Ontology Concepts Research Articles

Controversial issues in history teaching

ABSTRACT Most of the history education research that addresses controversial issues suggests that disputes arising in the history classroom are rooted in students’ diverse identities that relate differently to history. Therefore, a history education that wants to ease tensions must try both to make these different identities and their relations to history visible and to enable an understanding of different relations to history based on identity. Starting with Gadamer’s concept of historically effected consciousness, this article outlines a model consisting of ontological third-order concepts and historical empathy in the history education as a suggestion to enable and corroborate constructive deliberative discussions in the history classroom.

Public Health in Private

ABSTRACT Elite women seized the public health campaign during the 1900 plague outbreak to assert political influence and advocate for sanitation reform grounded in their domestic experiences. These women advocated for their inclusion in the political sphere by valuing their domestic experiences as knowledge relevant for public health initiatives. This reframing of experience positioned them as viable citizens in the imminent Federation. Applying Laura Zanotti's concept of relational ontology, this analysis frames their actions as not simply a battle against institutional authority but as careful and strategic interactions with their era's political context, exploiting aspects of it that were beneficial to them. Their ambivalent involvement in the public health campaign illustrates a complex chapter in Australian medical history. Women used the opportunity of plague to reevaluate their experience of the home as a form of knowledge relevant to public health. At the same time, they leveraged their growing status as political subjects to oppress others.

Neural machine translation of clinical text: an empirical investigation into multilingual pre-trained language models and transfer-learning.

Clinical text and documents contain very rich information and knowledge in healthcare, and their processing using state-of-the-art language technology becomes very important for building intelligent systems for supporting healthcare and social good. This processing includes creating language understanding models and translating resources into other natural languages to share domain-specific cross-lingual knowledge. In this work, we conduct investigations on clinical text machine translation by examining multilingual neural network models using deep learning such as Transformer based structures. Furthermore, to address the language resource imbalance issue, we also carry out experiments using a transfer learning methodology based on massive multilingual pre-trained language models (MMPLMs). The experimental results on three sub-tasks including (1) clinical case (CC), (2) clinical terminology (CT), and (3) ontological concept (OC) show that our models achieved top-level performances in the ClinSpEn-2022 shared task on English-Spanish clinical domain data. Furthermore, our expert-based human evaluations demonstrate that the small-sized pre-trained language model (PLM) outperformed the other two extra-large language models by a large margin in the clinical domain fine-tuning, which finding was never reported in the field. Finally, the transfer learning method works well in our experimental setting using the WMT21fb model to accommodate a new language space Spanish that was not seen at the pre-training stage within WMT21fb itself, which deserves more exploitation for clinical knowledge transformation, e.g. to investigate into more languages. These research findings can shed some light on domain-specific machine translation development, especially in clinical and healthcare fields. Further research projects can be carried out based on our work to improve healthcare text analytics and knowledge transformation. Our data is openly available for research purposes at: https://github.com/HECTA-UoM/ClinicalNMT.

The Stone, the Deer, and the Mountain: Lower Paleolithic Scrapers and Early Human Perceptions of the Cosmos

AbstractEvidence from the Levantine Late Lower Paleolithic sites of Jaljulia and Qesem Cave suggests that Quina scrapers, an innovation in a category of tools used mostly for butchery, emerged with changes in hunting practices. Quina scrapers were often made of non-local flint from the Samarian highlands, a home range of fallow deer populations throughout the ages. The predominance of fallow deer in the human diet following the disappearance of megafauna made scrapers key tools in human subsistence. Particular stone tools and particular prey animals, thus, became embedded in an array of practical, cosmological, and ontological conceptions whose origin we trace back to Paleolithic times. The mountains of Samaria, a source of both animals and stone under discussion, were part of this nexus. We present archaeological and ethnographic evidence of the practical and perceptual bonds between Paleolithic humans, animals, stones, and the landscape they shared.

The visual content of neural networks as a return to the third-order simulacrum

This article is part of a larger study of design as a cultural phenomenon. In this part of the study, the author examines the process that is currently taking place in the semiotic structure of design, associated with the active introduction of neural networks into the creation of visual content. Artificial intelligence products stylistically take the design away from the fourth-order simulacrum (from the flat design style) and return the design to using the third-order simulacrum as the main iconic form.The object of the research is the transformation of the semiotic design system. The subject of the study is a return to the third–order simulacrum in modern design. The purpose of the study is to show and try to explain how in modern design there is a return to the use of a third-order simulacrum. The research method is a semiotic analysis of modern design based on the methodology of R. Barth's semiotic analysis. The study is also based on J. Baudrillard's theory of semiosis in hyperreality and three orders of simulacra. The author sees the philosophical justification of the art of neural networks in the concept of flat ontologies. The study of the semiotic structure of design allows us to see that the logic of design development carries this phenomenon through successive stages of semiosis associated with a decrease in meaning and a diminution of being. In its development, the design consistently uses first index signs, a second-order simulacrum, then a third-order simulacrum as the main sign form. Nowadays, the main iconic form in design has become a fourth-order simulacrum. Next, design had to either end as a profession and phenomenon, or move into a new cultural paradigm that was not related to simulation. However, unexpected transformations have begun to occur in design, due to the active involvement of non–human agents - neural networks – in the creation of visual content. Neural network products are a typical example of a third-order simulacrum. Thanks to the use of neural networks, modern design finally acquires the vector of transhumanism and closes in simulation.

The Philosophy of creativity: conceptual approaches of V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev

The object of this paper is creativity as a cultural philosophical and historical-philosophical phenomenon. The subject of the research is the substantiation of the essence of creativity by Russian religious philosophy on the example of the doctrine of V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev. The aim of this research is to identify and articulate the key semantic constructs of creativity from the positions of the above-mentioned thinkers. The article also explores ideas about the nature of creativity and the specific features of a creative subject through the prism of relevant concepts of a socio-humanitarian orientation. A brief historical and philosophical excursion into the understanding of the ontological essence of creativity is carried out, modern ontological concepts of creativity are revealed and an existentially oriented concept of creativity is proposed. The theoretical basis of the research is the original works of V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev, as well as various commenting scientific sources. The methodological foundation of the research is a comparative analysis and a method of contextual vision of creativity. The main result of the conducted research is the articulation of key aspects of the understanding of creativity by V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev. It is shown that for the first philosopher, the central task of creativity is the spiritualization of the material world through the realization of the unity of Goodness, Truth and Beauty, while the second thinker considers the main mission of creativity to be the establishment of a fundamentally different spiritual being by the subject. The scientific novelty of the research also lies in the comparative characterization of the concepts of creativity of these thinkers in terms of essence, tasks, meaning, material, sources, functions, result and other structural aspects.

An evaluation of GPT models for phenotype concept recognition

ObjectiveClinical deep phenotyping and phenotype annotation play a critical role in both the diagnosis of patients with rare disorders as well as in building computationally-tractable knowledge in the rare disorders field. These processes rely on using ontology concepts, often from the Human Phenotype Ontology, in conjunction with a phenotype concept recognition task (supported usually by machine learning methods) to curate patient profiles or existing scientific literature. With the significant shift in the use of large language models (LLMs) for most NLP tasks, we examine the performance of the latest Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models underpinning ChatGPT as a foundation for the tasks of clinical phenotyping and phenotype annotation.Materials and methodsThe experimental setup of the study included seven prompts of various levels of specificity, two GPT models (gpt-3.5-turbo and gpt-4.0) and two established gold standard corpora for phenotype recognition, one consisting of publication abstracts and the other clinical observations.ResultsThe best run, using in-context learning, achieved 0.58 document-level F1 score on publication abstracts and 0.75 document-level F1 score on clinical observations, as well as a mention-level F1 score of 0.7, which surpasses the current best in class tool. Without in-context learning, however, performance is significantly below the existing approaches.ConclusionOur experiments show that gpt-4.0 surpasses the state of the art performance if the task is constrained to a subset of the target ontology where there is prior knowledge of the terms that are expected to be matched. While the results are promising, the non-deterministic nature of the outcomes, the high cost and the lack of concordance between different runs using the same prompt and input make the use of these LLMs challenging for this particular task.

Landasan Ontologis dalam Pengembangan Kurikulum PAI pada Mata Pelajaran Al-Qur’an Hadist di Madrasah Tsanawiyah

This study examines the critical role of ontological foundations in the development of the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum, specifically for Qur'an and Hadith subjects in Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs). Recognizing the importance of a strong philosophical underpinning in religious education, this research aims to explore how integrating ontological principles into the PAI curriculum can enhance students' comprehension of Islamic values and their engagement in the learning process. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis at several MTs in Yogyakarta over a two-month period. The findings reveal that embedding ontological concepts in the curriculum not only deepens students' understanding of Islamic teachings but also fosters greater spiritual and character development. The study suggests that a more philosophically integrated approach to curriculum design can significantly contribute to the holistic development of students, aligning educational practices with the core values of Islam. The implications of this research highlight the need for educational institutions to adopt and implement curricula that emphasize deep, reflective learning, which is essential for cultivating both intellectual and spiritual growth in students.

Translation of Ontological Concepts from English into German Using Commercial Translation Software and Expert Evaluation.

Medical ontologies are mostly available in English. This presents a language barrier that is a limitation in research and automated processing of patient data. The manual translation of ontologies is complex and time-consuming. However, there are commercial translation tools that have shown promising results in the field of medical terminology translation. The aim of this study is to translate selected terms of the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) from English into German using commercial translators. Six medical experts evaluated the translation candidates in an iterative process. The results show commercial translators, with DeepL in the lead, provide translations that are positively evaluated by experts. With a broader study scope and additional optimization techniques, commercial translators could support and facilitate the process of translating medical ontologies.

Hermann Schmitz and the ”New Phenomenology of sports”. A programmatic outline

ABSTRACT Phenomenology has long been one of the basic theoretical and methodological approaches in sports philosophy. Among the many varieties of philosophical phenomenology, phenomenological sports research mainly uses the approaches of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Another phenomenological author who has so far remained almost completely unknown to international sports philosophy is German philosopher Hermann Schmitz (1928–2021). Schmitz named his phenomenological approach “New Phenomenology” since he had broken with some basic assumptions of ‘old’ phenomenology (e.g. neither construing his phenomenology as a philosophy of consciousness nor conducting a view of the essence) and also discovered new areas of phenomena (e.g. felt body, atmospheres, expansive and directional space). Moreover, Schmitz considered his New Phenomenology to be an empirically oriented science. This article aims to introduce Schmitz’s approach into the international discussion on sports philosophy. In particular, it is shown how New Phenomenology is an enrichment for phenomenological sports research. To that end, the article outlines the basic idea and central components of New Phenomenology. The main focus rests on four concepts, whose analytical potential is illustrated using selected sports phenomena: felt-bodily experiences, (transhuman) felt-bodily communication, private and common atmospheres, as well as situations as an ontological concept and empirical phenomenon. This provides an outline of the program for a “New Phenomenology of sports”. The article advocates for its further elaboration and to that end offers theoretical, methodological and empirical suggestions.

Reconsidering the patient: pauvres malades and malades pauvres in eighteenth-century medical contexts

Abstract When humoral medicine gave way to more scientific approaches in the nineteenth century, the physician’s gaze changed. Amongst the epistemological transformations were representations and perceptions of the poor patient: the pauvre malade—a pauper who happened to be sick and was to be taken care of by traditional medical charities—became a malade pauvre, a sick person who happened to be poor and was to be treated in new institutions. This article explores these changes but in settings beyond the clinic. In three case studies, we explore the practice of the Genevan physician Louis Odier, the management of the poor in the French spa of Saint-Amand and, finally, treatises about British spas. The agency of physicians, administrators and the poor themselves are analysed. Physicians played an ambiguous role. Some resisted innovation and refused to consider the poor as suffering from the same diseases as the affluent; others made opportunistic use of case histories, including those of the poor, to convince richer patients of the benefits of specific treatments, thereby reinforcing ‘class-blind’ ontological conceptions of disease. Administrators, for their part, tended to see the poor foremost as patients and put pressure on physicians to arrive at precise diagnoses.

Affect and relational agency: How a negative ontology can broaden our understanding of IS research

The sociomaterial lens within IS research holds that agency should not be considered as a property solely of humans, or of technology, but instead arises from an emergent interaction between the two. This, emergent, account of agency deepens our understanding of unfolding IS practice, but its largely cognitive orientation remains naïve towards affectively-sensed motivations that also form part of this interaction. By implication, a sociomaterial perspective lacking an affective dimension offers an incomplete conceptualisation of information systems. In response, an affectively-informed negative ontology encourages IS researchers to extend their focus beyond the visible, to encompass how actors' receptiveness towards material objects (discourses, technologies) is shaped by deep, affectively-derived motivations of which they are not focally aware, but which nonetheless acquire agency in contributing to a sociomaterial outcome. A central argument, and illustrative empirical vignette, demonstrate how the concepts of sociomateriality, affect, and negative ontology combine to offer researchers an enhanced understanding of relational agency. A discussion follows, exploring some initial ontological, epistemological and methodological implications of an affectively-informed negative ontology for IS research.

PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF INTERNASIONAL WORLD MUSLIM COMPERENCE ON EDUCATION: Telaah Ontologis, Epistemologis dan Aksiologis

The problems studied in the International seminar on Islamic Education are often important information. So that the author wants to study more specifically and know how to understand the concept of Islamic Education in the aspect of Islamic education conferences in ontological, epistemological, and axiological concepts. This research is a type of library research (literature study). For this reason, this research focuses on literacy work as a basis without the need for field research. The method used in this study is qualitative method. This world Islamic education seminar is not timed, this seminar can be formed at any time in accordance with the agreement, there is no difference between general knowledge and religion and the integration of science.

Innovation of Civics Teaching Mode and Informatization Teaching in Colleges and Universities Based on Knowledge Mapping System

Abstract This paper discusses the construction and application of the knowledge map of the Civics curriculum. Firstly, the courses’ ontology concept and hierarchical relationship are identified, and their attributes and relationships are defined. Then, BiLSTM-CRF model was used to extract the Civics entities, and relevant data were obtained from websites using crawler technology and regular expressions. The keyword screening technique was used to ensure the Civic politics relevance of the data. The data storage adopts RDF triples and Neo4j graph database to construct a visualization system for Civics teaching. The experimental results show that the BiLSTM-CRF model performs well in extracting Civics entities, mainly in specialized knowledge, and achieves high accuracy. The study effectively improves the efficiency and quality of Civics learning through knowledge mapping and visualization techniques.

Fenomenoloji ve Pragmatizm: Antropolojik Kültürün Felsefi Kavramsallaştırması Üzerine

In the philosophical thought of twentieth century, the notion of world of life frequently confronts as an ontological concept that expresses the existence of the subject in the world. This notion is presented as a multi dimensional and multiple meaning concept, which represents all elements of the relationship between the subject and the world, all modes of this relationship and it also constitutes the ground of this relationship. In this sense, the phenomenological and pragmatist perspectives, that identify this notion with the interactional experience of the subject, become especially prominent. On the other hand, the concept of anthropological culture is a common concept and comes in sight based on the notion of experience in the views of both philosophical traditions, especially John Dewey’s and Merleau-Ponty’s. In this context, the aim of this study is on the one hand to analyze the philosophical basis of the concept of anthropological culture and on the other hand to evaluate and compare the presentation of this concept on the ontological ground by pragmatist and phenomenological traditions.

Ontological Concepts and Logical Listeners for Dysarthric Speech Understanding

Ontological Concepts and Logical Listeners for Dysarthric Speech Understanding

Classification and Value Assessment of Sports Intangible Cultural Heritage Resources Combined with Digital Technology

Abstract This paper is dedicated to designing and constructing a knowledge ontology framework for sports intangible cultural heritage (ICH) resources, aiming to support their preservation and inheritance by integrating and mining sports ICH resources. The study includes the collection of multiple data of sports ICH from various data sources, and constructing ICH knowledge ontology using CIDOC CRM metadata reference model and seven-step method. To enrich the content of the ontology, the TextRank algorithm is used to extract textual critical information and design a domain-specific NER model for sports NRL. In addition, the study adopts the VSM vector space model for text representation and uses an improved hierarchical classification model for text categorization to improve classification accuracy. The study also explores the similarity calculation of concepts in the sports NRM ontology and proposes a semantic similarity calculation formula based on the ontology concepts. Respondents’ willingness to pay was investigated through the conditional value method (CVM) to assess the value of sports NRM tourism resources. Finally, the influencing factors of respondents’ willingness to pay were analyzed using statistical analysis and Logistic regression model, and it was found that they were mainly influenced by the degree of understanding of sports non-heritage resources and the level of education. The results of this study not only provide theoretical and methodological support for the effective integration and excavation of sports non-heritage resources and a new perspective for their protection, inheritance and sustainable development.

POJAM LIČNOSTI; SVETI OCI, ZIZJULAS I HAJDEGER

In this paper, we will try to show, relying on the works of Jovan Zizioulas and the Orthodox spiritual tradition, that the concept of personality is an original Christian concept of the early Church, according to which the Personal Triune God is assumed as a necessary condition for the existence of a human personality. We will try to determine what is a personality understood in this way, is it a being or a way of existence? We will give an answer to this question by indicating the constitution of its ontological structure, especially in relation to the concepts of freedom, love and community. In an effort to articulate the concept of personality as adequately as possible, we will show that the application of some of Heidegger’s ontological concepts and results from Being and Time is very fruitful for the performance of such a task. Finally, we will show what kind of theological and pre-philosophical notions this original concept of personality presupposes, and what consequences it entails in terms of designing human life.

C. Aytmatov'un Poetik Kozmolojisi ve Heidegger'in Ontolojik Dörtlüsü (Das Gewirth)

Trying to make a comparison between C. Aitmatov and M. Heidegger at first look could be seem strange. But such a comparison is actually important in one hand not only for understanding the philosophical foundations of artistic outlook of Aitmatov and in another hand to demonstrate the existential-phenomenological rootedness of ontological ideas of Heidegger. For although there isn’t any knowledge if they were ever meet in real life, yet it is obvious that they were close “friends” in the dimension of thinking, understanding of Genesis, they search and experience the spiritual dimension of that era, the glory of which is not in the least connected with the names of these geniuses thought and speech. From Heidegger's point of view, philosophy is the doctrine of being. He is the founder of a grandiose, harmonious and detailed philosophical theory of being. Starting to compare the ontological ideas of the thinker and the artistic images of the Kyrgyz writer, we consider it necessary to emphasize that the word “being” in Aitmatov’s works (especially in the works of the mature period of his work) expresses not the limited meaning of everyday language, but rather the high and strictly defined content of philosophical language, where it is necessary to distinguish between being and its being, where we are talking about the “truth of being.” And Aitmatov’s artistic experience provides a very definite reason for reasoning in terms of ontological difference, here-being and other-being, comprehension of true being, event, quaternity, that is, in terms of Heidegger’s ontological concept. As a result, in this paper we will try to explore their philosophical and poetic acquaintances by referring to their main views, concepts and books.

De Te Fabula Narratur: Marx and Systemism

This article argues that the underlying ontological propositions in Marx’s thought is compatible with the main elements of contemporary systemism. Systemism is the ontological conception that affirms that reality is formed by systems of systems. That is, natural or social reality is formed by systems made up of subsystems and each of them has relative autonomy of development and its own dynamics, although interrelated. In this sense, any society is a system with economic, political, and cultural subsystems with relative autonomy of development. No subsystem can completely determine the trajectory of the development of the system as a whole. We argue that Marx’s ontological elements can be interpreted as a form of systemism, contenting the main elements of this contemporary view of social reality. The ontological categories of totality and uneven development are key to understanding Marx’s conception of social reality as a system of systems and steer his thought away from any holist and deterministic interpretation.