Concordance Program Research Articles

Authorial Presence in English Research Articles in Medicine Written by American and Indonesian Authors

The present research attempts to investigate authorial presence in English research articles in medicine written by American and Indonesian authors. In doing so, the study first attempts to describe first-person pronouns used to express authorial presence. Secondly, the research aims to examine the discourse functions of first-person pronouns in the research articles. Data for the present research were taken from 20 English research articles in medicine, consisting of 10 articles published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (Wiley) and 10 in Medical Journal of Indonesia. A corpus of 81,657 words was analyzed with the help of a concordance program, WordSmith Tools 5.0 (Scott, 2008), to identify the occurrences of first-person pronouns used in research articles. A qualitative analysis was also conducted to examine the discourse functions of each first-person pronoun using the classification proposed by Filimonova (2005) and Tang and John (1999). Hopefully, the present research findings could indicate the intention of authorial presence in academic writing, specifically in medical research articles. The findings also contribute to investigating the difference between American and Indonesian authors in presenting themselves in academic writing.

Discussion of the Use of Concordance Programs in the EFL Classroom

Classroom concordance programs involve the analysis of concordances of language features. The use of concordancers can provide learners analytic skills to manipulate comprehensive databases for the sake of coping with real-language problems. Due to its practicability, the approach has been developed for language teaching in the ELT classroom. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of concordance programs in the EFL classroom. A great number of studies regarding the use of corpora and the concordancer as a resource in language teaching and learning demonstrate that concordancing as a teaching tool can be effectively used in classroom to meet some specific teaching purposes, and concordance analysis can help students discover and differentiate meanings of words and phrases, identify useful phrases and unfamiliar collocations, explore word order, and distinguish words with similar meanings. Consequently, in the EFL context, a series of concordance exercises can be carried out to assist students to investigate language data and derive patterns of language use. Furthermore, an active pedagogical approach should be oriented to the acquisition of valuable knowledge, to the solution to sophisticated problems and to the development of learning abilities. Based on this, teachers should select the right pedagogical approach to increase students’ motivation, promote their initiative, and guide them into the procedure of knowledge exploration.

CORPORAL LINGUISTICS IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

The article is devoted to the study of the role of corpus linguistics in the teaching of foreign languages, in particular English. It defines the main aspects of corpus linguistics, considers the corpus approach as a method of teaching foreign languages, its advantages and disadvantages, gives a brief history of corpus linguistics as a branch of linguistics, and gives examples of possible tasks based on linguistic corpora. The article presents the tasks of the corpus approach, which are related to the teaching of foreign languages, its main characteristics, which determine its reliability and validity, are indicated. By analyzing researches on corpus linguistics, the authors summarized the typology of corpora. The article substantiates the expediency of using the corpus approach in teaching a foreign language in higher educational institutions. The authors established that the use of corpora in the work of students with the involvement of the inductive method contributes to the students’ awareness of the main language patterns and the development of linguistic intuition, while the study material is authentic texts. The authors revealed the possibility of using a direct and indirect corpus approach in the formation of lexical and grammatical skills of students. Thus, the direct use of this method may involve the teaching of corpus linguistics to university students as a purely academic subject, the performance of certain tasks or exercises using concordance programs, and the implementation of individual research projects of students. The indirect corpus approach includes material development and language testing. The article contains information about special software that can be used to implement training on the main types of tasks that can be offered on the basis of these programs.

Образное поле «Казахстан» в карачаево-балкарской литературе: цифровое исследование

We analyze the use of lexemes of the semantic field “Kazakhstan” in Karachay-Balkarian literature. For the first time, the AntСonc concordance program was tested on the extensive Karachay-Balkarian text material, and about 2600 occurrences of the corresponding lexemes were found in the analyzed texts. The significant influence of the Central Asian period on the usage of the lexemes of the semantic field “Kazakhstan” is confirmed. The key role of the thankfulness towards Kazakh people in the analyzed contexts is revealed.

Comparing Lexical Bundles in Medical Research Article Abstracts of Iranian and Foreign Journals

The art of persuasive speaking or writing in English academic settings depends on using multi-word expressions, also known as clusters, collocations, or lexical bundles, to a large extent. They are discipline-specific prefabricated word combinations that statistically tend to appear together. However, many novice foreign writers of English have difficulty using appropriate discipline-bound lexical bundles, which has made numerous applied linguists in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) study the genre of research articles from this perspective. Thus, the present study sought to compare the similarities and differences of four-word lexical bundles in a 409210-word corpus of Medical Research Article (MRA) abstracts from Iranian and foreign journals. To accomplish this, in a frequency-based approach, bundles were extracted utilizing the AntConc3.5.7 concordance program, and their structures and functions were analyzed by Biber et al.'s (1999) structural and Hyland's (2008a) functional taxonomies. The results showed similarities in the distribution of the bundles’ main structural and functional patterns. However, besides the differences in the distribution of sub-structures and sub-functions, it was revealed that highly frequently shared lexical types in MRA abstracts of Iranian journals were less frequent in MRA abstracts of foreign journals and vice versa. This study helps novice medical researchers write unified abstracts which have a crucial role in getting research articles accepted or rejected. Furthermore, producing well-organized abstracts in internal Iranian journals can significantly enhance the rank of Iranian medical journals worldwide.

Adversative Connectors Use in EFL and Native Students’ Writing: A Contrastive Analysis

A compelling body of evidence suggests that EFL students have problem with logical connectors’ appropriate use in writing. This study explored Iranian EFL students’ adversative connectors use in their essay writing course. To this end, a Learner Corpus of 60393 words consisting of 156 essays was compiled. LOCNESS was chosen as the criterion corpus. AntConc, a freeware concordance program, was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that, in general, learners underused adversative connectors; both native and non-native students used but the most; on the other hand, and while were overused and despite, yet, and instead were underused by the learners suggesting that the top five most overused adversative connectors make up around 72% of learners’ adversative connector use indicating that learners tend to use the same adversative connectors at the cost of underusing the other ones. Analysis of concordance line also illustrated that the learners tended to misuse the subordinating conjunction whereas and though in the initial position. It seems that learners need to be taught how to distinguish between different types of adversative connectors and how to use a wider variety of adversative connectors to reach a better coherence and cohesion in their writings.

Constitutional Human Rights Of Transgender Persons In Pakistan: A Linguistic And Social Inquiry

This paper aims to investigate the lexical choices made in the Constitution to represent gender, the granted constitutional human rights of transgender persons, and contradictory social practices from the perspective of making them powerless and marginalized in terms of non-gender binary. The quantitative analysis of the second section of the Constitution related to human rights and principles of policy for government in terms of nouns and personal pronouns to represent generic pronouns and its implication for gender representation in a legal document was carried out through simple concordance program 4.0.5 by generating word list of data to find the frequencies. Moreover, the basic human rights of dignity, education, health care, financial security, employment opportunities, and equality in all respects ensured to all the citizens of state are discussed and social realizations of these rights for transgender are explored. The findings reveal that transgender persons neither have any representation in the Constitution of Pakistan nor they are the recipients of basic human rights in Pakistani society as compared to other marginalized groups like women, children and differently able people. To conclude, it can be said that although in the last decade, governments have passed some policies (Transgender Persons Welfare Policy, 2018) to empower Transgender community, yet, a long-term nation based social awareness program and implementation of policies are recommended to make transgender persons’ lives better in letter and spirit.

The Macquarie Laws of War Corpus (MQLWC): Design, Construction and Use

This paper discusses the creation and use of the new Macquarie Laws of War Corpus (MQLWC). The corpus consists of the 110 documents of international war law stored in the International Committee of the Red Cross treaties database, starting with the 1856 Declaration Respecting Maritime Law (Paris Declaration) and ending with the most recent amendment to the Rome Statute (2019). The new MQLWC is hosted at the Sydney Corpus Lab (sydneycorpuslab.com), via its CQWeb interface, which allows for searching of frequencies, concordance lines, and collocations. The corpus can also be downloaded for offline processing in other popular concordance programs, such as #Lancsbox and AntConc. This paper introduces the corpus, describes the process of assembling the data, and explains its limitations. The paper then demonstrates some of the ways the data can be explored using the concept of 'military necessity'. The MQLWC contributes to the growing use of corpus linguistics in legal studies, and will be of particular relevance to scholars in the field of international war law.

Academic Vocabulary in Sport Tourism News: A Corpus-Based Study

The objectives of the research is to study and analyze Academic Word List (AWL), which appeared in the corpus of sport tourism news wordlists collected from international online news. The framework of this study was based on Coxhead’s (2000) 570- Academic Word List (AWL). A corpus of 112,623 running words taken from the international online news, against the AWL of 570 words by using the Concordance Program, AntWordProfiler, for comparing the vocabulary load of the corpus of sport tourism news and AWL. The data were analyzed and displayed as percentages and frequencies. The results revealed that words in the AWL covered 7.38 % of the total words in the corpus. Findings also revealed that some of the words found in the present study were not found in Coxhead’s AWL. This suggests that vocabulary needs of students in sport or tourism are characteristically different from those of students in other disciplines. The findings indicate the usefulness of AWL for sport learners and suggest the need to produce field-specific word lists embracing all frequent academic vocabulary items necessary for the expression of the rhetoric of the specific discipline. The Sport Tourism News wordlists can guide instructors to prepare the sport or tourism students in setting their vocabulary learning goals.

영어학술논문초록에 나타난 메타담화표지어 비교연구

This paper is to identify the use of interactional devices employed in English research article (RA) abstracts from a cross-cultural perspective. A total of 120 English RA abstracts written by Korea-based writers and US-based writers were randomly selected from leading academic journals (30 from English Teaching, 30 from Korean Journal of Applied Linguistics, 30 from TESOL Quarterly, and 30 from Applied Linguistics). A concordance program, AntConc 3.5.8, was used to identify the makers. The results showed that hedges are the most frequent marker in both groups. The most significant cross-cultural difference was found in the use of self-mentions in the academic texts. Korea-based writers tended to avoid of mentioning selves in their texts, whereas US-based writers used self-mention markers frequently to construct authorial identity and to emphasize their contribution to the field and their research claims. This study provides an intercultural understanding of academic texts from a cross-cultural perspective with implications for academic writing in the field of English for academic purposes.

Teaching the Construction of Feminist Ideology to EFL Learners: A Corpus Approach

Corpus Linguistics has gained much importance, and it is now continually been applied in linguistics as well as in literature. This paper aims to investigate the use of corpus linguistics in teaching literature to students. This research has used a both qualitative and quantitative approach. The question it probes to find out is how literature (Feminist Theory) can be taught to students by using the Simple Concordance Program (4.09). The results are: different words, which were supporting the feminist ideology, are extracted from the word list of the sample, and then, feminist analysis is done, according to their occurrence in the phrase and sentences.

Teaching the Construction of Feminist Ideology to EFL Learners: A Corpus Approach

Corpus Linguistics has gained much importance, and it is now continually been applied in linguistics as well as in literature. This paper aims to investigate the use of corpus linguistics in teaching literature to students. This research has used a both qualitative and quantitative approach. The question it probes to find out is how literature (Feminist Theory) can be taught to students by using the Simple Concordance Program (4.09). The results are: different words, which were supporting the feminist ideology, are extracted from the word list of the sample, and then, feminist analysis is done, according to their occurrence in the phrase and sentences.

Teaching Grammar through Literature to EFL Learners: A Corpus Approach

A plethora of researches have been conducted to improve the grammar teaching technique of English language in order to make it easier for the students to learn English in a fun way. To teach the grammar, the corpus approach proves to be very beneficial. The focus of this study is to explore the way how literary poems can be of great use for teaching English language to the students, by using a Simple Concordance Program Scp (4.09). For this purpose, we have selected four English poems. This is an exploratory research. This study investigates the ways in which the application of Corpus Analysis Tool on poems can assist English language teaching. Hence, it makes it easy for the students in ELT classrooms to comprehend the grammatical structures. The results illustrate that the Scp (4.09) tool helps in extracting the words with higher frequency rate but as well as in the teaching of imperative, conditional sentences, present (indefinite, continuous and perfect) and simple past tenses, as it provides the concordances of the words. Further researchers can find out the word collocations by using the same tool. Moreover, the selected poems in this study, can be analyzed through other corpus tools available. This study can also be expanded to the stylistic analysis of the poems. The literary devices used by both poets can be studied, compared and taught to the students.

A corpus-based comparison of use of hedges and boosters by Turkish ELT MA and PhD students

In the path of academic writing, authors accomplish certain interactions with their readers through the means of meta-discourse markers such as hedges and boosters. There have been many studies that dwell on the function of meta-discourse markers (Abdi, Rizi, & Tavakoli, 2010; Crismore, 1984; Hyland, 1999, 2000, 2001; Longo, 1994). However, the ones that focus solely on hedges and boosters and comparison of the level of students such as MA versus PhD in a specific field of study are not as many. Therefore, the present corpus-based study investigates the possible reasons for changes of frequencies of hedges and boosters from MA to PhD level Turkish EFL students who proceed on their academic journey in the field of English Language Teaching. The discussion parts of ten MA theses and ten PhD dissertations were selected, written by the same students to be able to compare the possible improvements between levels. The texts were analyzed with the concordance program AntConc 3.5.7.0. The investigation revealed that the frequency of the occurrences of boosters was higher in PhD than in MA level, whereas the students used more hedges in their MA theses than in PhD dissertations. These findings may imply an increase in students’ self-confidence while conveying ideas and discussing their findings from MA to PhD level, based on a broader academic experience and expertise having been gained in time by PhD students, as well as a certain degree of unawareness by both levels of students as to the use of meta-discourse markers and academic writing styles.

The Effectiveness of Using the Lexical Approach to Developing Ethiopian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Competence

This study investigated the effects of teaching vocabulary through the lexical instructional approach in EFL intermediate level students. Ninety-five (95) students participated in a non-equivalent pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental design study. The participants were given vocabulary competence pre-test in order to check their homogeneity in terms of their vocabulary knowledge. Then, following the similitude of the results they scored, the participants were randomly assigned as experimental group and the control group. For sixteen (16) weeks, the experimental group was taught by providing students with chunks and/or collocates of words through using collocation dictionaries, concordance programs, chunk-for-chunk translation activities, and corpus-based activities etc. Whereas, the control group was taught the new words in isolation with conventional teaching techniques; for example, translation at single word level, synonyms, antonyms, and definitions. After the instructional intervention, both groups participated in a vocabulary competence post-test. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 22 was employed to analyse the results. In this regard, an independent Samples T-test was run and the findings of the study showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test which implies that teaching vocabulary with a lexically-based instruction can improve EFL learners’ vocabulary competence or knowledge. Furthermore, the study results suggest that the lexical instructional approach should be the focus of future experimental research.

Legitimation and Manipulation in Political Speeches: A Corpus-based Study

Legitimization is the process through which certain ideologies are made legitimate within the norms and values of a given society. It is a process by which certain events or actions are normalized by virtue of the authority one holds. Through legitimization practices, politicians are provided with the means of offering implicit reasons to complete their actions through using certain discursive tools. This study examines the language of Trump’s speech before his supporters stormed the Capitol. This is done with the aim of investigating the legitimation discursive tools employed throughout which eventually led to the attack. The analysis is employed through utilizing van Leeuwen’s legitimation framework (2008). Within this framework, van Leeuwen offers four main legitimation strategies (1)authorization, (2)evaluation, (3)rationalization, and (4)mythopoesis. A tag set of these categories is created and annotated into the corpus chosen for this corpus based study and later retrieved using a concordance programme.

Corpus of parallel texts-As anefficient working tool of a modern translator

This article discusses the definitions of parallel text corpus, their specific features and its relevance in today's context, that is, the parallel text corpus also serves for the development of automatic translation, provides the development of computer lexicography and special concordance programs are developed and used in various specialties and there is an opportunity to create dictionaries. The parallel corpus of texts was considered as the most suitable for translation research, which allows to achieve high representativeness and reliability in conducting research as a modern tool for the analysis of translation alternatives. It also presents the results of research conducted by experts on the causes of the emergence of parallel texts and the problems, successes and shortcomings associated with it.

A Methodology of Using a Concordancer and Table Processor for Authorship Attribution

The paper proposes an original methodology of authorship attribution based on the deviations from Zipf distribution and statistical data obtained with the help of a concordance program and computations performed in a table processor. The methodology involves finding distances between input texts and a reference text basing on deviations of stop-words frequencies. The results that have been achieved prove that the proposed methodology allows performing efficient authorship attribution and that it can be used in the educational process to develop student skills and competencies pertaining to natural language processing.

코퍼스 활용 글쓰기 오류수정이 영어학습자들의 동사구 습득에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of corpus-based error correction of writing on college students’ acquisition of verb phrases. For this study, 26 college students were chosen as participants and instructed to correct the errors shown in their writing using concordance program. In addition, the students completed the pre- and post-verb tests measuring the students’ acquisition of verb phrases.
 The results of this study are as follows: First, it was shown that verb phrase usage frequency rate was the highest in S+V+O pattern. In terms of verb phrase error frequency, it was the highest in S+V+O pattern and the second highest was in S+V+A pattern in both groups. The most frequent error types of verb phrase in the two patterns are presumed to result from the incorrect use of prepositions with verbs. Second, there was a significant difference between the two groups with regards to verb phrase error correction ratio according to the 7 sentence structure patterns. Higher error correction ratio indicates that there is improvement in accuracy, which leads to a better writing ability. Third, the pre- and post- verb tests showed that there was a 9% more improvement in the experimental group(12%) than in the control group(3%). In conclusion, the effects of corpus-based error correction contributed to the improvement of students’ acquisition of verb phrases. Finally, the data shows that when speaking in English students are most likely to use certain types of sentence patterns; S+V+O pattern, S+V+C pattern and S+V+A pattern. Considering those data results, it can be suggested that to improve the speaking ability of the students, teaching should be focused on practicing most frequently used sentence patterns.

An Analysis of Lexical Chunks in Online Business Letters (OBL) and Business Letter Corpus (BLC): A Corpus-Based Study

This research investigated into the lexical density and frequencies of five types of lexical chunks located in 300 online business letters. Top 10 websites on business correspondence had been identified in terms of traffic visitors and bounce rate under one million web rankings worldwide. Criterion Sampling method was identified prior to extracting the sample letters from the websites. The data was then run with Antconc Concordance Program (ACP) for lexical density and frequency analysis. Top 15 lexical chunks in online business letters (OBL) were compared against those top 15 in Business Letter Corpus (BLC). Findings revealed that there was a total of 39 916-word tokens and 939 counts of lexical chunks found in this corpus. It was found that more lexical words do not imply more lexical chunks used in based on types of business letters. All 5 types of lexical chunks were identified and ranked in descending order; Sentence Builders (SB) as the most frequent type, followed by Collocations (COL), Deictic locutions (DLs), Polywords (POLs) and Institutionalized Expressions (IUs) as the least frequent type of lexical chunk. Sub-divisional analysis indicated that Grammatical Collocations (GCs) were more common than Lexical Collocations (LCs). Majority of lexical chunks were formed more at sentence level than phrasal level. Comparative analysis between top 15 lexical chunks in OBL and BLC discovered that most top lexical chunks in online business letters are representative of those corporate business letters in BLC. Pedagogical implications in terms of the reliability of online business letters for academic reference and future research considerations are also addressed.