídas, local da pesquisa, tamanho amostral e técnica de amostragem. Na etapa seguinte, categorizaram-se os temas centrais das pesquisas (por exemplo, aconselhamento genético e anticoncepção de emergência). Finalmente, categorizaram-se os resultados das pesquisas: conhecimento técnico e legal, perspectiva moral, opiniões sobre a lei, opiniões sobre o Sistema Único de Saúde, e atitudes hipotéticas e concretas. As publicações identificadas sugerem ampla aprovação dos casos de aborto atualmente permitidos por lei, mas larga rejeição da criminalização em casos de malformações fetais graves. A maioria das publicações relatou ter investigado profissionais de medicina (especialmente gineco-obstetras) ou de enfermagem, sendo poucos ou inexistentes dados sobre assistentes sociais e psicólogos. Não foram identificados quaisquer instrumentos apresentando dados mínimos de validade, análise de confiabilidade ou adaptação transcultural. Acredita-se que, no futuro, o desenvolvimento de instrumentos com essas qualidades possa facilitar a realização de novas pesquisas sobre esse tema, inclusive com maior abrangência e diversificação das categorias profissionais a serem estudadas.

The Career Locus of Control Scale for Adolescents: Further Evidence of Validity in the United States

This study examined the construct validity of the Career Locus of Control Scale (CLCS) among diverse urban youth within the United States (N = 308). Confirmatory factor analyses verified two of the three models as acceptable fits. Two new models were also explored. Model 5 (Internality, Luck, and Non-Control), which was one of the new models, was the most useful explanation of the data. Abstract and concrete educational attitudes correlated with the CLCS subscales in a manner consistent with expectations. No significant differences in the CLCS subscales were found as a function of race; male students had significantly higher levels of concrete attitudes and scored significantly higher on Powerful Others than female students. Age was not related to Internality, abstract attitudes, or concrete attitudes but was significantly associated with Luck and Non-Control.

SASTRA ANAK DAN PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER

Abstract: Children’s Literature and Character Building. This article aims todescribe roles and strategies of the learning of children’s literature in charactereducation. In terms of the materials, literature has already contained “rawmaterials” to build children’s character. Literature is culture in action containinglife models. The concept of people with ideal character highly appreciatingmorality and great values is concretely manifested in the story characters’ attitudesand behaviors. Children can imitate the heroes with ideal norms and take theirattitudes and behaviors as examples. Moreover, at their age, children like to imitatebehaviors of people that they admire. To prevent literature learning from becomingrote learning, teachers and parents should work in synergy to help children read,understand, and give examples of concrete attitudes and behaviors so that theinternalization process takes place. Therefore, story-telling activities for childrenshould be routinely conducted and reading habits should be inculcated since theearly age.Keywords: children’s literature, character building, culture in behaviors

Psychological disengagement in elementary school among ethnic minority students

This study examined dimensions of psychological disengagement as predictors of achievement and teacher-rated behavioral engagement over the course of a school year among a sample of 111 African American and Latino children in 1st–5th grades at an urban elementary school. In addition, classroom and school contextual factors were investigated as predictors of psychological disengagement. Findings suggest that, on average, students exhibited moderate levels of academic devaluing and high levels of academic valuing. There were largely no grade differences for any constructs and African Americans had higher alternative identification than Latinos. Given equal prior achievement, greater alternative identification predicted lower behavioral engagement and only the devaluing of academics consistently predicted poorer outcomes on language arts and math scores. In contrast, academic valuing was not found to be predictive of behavioral engagement or achievement. The valuing of academics measure may reflect dominant societal views on academics (abstract attitudes) and the devaluing measures, more nuanced and personal views (concrete attitudes). Higher perceived negative teacher feedback predicted more devaluing of academics and at the level of a trend, greater perceived teacher care at a classroom level predicted less devaluing. Findings highlight the importance of proximal interactions between teachers and students in the link between psychological disengagement from learning and achievement among ethnic minority children.