Expert Conclusions Research Articles

Constructive-synthesizing modeling of the direct current traction power supply system

A general constructive-synthesizing model of the DC traction power supply section has been developed. The model can be used to solve a number of problems related to reducing electricity consumption in both railway and urban public electric transport. The developed model is focused on determining the availability and nomenclature of traction substation equipment and rational use of recuperation energy. However, it can also be applied to solve other problems related to the designs of the traction power supply system. An example of the formed scheme of a linear power supply section with three substations is given. The presented generalized model allows to form a set of potentially possible schemes of sections of the power supply system, which can serve as the basis for further constructive modeling: traction power supply modes and the state of the power grid, equipment location options and train situation, determination of expert conclusions on the use of recuperation energy on these models, formation of a neuro-fuzzy or neural network of decision-making and, based on them control constructor. The developed modeling method is based on the capabilities of the сonstructive-synthesizing modeling in a new subject area. The terminal alphabet is semantically filled with images of electrical equipment, traction network and electricity consumers with appropriate attributes. The constructive-synthesizing modeling specification has been performed, which allows taking into account a significant number of capabilities and features of modern equipment of traction power supply systems, traction network sections and train situation. The given indi-vidual case of forming a structural diagram demonstrates the capabilities of the constructive-synthesizing modeling in relation to a number of tasks.

CAR WEIGHT AS A FUNDAMENTAL CRITERION IN THE WORK OF A FORENSIC EXPERT. A PRACTICAL VIEW

Forensic medical examination of injuries in traffic accidents is very important, because these cases remain one of the main causes of mortality among the working-age population. Determining the mechanisms and circumstances of injury, especially in the absence of witnesses or video recording of the accident, requires the use of new methods of analysis. The mass of the vehicle, which directly affects the intensity and nature of the injuries received, is an important but insufficiently studied criterion, justifying the need to improve approaches to forensic medical research in this area. The aim of the study: to analyze injuries sustained by drivers and passengers as a result of frontal collisions with incomplete overlap in class B vehicles, and to assess the impact of vehicle mass on the spectrum and nature of injuries sustained. Material and methods. The object of the study was 179 “Acts of forensic medical examination of corpses” and “Expert conclusions” regarding traffic accidents accompanied by injury and death of people. The study used anthropometric, morphometric, photographic, criminalistic and statistical methods of analysis. The description of injuries was carried out in accordance with the Abbreviated Injury Scale standards, taking into account the anatomical areas of injury. Results. The analysis showed that with the right incomplete overlap, the number of injuries was slightly higher compared to the left. The total number of injuries among drivers was 194 cases, which is more than among passengers — 166 cases. The most common injuries were fractures of the lower extremities, chest, and soft tissue injuries. This confirms the dependence of the nature of injuries on the location of the victims in the car, the direction of the collision, and the mass of the car. Conclusions. The mass of the vehicle and its class have a significant impact on the spectrum and severity of injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore, the introduction of vehicle mass analysis as a mandatory parameter in forensic medical examinations will contribute to increasing the accuracy of determining injury mechanisms.

Analysis of the Evaluation Data of College Classroom Teaching Quality based on Fuzzy Mathematics Model

This paper mainly studies the problem of teaching quality evaluation. According to the data in the annex, the transformation of quantitative indicators and the evaluation of teaching quality are realized by establishing fuzzy mathematical model, grey correlation degree and other methods. For problem 1: according to the quantitative values of the eight evaluation indexes, a fuzzy mathematical model is established, and the comprehensive evaluation is transformed into a quantitative index to evaluate the teaching level of teachers. See the appendix for the sequence of serial numbers 4450-4469 in Annex 1. For question 2: considering the large amount of data in Annex 1, the courses that have participated in the evaluation more than 50 times are selected as the research object. Using hierarchical clustering processing, it is concluded that there are some differences in the teaching quality of each course in the school. According to the overall teaching quality, the seven teaching teams are: course 0097, course 0057, course 0322, course 0320, course 0486, course 0058, course 0138. For question 3: the grey correlation model is established according to the factors that affect the professionalism and objectivity of evaluation experts, such as teachers' professional titles, the number of evaluation sessions and the average number of sessions. The evaluation conclusions of the evaluation experts are given in the appendix. For question 4: the data in Annex 1 are sorted out in chronological order to obtain 46 evaluation objects and three evaluation indexes, namely, the number of evaluation sections, the average number of sections and the quantification of professional titles, for analysis. Then through the fitting of data processing, it is concluded that the teaching quality of the school has declined with the growth of time in the past three years. In response to question 5: according to the data in the annex, this paper puts forward the question "what is the relationship between the scores of teachers' comprehensive evaluation of teaching and students' comprehensive evaluation of learning in the evaluation of classroom teaching quality in Colleges and universities?" by fitting the fitting image with MATLAB, it is concluded that the scores of teachers' comprehensive evaluation of teaching and students' comprehensive evaluation of learning in the evaluation of classroom teaching quality in Colleges and universities are very similar.

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Firearm Injuries in Forensic Medicine

Introduction. Forensic medical investigations, including illustration, evidence collection, and expert conclusion preparation, have faced significant challenges in recent years. One of the primary challenges for Ukraine’s forensic medical service today is the examination of firearm-related injuries, necessitating substantial improvements to traditional methodologies. The study aimed to develop a methodology for the three-dimensional spatial reconstruction of firearm injuries. Methods. An automatic pistol CZ83 of medium caliber, manufactured in the Czech Republic and chambered for 7.65x17 mm ammunition, was used in the study. Roma Plastilina No. 1 ballistic gelatin, produced in the USA, served as the target and reproducing material for controlled ballistics tests. The experiments included 15 shots, during which the main morphological elements of skin injury, the subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the wound channel at the entry, middle, and exit points were studied. These were photographed, analyzed using photogrammetry, and converted into a three-dimensional format with the graphic editors Agisoft PhotoScan and 3Ds Max. Results. Measurements of all parameters obtained through classical methods differed significantly (p<0.05) from those obtained using 3D modeling. However, Cohen’s d values indicated that the differences were very small for defect size measurements, small for the abrasion ring and wound channel diameter across all sections, and medium for the entry wound diameter. Conclusions. The developed methodology for three-dimensional modeling allows for the accurate recording of the main morphometric parameters of firearm injuries, making it a viable alternative to traditional measurement methods.

Optimization of Neighborhood Public Space Design Based on Physical Environment Simulation and Crowd Simulation—A Case Study of Xiaomi’s Changping Campus

Digital technology has brought drastic changes to the design methods, values, and design tools of neighbourhood public spaces, thereby changing the behavioural patterns of people in neighbourhood public spaces. Therefore, people’s requirements for urban public space have changed and are characterised by high efficiency, high precision, humanization, and high aesthetics. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted many studies and practises on the application of digital technology to neighbourhood design, but there is a lack of systematic research practises on the use and analysis of multi-faceted data. This paper selects the Xiaomi Beijing Changping II design project, simulates and deduces the physical environment of its location, simulates the results of the natural environment by using the data of sunshine, wind, and water catchment in the physical environment, and then simulates the crowd’s action paths by combining kinetic algorithms and ant algorithms to optimise the design methods, processes, and results of the neighbourhood public space on the basis of this research. The research team designed five groups of programmes for the project based on different design methods and processes, and conducted a comparative study of the five groups of programmes through the hierarchical analysis method in conjunction with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, as well as discussing them in conjunction with the actual bidding results of the project and the scoring conclusions of the industry experts. The results of the study show that the design scheme for neighbourhood public space based on physical environment simulation and crowd simulation is better able to take advantage of the analytical and predictive advantages of the technology and unite with the designer’s aesthetic interests, balancing the data objectivity and aesthetic subjectivity in the design process. The method is more likely to achieve a design solution that combines systematicity, foresight, rationality, and aesthetics, and provides an empirical case for the application of data simulation in public space, aiming to improve the rationality of public space design and solve the data-objective problems faced by the design of public space at this stage.

Orbital injuries: aspects of forensic medical examination in assessing the severity of harm caused to human health

Background: Forensic examination plays a key role in establishing the severity of injuries, especially of orbital trauma, which can lead to serious consequences, including vision loss. Examination of forensic reports associated with orbital trauma provides valuable information about the nature of the injuries, their prevalence, and factors influencing the severity of the injury. Aim: Analysis of the possibilities of an interdisciplinary approach based on the presence of a full ophthalmological status and computed tomography data of the skull in conducting a forensic medical examination of living persons and in the final qualification of the degree of harm to health in orbital injuries. Materials and methods: An analysis of 37 completed forensic medical examinations of living persons with orbital injuries who were treated in multidisciplinary hospitals in Moscow was carried out. The forensic medical examination was carried out in the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Moscow Health Department. In 23 cases, the ophthalmological status was assessed at periods from 1 week to 6 months after the injury. In all cases (n = 37; 100%), computed tomography of the facial and cerebral skull was performed. The age of the victims at the time of injury ranged from 12 to 82 years (average 39.7 ± 9.2 years). There were 29 adults among the victims (78.3%), 8 children (21.6%). In terms of gender distribution, there was a significant male predominance — 27 men (73%) versus 10 women (27%). Results: According to the results of the analysis of forensic medical reports, polytrauma with the simultaneous presence of several severe injuries to various organs and systems, combined with orbital trauma, was recorded in 12 victims (32.4%). A combination of traumatic brain injury and orbital injury without involvement of other organs and systems was detected in 9 victims (24.3%), isolated orbital trauma — in 13 people (35.1%), isolated injury of two orbits simultaneously — in 3 victims (8.1%). From the conclusions of forensic experts, it follows that in 89% of cases, the bone walls of the orbits, formed by the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones, as well as the upper jaw, were damaged, which could subsequently lead to damage to the globe, optic nerve and other orbital structures. Damage to the soft tissue of the orbits with globe contusion was noted in 11% of cases. In 3 cases (n = 3; 8.1%), moderate harm to health was determined based on significant persistent loss of general ability to work. In 14 cases (n = 14; 37.8%), it was not possible to focus on the acuteness of the injured globe before the traumatic episode, due to the fact that the victims had no documented visits to an ophthalmologist before the injury. Conclusions: To objectively assess of the orbital trauma and determine the degree of harm to human health, it is necessary to have a full ophthalmological status, including such clinical and instrumental criteria as visual acuteness, presence or absence of ophthalmoplegia and globe dystopia, as well as computed tomography data of the skull, which must be presented in the primary medical documentation.

Current state of development, adoption, implementation of legislation on mobilization issues and its effectiveness

Public relations that arise in connection with mobilization as an important military component of repelling armed aggression by Russia and protecting the borders and territories of Ukraine from a large-scale invasion of Russian troops are currently a priority and urgent issue in the state and concern all layers of society. But such an important issue requires effective, high-quality, optimal and effective legislative regulation. And in part, these efforts have already been implemented in the adopted Law No. 3633-IX dated April 11, 2024 «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding Certain Issues of Military Service, Mobilization, and Military Registration». At the same time, the state of development, adoption, implementation of legislation on mobilization and its effectiveness require professional discussion by legal scholars and are an actual scientific topic with different points of view (and sometimes polar approaches or positions to one or another aspect of mobilization, which is normal). The purpose of the article is to provide a definition of the concept of «mobilization», referring to legislative and open sources and explaining the main components, problems of this phenomenon (at the same time military, military, legal and legal), improving the effectiveness of legislation in this area. Also, on the basis of the scientific opinions of scientists, highlight approaches to the essence of the main manifestations and components of mobilization. This issue is considered in the article and it is established that the current state of development, adoption, implementation of legislation on mobilization and its effectiveness (as a certain process, which involves mandatory and specific components and successive stages, as well as the result, which must necessarily be received) is a response to today’s challenges and requests for the purpose of defending the country in the conditions of a large-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation and repelling armed aggression (with the de-occupation of territories). The very fact that on April 11, 2024 the deputies adopted Law No. 3633-IX «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding Certain Issues of Military Service, Mobilization, and Military Registration» shows that work in this direction is ongoing and will be carried out in the future through appropriate legislative changes. but at the same time, it is necessary to take into account not only the expediency of the quantitative and qualitative filling of the army, but also the need to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens during mobilization. In addition, in the process of law-making in this direction, it is necessary to take into account the opinion of professional lawyers, the conclusions of experts, the doctrinal approaches of legal scholars in order to ensure the effectiveness of legislation on mobilization issues. Key words: mobilization, mobilization preparation, mobilization measures, legal regulation, armed aggression, war, legislation, law on mobilization, draft Law No. 10449 dated 30.01.2024, Law No. 3633-IX dated 11.04.2014, effectiveness of legislation.

Synthesis of expert matrices in inductive system-analytical research based on fuzzy logic algorithm

The object of research is the process of inductive modeling of complex systems. The studies that were conducted related to the application of algorithms of the fuzzy logic theory were to coordinate the conclusions of top-level experts in system information-analytical research (SIAR) in the tasks of innovative design. The possibilities of constructing elements of expert matrices of results, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of such applications, are defined. Thanks to this, obtaining formal expert evaluations in numerical form became possible. Experimental studies have confirmed that the proposed approach to the application of fuzzy logic algorithms to the construction of matrices of expert evaluations of SIAR results is quite effective and simple to implement. In addition, this approach fits well into the general paradigm of the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). In particular, it was established that the possibility of «retraining» such a block without significant efforts of professional experts can have a positive result, as well as have a good effect on the economic and time parameters of the research project. The main calculation formulas for the algorithm for building a fuzzy system using a neural network in a system with two rules are given. The construction of a fuzzy information output system trained on expert evaluations in the Matlab system is shown. As a result, a technologically acceptable standard deviation of 0.28268 mg/l was obtained. It has been established that by accumulating a database (knowledge) and/or using an information monitoring system, it is possible to «additionally train» a fuzzy system periodically or according to the established quality criterion in the program mode, without involving experts in this process. Thus, there are reasons to assert the importance of using a fuzzy system as one of the tools in inductive SIAR procedures

DETERMINATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF A LETHAL BULLET INJURY TO THE HEAD DUE TO A PROJECTILE RICOCHET TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTALLY FIRED BULLETS

Gunshot wounds always occupy one of the leading places in the structure of violent mortality, however, there is not enough information in the specialised literature that highlights the distinct individual characteristics of projectiles (bullets) that were removed from a biological object and became the instrument of death, and when they ricochet (collide with an obstacle) after a series of experimental shots. Aim: To determine the possibility of causing a fatal bullet injury to the head after the ricochet of a projectile from the road surface, taking into account the analysis of the morphological characteristics of experimentally fired bullets. Material and methods. The archival material of the SSI "Main Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" ("Expert conclusion") was used. The objects of the study were: bones of the skull of the victim gr. K, gunshot wounds on the head (entrance, exit hole, wound channel), as well as bullets up to 9 mm cartridges of the "Makarov" pistol, namely 1) one bullet removed from the cranial cavity after an autopsy and 2) 6 bullets removed after an experimental series of shots into the road surface. Their characteristics were studied using standard methods generally accepted in forensic medicine and standard methods of variational statistics. Results. During arrest by a law enforcement officer, the man received a fatal gunshot wound to the head with a 9 mm bullet. There was an entrance hole in the occipital bone, a wound channel in the cranial cavity at an angle of approximately 130° to the midline of the body, and a depressed fracture of the frontal bone. A series of experimental shots with 9mm bullets revealed the remains (fragments) of the asphalt coating and their marked deformation, which was not the case with the bullet that caused the fatal wound. Ballistic analysis showed that the angle of movement of the bullet in the cranial cavity was 30°. Conclusion. According to the circumstances contained in the criminal case materials and established during the forensic examination, the bullet wound could not have been caused by the ricochet of the bullet from the asphalt pavement, since no remains (fragments) of the obstacle with which the bullet collided were found, and its deformation does not correspond to the results of the forensic shooting and ballistic examination.

ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF DEATHS DUE TO POISONING BY THE MOST COMMON POISONOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE LVIV REGION IN 2018-2023

Drunkenness is an acute social and cultural problem in Ukraine. Alcoholic poisoning occupies a leading position among household poisonings. Alcohol is the cause of more than 60% of all fatal poisonings. Each year, more than 40,000 people in Ukraine die from alcohol poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning also occupies a leading position, the statistics are very sad, adults die, children die. Poisoning with narcotics and psychotropic substances is a very urgent medical and social problem, which is far from being solved today. Aim of the work. To analyse the mortality rate due to poisoning by the most common types of poisons by age and sex of the deceased in Lviv and the region for the period 2018-2023. Materials and methods. In the work, a statistical analysis of expert conclusions from the archive of the Lviv Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine for the period 2018-2023 was conducted. Results. The article provides quantitative indicators of cases of fatal poisoning, their prevalence trends, identifies the most common poisonous substances, and analyses mortality rates by age and sex. Conclusions. There is a downward trend in the total number of deaths due to poisoning. In 2023, the number of poisoning deaths will be almost halved compared to 2018. The most common poison is ethyl alcohol, 60% of people from the total number of poisonings, the second place in terms of number of deaths was carbon monoxide poisoning 21.5%, the third place was poisoning by narcotic substances 5.1%. Mortality due to poisoning in men is more than 5 times higher than in women, and men in their 40s and 50s die most often.

The mechanism of obtaining a forensic expert’s testimony as an element of evaluating his/her conclusion: forensic-veterinary aspect

The paper outlines peculiarities of a forensic veterinarian’s inter-rogation, the subject of which is the provision of testimony by a forensic veterinarian, specification or clarification of a conclusion. The Purpose is to characterize the peculiarities of obtaining a forensic expert’s testimony as an element of evaluating his/her conclusion and to determine its influence on the quality of conclusion evaluation. For this purpose, general scientific and special research methods have been applied. Emphasis is made on the forensic veterinary aspect of this is-sue. It has been proven that the procedure for summoning a forensic expert, the place and procedure of his/her interrogation are governed by the procedural legislation of Ukraine and correspond to the rules of summoning and interrogating other participants in a criminal proceeding. The algorithm of a forensic veterinarian’s interrogation has been defined, including the following stages: 1) defining a forensic veterinarian’s competence; 2) specifying certain aspects involving appointment and the course of forensic veterinary examination conduct; 3) analyzing objects and initial data used by the forensic veterinarian during forensic examination and conclusion compilation; 4) elucidating peculiarities of applied forensic research methods and information sources; 5) argumentating the expert conclusion’s credibility. The procedure of interrogating forensic experts who conducted a set of forensic examinations or panel forensic examination has been identified as well as peculiarities of such interrogation. Сonditions under which it is in-expedient to interrogate a forensic veterinarian have been established. It is argued that from a praxeological point of view, the proposed algorithm of interrogating a forensic veterinarian contributes to the court’s work: it helps to accurately evaluate a conclusion and prevent unnecessary collateral questions.

К проблеме допустимости доказательств

This article addresses the issue of the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings, specifically focusing on the use of results from operational investigative activities, expert conclusions, and testimonies. Until now, the issues of their legalization and recognition as admissible evidence remain controversial. The relevance of this study is underscored by the need in legal theory and practice to recognize the distinct role of non-procedural information in criminal proceedings, which holds significance for the case, and to develop approaches to its legal interpretation and application, considering the sources and methods of its acquisition. The aim of this publication is to justify the necessity of fully reflecting the results of operational investigative activities and expert studies in the materials of pre-trial investigation and criminal cases for subsequent judicial review. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks are solved, including: analysis of approaches to understanding the stated problem that have emerged in the scientific legal literature, determination of legal ways to solve it within the framework of current legislation. An overview of the procedural process of judicialization is provided, with emphasis on the possibilities of interrogating personnel conducting operational support and specialists performing individual studies, the results of which are then subject to verification and evaluation in accordance with the requirements of relevance and admissibility of evidence. In conclusion, the integration of operational investigative results and expert analyses as admissible evidence in criminal proceedings requires balanced approaches that uphold procedural integrity while accommodating the complexities of modern investigative techniques. By advancing these discussions, policymakers and legal practitioners can foster a more robust framework for evidence evaluation and judicial decision-making.

Theoretical and Methodological Justification for Conducting some Forensic Examinations in the Humanities

Forensic expertology distinguishes between different types of use of special knowledge that are expressed in legal proceedings, each of which has its own characteristic features. Despite the problems associated with determining the type of forensic examination, the competence of the expert, etc., in general, an approach to checking and evaluating the conclusion of a forensic expert has been established. One of the important issues when conducting an assessment is checking the correctness of the methodology chosen by the expert, the compliance of the methods with the established criteria: scientificity, verifiability, accuracy, efficiency, safety and ethics. The methodology of various types (kinds) of forensic examinations is developed on a strictly scientific basis, using general theoretical achievements of forensic expertology and the theory of the relevant scientific field, such as linguistics, art history, etc. However, fairly new «forensic examinations» in the humanities have appeared in forensic investigative practice. Among them are cultural studies, religious studies, political science, ethics, etc. Most of these «examinations» are conducted without proper methodological support, with a high level of subjectivity, which cannot be hidden behind the very lengthy explanations given in the conclusion of forensic activities, which is especially evident in the absence of a research section in the conclusion of the forensic expert. In a number of cases, they try to justify the theoretical basis of such «examination» by a non-existent area of scientific knowledge.

THE EXPERT'S OPPORTUNITIES TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL CONCLUSIONS ON EXISTING AND NEWLY RAISED QUESTIONS IN HIS TESTIMONY

The production of forensic examinations is important for establishing the objective truth in criminal cases. Making a fair decision in each specific case often requires the use of special knowledge possessed by experts. The current criminal procedural legislation regulates in detail the material and procedural aspects of the organization and implementation of forensic examinations, as well as the peculiarities of using the results of their conduct in court proceedings. Forensic experts are often called upon to participate in criminal proceedings. However, despite the developed legislative framework and large-scale law enforcement practice, a number of controversial issues still remain that affect the institution of «additional expert conclusions». The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the expert’s ability to provide additional conclusions on existing and newly raised questions in his testimony. The authors come to the conclusion that the current legislation rightly provides grounds for additional and repeated examinations, which allows in various situations related to both the ambiguity and incompleteness of the submitted expert opinion, and the presence of specific contradictions in it, to resort to appropriate examinations. Attention is focused on the need to appoint additional examinations when new questions and circumstances arise in the case, since their solution and accounting require the use of special knowledge, as well as full-fledged research in individual situations.

Appointment and conduct of construction-technical and evaluation-construction expertise in criminal proceeding provided for in Article 191 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

The article examines the main provisions of construction-technical and evaluation-construction expertise in criminal proceedings on appropriation, waste of property or possession of it through abuse of official position, which is accompanied by an analysis of statistical data of the Office of the General Prosecutor, the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, as well as the results of a survey of investigators National Police. The types of special knowledge of court experts have been defined, which correspond to the expert specialties acquired by them and allow the involvement of relevant specialists during the construction and technical and evaluation and construction examinations in criminal proceedings on appropriation, waste of property or possession of it by abuse of official position. The tasks of these types of forensic examinations and a typical list of issues resolved by them are outlined, which allows to effectively conduct an investigation of a criminal offense provided for in Article 191 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, taking into account the available conclusions of experts and the possibility of using them in the evidence system. The specifics of the appointment of construction- technical and evaluation-construction expertise in the investigated criminal proceedings, which relate to the types of construction-technical documentation provided to the expert, as well as the need in specific cases of investigation of official embezzlement during road construction to appoint these expertises in a complex with others, are revealed. The procedural features of preparing and conducting an evaluation and construction examination in criminal proceedings initiated under Article 191 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which consist in the proper preparation of documents by the investigator regarding the inspection of the premises that will be evaluated during the examination, have been studied. The advantage of the combined use of special knowledge in the form of the appointment of complex forensic examinations during the investigation of appropriation, waste of property or possession of it through abuse of official position in the field of construction, namely construction-technical and evaluation-construction, road-technical, commodity expert examinations, has been proven.

On the Feasibility of Using REBOA Technology for the Treatment of Patients with Polytrauma

Introduction According to domestic and foreign authors, the leading cause of death in victims with polytrauma is blood loss. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is one of the new promising ways to manage bleeding in patients in a state of traumatic shock. There are a large number of publications in the world scientific literature indicating the high effectiveness of this technology in the treatment of bleeding. However, in the Russian Federation, this method has not yet entered into everyday practice, and scientific research on this matter is scarce. AIM Based on literature data and analysis of our own sample, to justify the need to use REBOA technology for the treatment of victims with polytrauma.Material and methods A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with polytrauma admitted to the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine in 2021 was carried out. Data from medical records and the Results of forensic medical examinations were studied. The main sample included victims with polytrauma (Injury Severity Score, ISS, of more than 17 points) delivered from the scene of the incident in a state of traumatic shock (systolic blood pressure, SBP, of less than 90 mm Hg) and a verified source of bleeding. To assess the potential survival of victims, we used the Trauma Score and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) scale.Results Of the 92 patients with polytrauma, 19 patients (20.6%) had indications for REBOA. The most common sources of bleeding were injuries to the pelvic ring, 14 (73.7%), abdomen, 11 (57.9%), and chest, 7 (36.8%). In 6 victims (31.5%), there were combined abdomen and pelvic injuries as the area of blood loss. The mean age of the victims was 48.8±19.9 years, the mean ISS value was 39.4±20.1. On admission, the mean SBP was 62.4±31.5 mm Hg, and heart rate — 91.8±43.3 beats/min. In 8 victims (42.1%), norepinephrine was administered immediately upon hospitalization at an average dose of 837.5±537.0 ng/kg/min. As a result of their injuries, 15 patients (78.9%) died, and 4 were discharged from the hospital. According to the Conclusions of forensic experts, the leading cause of death was blood loss in 11 (61.1%), severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 4 (22.2%), and infectious complications in 3 cases (16.7%).The TRISS was calculated for each patient. In order to identify the most potentially viable patients with indications for REBOA, we excluded 5 patients with severe TBI (the mean TRISS was 20.9±11.1%), and 5 patients with the TRISS of less than 50% (the mean TRISS was 10.0±14.1%), the latter died from hemorrhagic shock. Among the remaining 9 patients with higher TRISS values, 5 (26.3%) who died had the mean TRISS of 80.5±15.8%, comparable to the mean TRISS of 83.3±2.4% in the 4 survivors.Conclusion 1. According to foreign and domestic publications, the technology of resuscitation endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is effective for stopping internal bleeding in patients with polytrauma. 2. When analyzing our own sample of patients, it was proven that 20.6% of patients with polytrauma had indications for the use of REBOA. Most of them (78.9%) died. The main cause of death was hemorrhagic shock. 3. About a quarter of patients (26.3%) with indications for REBOA had a potentially high chance of survival. In the future, the use of this technology may reduce the number of deaths.

A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE RISK OF INJURY AT THE WORKPLACE OF EMPLOYEES WITH DISABILITIES

The modern approach to ensuring the occupational safety of workers in Ukraine should rely on a risk-oriented approach. Essential requirements for risk assessment methods are a sufficient level of informativeness, reliability of results, and the ability to adapt them to the conditions in which the methods will apply. In particular, it concerns the assessment of injury risks at workplaces of representatives of vulnerable groups of workers—primarily elderly workers and workers with disabilities. Difficulties in assessing workplace injury risks for vulnerable groups of workers limit the development of occupational inclusion at a time when promoting the employment of people with disabilities has become a key priority for governments around the world. The article aims to develop a methodology for assessing risks at the workplaces of employees with disabilities one can use to evaluate the level of risk at enterprises, particularly in small and medium-sized businesses. When determining the injury risks to employees of vulnerable groups, one should account for both the individual characteristics of the employee and the characteristics of the workplace and work process. The input information is the conclusions of the medical experts regarding the types and degrees of impact of life restrictions, as well as the value of individual risk according to the company’s field of activity. The analysis of the workplace, planned for the employment of a person with a disability, of the technological process, and the surrounding working environment follows the factors the company forms based on their internal and external context. Comparing the result with the limit value of the risk is necessary to decide on the possibility of performing work tasks by the employee and the need to take additional safety measures. When choosing a risk threshold against which to compare the assessment result, the company must consider its goals for achieving the required level of safety. Thus, this technique allows one to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the level of risk at the disabled employee’s workplace, which will contribute to increasing the level of occupational safety and professional integration of persons with disabilities. Keywords: risk, disability, workplace, labour process, injuries.

PARTICIPATION OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN THE INTERROGATION OF THE EXPERT IN THE JUDICIAL INVESTIGATION

The article analyzes the situation, arising in connection with the need for the prosecutor - public prosecutor to interrogate an expert in a judicial investigation to clarify or supplement the conclusion given by him. These situations may be due to the probable conclusion of an expert, the presence of a large number of special terms in the conclusion, the expert’s use of a new research methodology and other reasons. Petitions for the interrogation of an expert are mostly submitted by the defendants’ defenders. In refutation of the conclusions of experts obtained in pre-trial proceedings, they often present the conclusions (opinions) of specialists, petitions are made for their interrogation. However, in connection with that, that the conclusions and testimonies of specialists in the vast majority of cases contain an assessment of the expert’s opinion, which is exclusively within the jurisdiction of the court, they are not taken into account by the courts when making a decision on the case, which is reflected in the materials of the trial. The possibility of questioning an expert in a judicial investigation is also used by prosecutors - state prosecutors, who are obliged to take a balanced approach to the application of petitions for this, and carefully consider the list beforehand, the wording, the order of the questions they ask. However, more often, prosecutors have to object to the petitions of defenders to recognize the evidence obtained in pre-trial proceedings as inadmissible, to attach conclusions (opinions) to the case and to interrogate in court specialists involved by defenders who question the conclusions of experts, to appoint repeated examinations, etc. Prosecutors. participating in possible subsequent sessions of the courts of appeal and cassation in this case. In preparing for them, attention will be paid to the content of the questions asked to the expert by the parties and the answers to them, to the validity of the mentioned defense petitions and objections to them by the prosecutor, whether they were taken into account or rejected by the court, and if they are justified, they can be used to defend arguments as appropriate representations of prosecutors, so are the complaints of other participants in the process, objections, as well as to that, has the court taken them into account or rejected them, and if they are justified. Therefore, when reviewing the minutes of the court session, the prosecutor, the person who supported the state prosecution is obliged to find out, how fully does it reflect the content of the expert’s interrogation, the questions asked to him by the parties and the answers to them, the content of the defense’s petitions and the prosecutor’s objections to them. The prosecutor - public prosecutor is obliged to make maximum use of the possibilities of studying expert opinions in the judicial investigation in order to assist the court in making a lawful decision. a reasonable and fair sentence. The article also expresses an opinion on some gaps in the norms of the criminal procedure law governing the appointment of an examination in court, as well as on the certain controversy of the position of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation regarding one of the grounds for the appointment of a re-examination by the court.

Separate Aspects of Evidentiary Basis Formation During the Investigation of Facts Related to Collaborationism

The Article Purpose is to outline separate aspects of forming the evidentiary basis during the investigation of facts related to collaborationism, identify challenges, and determine ways to address them. To fulfil this goal, general scientific and specialized scientific methods have been applied. It is emphasized that the formation of the evidentiary basis during pre-trial investigation of collaboration crimes depends on the availability of witness and eyewitness testimony, the identification of which is a leading task of the investigation involving the use of various measures (i.e., government and local self-government bodies obtain information about these people and suspects or temporarily access property and documents as envisaged by law). The paper stresses that the task of investigators in investigating this type of crime is to identify private individuals, representatives of volunteer movements, or community organizations who have documented crimes associated with collaborationist activities, and to acquire information they have documented. Answers to questions arising during pre-trial investigation are contained in the expert conclusion (as a significant component of the evidentiary basis) because it is within the expert conclusion that a forensic expert provides information that he/she identified during the investigation and utilizes specific expertise that the investigator may not have possessed.

Research, verification and evaluation of forensic expert conclusion: forensic veterinary aspect

The author aimed to outline the grounds and criteria, to single out methods and characterize procedural of research specifics, verification and evaluation of forensic veterinary expert conclusion . In order to achieve this goal, a set of interrelated research methods (dialectical, systemic-structural, systemic-functional, comparative-legal, formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy), modeling, statistical) was applied. The grounds, criteria, methods and procedural specifics of the research, verification and assessment of forensic expert conclusion are considered. Attention is focused on forensic and veterinary aspect of this issue. It is claimed that during verification of forensic expert conclusion, it is necessary to assess its comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity, as well as scientific validity, reliability, correctness, admissibility of using methods and techniques, means and methods of conducting expert research, as well as adequacy and relationship with other evidence collected within the framework of a criminal proceeding (case) with the aim of making a correct procedural decision (for evidence of factual data and circumstances proven by expert research). The criteria for completeness and reasonableness of the expert’s conclusion are proposed, as well as the algorithm for evaluating such a conclusion by the investigator, prosecutor, defense attorney, investigative judge, and court. The application of a set of these criteria to the assessment of a forensic expert’s opinion will guarantee the reliability of the verification and assessment of such conclusion, as well as create reliable conditions for making procedural decisions in legal proceedings.