Concept Of Sustainable Agriculture Research Articles

Sustainability and Strategy of Vegetable Crops Enterprises Based on Integrated Pest Management (Case Study in Mekarsaluyu Village, Cimenyan Subdistrict, Bandung Regency)

Crop enterprises in Mekarsaluyu Village, Cimenyan Subdistrict, Bandung Regency have contributed to the economic activities of the local community. However, current vegetable crop enterprises are not suitable for the sustainable agriculture concept and face several obstacles in its sustainability, such as the availability of water, access to capital, farmers’ concern for environmental sustainability, as well as the role of farmer groups and farmer group association. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable agricultural production subsystem that can help control pests on vegetable crops, with the use of pesticides as a last resort. This study aims to assess the sustainability status and formulate a farming management strategy based on IPM. The sustainability status was analyzed using the uses the RAP-IPM (Rapid Appraisal for Integrated Pest Management) method which is a modification of the RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries), and strategy was analyzed using the SWOT and the QSPM method. Respondents were determined by purposive sampling. The sustainability status of vegetable farming based on IPM tends to be quite sustainable with a sustainability index value of 58.23% and the prioritized management strategies are (1) strengthening farmer institutions including farmer groups and farmer groups associations, marketing institutions, and business groups agriculture in meeting the need for vegetable demand in the market; (2) development of environmentally friendly integrated pest control based control technology and preparation of effective and efficient alternative production facilities including land management, labor requirements, planting area in accordance with factual conditions in the field; and (3) strengthening agricultural financing institutions to meet the needs of agricultural production facilities and infrastructure.

Vernonia amygdalina Extract Loaded Microspheres for Controlling Phytophthora palmivora

The adverse effects of modern fungicide consumption have caused many issues in the agroecosystem. Hence, under sustainable agriculture concepts, it is important to research alternatives to the currently used fungicide. The use of secondary metabolite-containing herbal extracts for treating plant diseases has become the latest trend in sustainable and green agriculture. However, the poor solubility and volatile nature of many compounds cause practical issues when using them in the field. Hence, bioactive compound delivery through nano- or micro-particles has become a successful technique to improve the solubility and delivery of secondary metabolites to targeted sites. In the current study, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from dried leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was tested against Phytophthora palmivora isolated from Durian (Durio zibethinus) root rot. Further, the potential of enhancing the effect of V. amygdalina EtOAc treatment through microspheres loaded with V. amygdalina EtOAc extract was also investigated. The microspheres encapsulated with Eudragit® E were synthesized under different electrospray conditions to obtain the microspheres with the highest efficacy. The poison media assays evaluated the fungal growth inhibition efficiency of the V. amygdalina EtOAc crude extract and the synthesized microspheres. The study reveals that the V. amygdalina EtOAc extract has the potential to suppress the growth of P. palmivora. Interestingly, the synthesized microspheres showed immense growth inhibition in P. palmivora, with a 61.10 µg/mL decrease in ED50 compared to the direct usage of V. amygdalina EtOAc extract.

Synthesis and surface morphology of banana biochar-based nano-fertilizer and its effect on first stages of growth parameters of cucumber, broccoli, and red okra

Smart agro-practices over the years have revolutionized the agriculture sector and promoted the concept of sustainable agriculture. One such practice is use of agro-waste biochar in agricultural, environmental, and climatic operations. The viability of using a biochar-based nanocomposite as a support fertilizer for the gradual release of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in various media is examined in this study. The banana peel biochar (BPBC) and its nanocomposite (BNF) were prepared using a simple yet comprehensive chemical process. Synthesized materials were evaluated using FT-IR and SEM/EDX. Physical attributes as well as fertilizer basic characteristics were determined and prepared nanocomposite demonstrated noticeably better water absorbance ratio (68%), equilibrium water content (78.97%), and swelling ratio (3.64 g g−1) than biochar, which is advantageous for preserving soil water levels. The salt index values (0.087mmhos/cc) of the created nanocomposite performed better when compared to the conventional fertilizers due to their safer application. Long-term availability of all doped minerals to the plants, during experimental cycle, was revealed by slow-release nutrient studies in water and soil, which is ideal for promoting germination and growth. The findings of this research revealed that prepared BNF showed improved germination parameters i.e., time for 50% germination (3.4, 3.3, 4.4 days), germination index (3.1, 3.5, 2.4), final germination percentage (91.7, 100, 83.3%), mean germination time (4.0, 3.9, 4.9 days), for cucumber, broccoli and okra, respectively. In addition to that the prepared BNF facilitated enhanced shoot and root length in all the three vegetables as compared to conventional fertilizers. The dose optimization studies depicted that best results of germination as well as plant growth parameters are facilitated by BNF (37.5 kg/ha) owing to enhancement in soil quality by supplying additional organic matter in addition to provision of nutrients on slow-release.

Sustainable Farming Management in India

Agriculture has historically had a significant negative impact on the environment, primarily due to practices aimed at increasing yields to meet the growing demands of the population. These practices have led to consequences such as deforestation, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, irrigation issues, and pollution. To tackle these challenges, the concept of sustainable agriculture has emerged as a new approach. Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the present food and resource needs of society while ensuring the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes the use of agricultural practices that minimize negative environmental impacts, promote resource efficiency, and ensure long-term sustainability. To effectively implement sustainable agriculture, it is crucial to adopt practices that align with its principles. Examples of such practices include organic farming, integrated pest management, crop rotation, agroforestry, conservation tillage, and water management techniques. By adopting these practices, farmers can reduce reliance on synthetic inputs, preserve soil health, conserve water resources, protect biodiversity, and mitigate the impact of agriculture on climate change. However, the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is influenced by various factors that can vary across regions and contexts. These factors may include economic considerations, access to resources and knowledge, policy support, market demand for sustainable products, social norms, and farmer attitudes and beliefs. Understanding these factors is essential for promoting widespread adoption of sustainable agriculture. Research has been conducted to explore the drivers and barriers to the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. By identifying these factors, policymakers, researchers, and agricultural stakeholders can develop targeted strategies to incentivize and support farmers in transitioning towards sustainable practices. Although progress has been made in understanding the factors influencing adoption, there are still gaps and challenges in the existing literature. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of the complex interactions between different factors and their effects on adoption outcomes. This will contribute to the development of more effective policies, programs, and interventions to promote sustainable agriculture and address the environmental challenges associated with conventional farming practices.

Adaptations of Potential Nitrogenase Activity and Microbiota with Long-Term Application of Manure Compost to Paddy Soil

Biological nitrogen fixation complements nitrogen from fertilizers in crop plants under natural conditions. It also contributes to the reduction in chemical fertilizer (CF) utilization in cultivated lands, which fits the concept of sustainable agriculture. From this viewpoint, however, it is still unknown in paddy fields how soil bacterial nitrogenase and microbiota are affected by applied materials in the soil. Therefore, in this study, the effects of long-term material applications on potential nitrogenase activity and the microbiota of soil bacteria were investigated. The nitrogenase activity tended to be higher in manure compost (MC)-applied soils than in CF-applied soils in both summer and winter. Soil bacterial alpha diversity increased whereas soil ammonia availability decreased with the MC application. The dynamic response of soil bacterial microbiota was caused by the MC application. The abundance of Nitrospira, a class of ammonia and nitrite oxidation bacteria, was lower and the abundance of alpha-Proteobacteria was higher in the MC-applied soils than in the CF-applied soils. These results suggest that the alpha diversity increase and restricted availability of NH3-N might contribute to the increase in potential nitrogenase activity in the long-term MC-applied soils.

Structural, compositional characterization of novel exopolysaccharide from halotolerant strain of Pseudomonas entomophila PE3 and their role in growth promotion of sunflower under saline condition

Pseudomonas entomophila PE3, a plant growth promoting bacterium, was characterized for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production under different saline conditions. EPS production was optimized using Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology (RSM). Carbohydrate, protein and phenolic contents of EPS were maximum at 2 % and minimum at 8 % NaCl concentration. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that EPS was composed of unusual trisaccharide melezitose and non-carbohydrate moieties included proteins, esters, carboxylic acid and composition changed on exposure to salinity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed amorphous nature of EPS interrupted with salt crystals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted to report changes in morphology and elemental composition of EPS under saline and non-saline conditions. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed peaks of melezitose (α-D glucose and β-D fructose) in EPS at all salt concentrations. Additional sugars (α-D glucose and α-D galactose) were reported in EPS extracted at 2 % NaCl. The exhibition of salt-tolerance traits by EPS further confirmed the polymer as ‘stress molecule’. The study also reported that upon application of EPS and PE3, salt-stressed sunflower plants showed significant improvement in growth and productivity under pot conditions. The novel bioformulation also instigated salt-tolerance traits in treated plants and improved their survival under unhospitable conditions, thereby promoting the concept of sustainable agriculture.

Analysis of Volatile Metabolites from Papaya Seeds as Potential Organic Insecticides against Myzus persicae Sulz

Myzus persicae is a toxic pest that acts as a limiting factor in increasing chili production in Indonesia. Symptoms of leaf curl are always found in every chili growing season along with the presence of these pests. In the field M.persicae controlled with chemical insecticides that trigger pest resistance. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of papaya seed extract in controlling M. persicae , its effect on chili yields, and the content of volatile toxic compounds in papaya seeds which have potential as organic insecticides. Efficacy test in the form of 7 treatments, 5 replicates, namely application of papaya seed 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 g/l. Analyzed data using analysis of variance with the F test and Duncan Multiple Range Test to determine the best treatment. Analysis of volatile metabolites was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to obtain specific metabolites. Papaya seed extract contains several volatile metabolites that act as organic insecticides, namely Heptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3, 5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13 tetradecamethyl compounds. The efficacy test in the field showed that papaya seed extract with a concentration of 50-70 g/l was able to suppress Myzus persicae attacks to the low attack category level, and increase chili production up to 2 times (100%). The use of papaya seed waste as an organic insecticide is in accordance with the concept of sustainable agriculture because it is environmentally friendly and improves food safety.

Towards a sustainable agriculture: Achievements and challenges of Sustainable Development Goal Indicator 2.4.1

This short perspective reviews the development of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 2.4.1. The progress of developing SDG Indicator 2.4.1, such as defining the concept of sustainable agriculture and selecting sub-indicators, reflect the achievements towards sustainable agriculture and the contribution of existing studies. However, the challenges and limitations of developing SDG Indicator 2.4.1 reflect the some difficulties to achieve sustainable agriculture. This short perspective calls for future interdisciplinary and multi-dimensional research on sustainable agriculture.

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BULGARIA

The concept of sustainable agriculture is widely used to develop international and national policies for the sector. The European Green Deal, which promotes stable food supply, guarantees revenues for farmers and green living environment. Overcoming rural deprivation is usually the central topic of its implementation. The path to sustainable agriculture requires a holistic approach, considering the complexity of social, economic, cultural, technical, and environmental aspects. In this paper we explore the main preconditions to sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Bulgaria based on select indicators, structured in three main groups: economic, social and environmental. We prioritize certain critical challenges, matching them with appropriate interventions with a great potential for impact.

Реализация принципов esg в бизнес-планировании инвестиционных проектов агропромышленного комплекса

The key areas for improving agribusiness sustainability and responsibility are related to environmental, economic, health and social factors. Companies recognize that integrating the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) approach into their operations not only contributes to eliminating negative environmental and social impacts, but can also be a source of competitive advantage. A more sustainable company can attract investors who are committed to ESG principles. Incorporating an ESG approach into business planning minimizes risk and maximizes the efficiency of agribusiness projects. The novelty of the research lies in identifying and describing specific ESG metrics in the business planning process, both quantitative, measurable indicators, and qualitative ones, to motivate agribusinesses to improve their financial performance.. The study places a particular emphasis on environmental and social performance. The authors have formulated methodological approaches for the use of ESG principles in business planning for investment projects in the agribusiness sector. The integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and ESG principles into the sections of a business plan is presented in the form of a conceptual scheme. Using this relationship, companies should strive to incorporate various ESG trends into their business plans. Based on the analysis of rating agency data, business benchmarking in the agribusiness sector is presented, and sustainable development projects are discussed. The concept of sustainable agriculture is interpreted to include projects such as the implementation of precision farming technology, the automation of business processes, the improvement of soil fertility and productivity, land reclamation, the use of fallow land and the use of crop rotations optimised to maintain soil quality. The practical significance is defined in the identified ESG practices and the opportunities for their incorporation into business plans for the agribusiness investment projects.

The 9th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment (ICSAE-9)

24-25 August, 2022 Surakarta, Indonesia This conference was held by Research and Development Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity (P3BB) Universitas Sebelas Maret in collaboration with:Indonesia Diaspora Network - UnitedFaculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, IndonesiaFaculty of Art and Design, Universitas Sebelas Maret, IndonesiaFaculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia Brief of the meeting International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, abbreviated ICSAE, is a circuit meeting held since 2013. This conference is internationally recognized around the globe for its topic on sustainable agriculture and the environment. As we know, agriculture and the environment are essential for human beings, especially for food resources and other materials needed. It’s also not just about food, agriculture, and the environment are involved in economics, politics, design, and many related areas. This year, on August 24-25, 2022, this conference is held online in Surakarta, Indonesia, and is known as ICSAE-9. Sustainable is the keyword in agricultural and environmental management to assure global food security and maintain the high quality of human life. Accordingly, this conference is held to identify ideas, practices, and policies that constitute our concept of sustainable agriculture and the environment. We aim to provide a platform for researchers, academics, and practicing professionals worldwide to present their research and professional development activities in agriculture, environment, food, and other relevant subjects.Two years of the Covid-19 pandemic circumstances have taught us that the online method of delivering the conference effectively broadens the conference participant and disseminates the result. In ICSAE-9, we invite speakers to share their valuable information and knowledge. All the presentation mechanism was done by using the Zoom meeting online platform. There were 4 plenary sessions, 6 rooms for participants to present their specific topics, and a poster session. The ICSAE-9 received 162 papers presented virtually in oral and poster format. Per the presenter, the oral format was allocated for 10 minutes and 5 minutes Q n A, while the posters were presented digitally through the ICSAE website. To be more flexible, all the presentations from the presenter were recorded and uploaded to YouTube. Hence participants (commonly the non-registered ones) that can’t attend life can see the presentation in their flexible time. This is also the solution for the participants who don’t have a proper internet connection.At last, we would like to thank all the committee and all the participants for their contribution to the ICSAE-9. We do hope we can meet again in the future meeting.ICSAE-9 ChairList of committees are available in this pdf.

Nanopriming-mediated memory imprints reduce salt toxicity in wheat seedlings by modulating physiobiochemical attributes

BackgroundAround the globe, salinity is one of the serious environmental stresses which negatively affect rapid seed germination, uniform seedling establishment and plant developments restricting sustainable agricultural productivity. In recent years, the concepts of sustainable agriculture and cleaner production strategy have emphasized the introduction of greener agrochemicals using biocompatible and natural sources to maximize crop yield with minimum ecotoxicological effects. Over the last decade, the emergence of nanotechnology as a forefront of interdisciplinary science has introduced nanomaterials as fast-acting plant growth-promoting agents.ResultsHerein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite using chitosan and green tea (CS-GTE NC) as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent to elicit salt stress tolerance through priming imprints. The CS-GTE NC-primed (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%), hydroprimed and non-primed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under normal and salt stress (150 mM NaCl) conditions. The seedlings developed from aforesaid seeds were used for physiological, biochemical and germination studies. The priming treatments increased protein contents (10–12%), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a (4–6%), Chl b (34–36%), Total Chl (7–14%) and upregulated the machinery of antioxidants (CAT (26–42%), POD (22–43%)) in wheat seedlings under stress conditions. It also reduced MDA contents (65–75%) and regulated ROS production resulting in improved membrane stability. The priming-mediated alterations in biochemical attributes resulted in improved final germination (20–22%), vigor (4–11%) and germination index (6–13%) under both conditions. It reduced mean germination time significantly, establishing the stress-insulating role of the nanocomposite. The improvement of germination parameters validated the stimulation of priming memory in composite-treated seeds.ConclusionPre-treatment of seeds with nanocomposite enables them to counter salinity at the seedling development stage by means of priming memory warranting sustainable plant growth and high crop productivity.

Lighting Up Agricultural Sustainability in the New Era through Nanozymology: An Overview of Classifications and Their Agricultural Applications.

With the concept of sustainable agriculture receiving increasing attention from humankind, nanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity but higher environmental endurance and longer-term stability than natural enzymes, have enabled agricultural technologies to be reformative, economic, and portable. Benefiting from their multiple catalytic activities and renewable nanocharacteristics, nanozymes can shine in agricultural scenarios using enzyme engineering and nanoscience, acting as sustainable toolboxes to improve agricultural production and reduce the risk to agricultural systems. Herein, we comprehensively discuss the classifications of nanozymes applied in current agriculture, including peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, catalase-like, superoxide dismutase-like, and laccase-like nanozymes, as well as their biocatalytic mechanisms. Especially, different applications of nanozymes in agriculture are deeply reviewed, covering crop protection and nutrition, agroenvironmental remediation and monitoring, and agroproduct quality monitoring. Finally, the challenges faced by nanozymes in agricultural applications are proposed, and we expect that our review can further enhance agricultural sustainability through nanozymology.

ANALISIS STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN AGROWISATA BERBASIS PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN: STUDI KASUS KEBUN STRAWBERRY UPANG

Agrotourism activities that are growing quite rapidly, making the competition for agrotourism in Upang Strawberry Farm quite high. In addition, the high increase in consumer demand make the production process directly proportional to use of the chemical products. This in the long term has the potential to threaten the sustainability of agrotourism. The application of the concept of sustainable agriculture in agrotourism is expected to overcome these sustainability problems. This study aims to determine the sustainability status of agrotourism in Upang Strawberry Farm. The analytical method used is Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis and RAP-Agrotourism analysis tool. The results showed that the multidimensional Upang Strawberry Farm agrotourism had a less sustainable status (49,79%), based on the ecological dimension of 48,38% (less sustainable); economic dimension 53,61% (sufficiently sustainable); socio-cultural dimension 51,21% (sufficiently sustainable); institutional dimensions 49,19% (less sustainable) and facilities and infrastructure dimensions 46,42% (less sustainable).

Financial Support for Agriculture, Chemical Fertilizer Use, and Carbon Emissions from Agricultural Production in China.

In the past 15 years, China has emitted the most carbon dioxide globally. The overuse of chemical fertilizer is an essential reason for agricultural carbon emissions. In recent years, China has paid more and more attention to financial support for agriculture. Therefore, understanding the relationship between chemical fertilizer use, financial support for agriculture, and agricultural carbon emissions will benefit sustainable agricultural production. To achieve the goal of our research, we selected the panel data of 30 provinces (cities) in China from 2000 to 2019 and employed a series of methods in this research. The results demonstrate that: the effect of chemical fertilizer consumption on agricultural carbon emissions is positive. Moreover, financial support for agriculture has a significantly positive impact on reducing carbon emissions from agricultural production. In addition, the results of causality tests testify to one−way causality from financial support for agriculture to carbon emissions from agricultural production, the bidirectional causal relationship between chemical fertilizer use and financial support for agriculture, and two−way causality between chemical fertilizer use and agricultural carbon emissions. Furthermore, the results of variance decomposition analysis represent that financial support for agriculture will significantly affect chemical fertilizer use and carbon emissions in the agricultural sector over the next decade. Finally, we provide several policy suggestions to promote low−carbon agricultural production based on the results of this study. The government should uphold the concept of sustainable agriculture, increase financial support for environmental−friendly agriculture, and encourage the research and use of cleaner agricultural production technologies and chemical fertilizer substitutes.

Spirulina platensis Biofertilization for Enhancing Growth, Photosynthetic Capacity and Yield of Lupinus luteus

Cyanobacteria can play an important role in sustainable agriculture by improving crop growth and production, as well as environmental quality. The current study was conducted to evaluate the role of Spirulina platensis extract in the improvement of growth, photosynthetic capacity and yield of Lupinus luteus. Different concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) of S. platensis methanolic extract were used for priming seeds and foliar spraying applications. Growth, photosynthetic pigment content and activity were recorded at 35 days of cultivation. The yield measurements and protein profile of seeds were performed at 60 days. For both treatments, the lower concentration (0.25%) of the extract was the most successful in improving all growth metrics and the phytohormonal level of L. luteus. Photosynthetic pigment and capacity, nutrient content and yield components of L. luteus were improved with the extract of 0.25% concentration. However, the growth was significantly inhibited at the higher concentration (1.0%), recording lower values of the measured characters than the control. A positive correlation was observed between the total chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, yield parameters and carbohydrate accumulation by the application of the S. platensis extracts. The protein profile of seeds revealed that spraying treatment triggered the appearance of a new band of 30.56 KDa. The promotion of growth could be attributed to the nutrients, bioactive molecules and phytohormones in the extract. The use of Spirulina-based stimulators is reliable with the concept of sustainable agriculture by enhancing photosynthetic pigment content and rate ensuring the correlation between the yield and those measured parameters of L. luteus.

Sustainability of agriculture development in South Africa: Towards Vision 2030

Sustainable Development in agriculture is taunted as a praxis to economic growth and development for several African economies. Agriculture remains one of the primary contributors to employment and food security in the sub-Saharan region, where incidences of drought and famine are prominent. However, the concept of sustainable agriculture remains ambiguous and vague in meaning-making; it is hard to implement at grassroots levels. In this systematic review article, agriculture development is advanced from social science perspective by identifying areas of concern and complementarity in the government approach to sustainability. A structured review in collaboration with desktop research was applied in this study. A sustainable framework was developed to provide an insight into sustainable development components and their outcomes. Furthermore, the study outcome highlights how actors involved in sustainable agriculture can deal with the multiplicity and complexity of this concept in a constructive manner.

Sustainable Agricultural Development In Indonesia (Article Review)

ABSTRACTThe definition of sustainable agriculture is the successful management of resources for agricultural enterprises to meet changing human needs while maintaining or improving environmental quality and conserving natural resources. The true meaning of sustainable agriculture is one that is economically sustainable which is achieved by: less energy use, minimal ecological footprint, less packaged goods, widespread local purchasing with shorter food supply chains, less processed foodstuffs, community gardens and gardens more houses, and so on Sustainable agriculture relies heavily on returning nutrients to the soil by minimizing the use of non-renewable natural resources such as natural gas (which is used as a feedstock for fertilizers) and minerals (such as phosphates). The most important factors in the utilization of natural resources in a land are soil, sunlight, air, and water.Sustainable agriculture is the implementation of the concept of sustainable development in the agricultural sector. The concept of sustainable agriculture is based on three pillars: economic, social, and ecological.Keywords: Development, Agricultural, Sustainable

Pengembangan Produksi Bersih Agroindustri Berbasis Kopi di Kecamatan Panti Kabupaten Jember

Jember coffee is well known among the public, and one of the people's coffee-producing areas to be reckoned with is Panti District, Jember Regency. Improving the welfare of the community is constrained by the many complex problems at the farmer level in maintaining these superior products. Based on this condition, this service activity is aimed at the Panti area with the Flower Farmer Group. The main problem is the lack of public knowledge in the application of environmentally sound agro-industry according to the concept of sustainable agriculture, in detail concerning several aspects, including: lack of technological innovation at the production level and no waste management for environmental sustainability. The solution provided is assistance in implementing partner agro-industry through technical innovation "Coffee clean production". Service activities in the form of assistance in improving coffee cultivation, resulting in an increase in the quality of Panti's coffee products as domestic and export superior products. The quality of Panti coffee which was originally at grade 4, after the mentoring process experienced an increase in the quality of the coffee beans, namely grade 2. In addition, there was also a change in the behavior of farmers/HR, so that environmental performance is good, healthy and natural resources are preserved, there is an increase in comparative advantage/welfare farming communities (especially nursing homes) in a sustainable manner.

The Perception Level of The Agricultural Employees to Sustainable Agricultural Development Concept: A Case Study In The Sulaimani Governorate

The study aimed to determine the perception level of agricultural employees to the concept of Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Sulaimani Governorate, determining the level of their perception towards it’s fields of (Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable Development) according to its dimensions social, environmental and economic dimension, also determining the correlation between the perception level of agricultural employees to the concept of sustainable agricultural development and some of the personal and functional variables. The study population included all of the agricultural employees who work in agriculture directorate of Sulaimani and affiliated agricultural departments in all districts of Sulaimani governorate, where totaling (2778) agricultural employees. A stratified proportional random sample was selected of them with the percentage (10%) in all the agricultural sections and departments, thus the sample size became (278) agricultural employees. Study results showed that the perception levels of agricultural employees to the concept of sustainable agricultural development in general were medium tends to rise, the percentage of respondents within the medium and high categories reaching nearly (97%), results also showed that the (60.8%) of the respondents have a medium level of perception to the concept of sustainable agriculture. The results of the study also showed that there was a significant correlation between the perception levels of agricultural employees to the concept of Sustainable Agricultural Development and each of the following variables: age, specialization, duration of employment service, Socialization, location of job, exposure to sources of information related to sustainable agricultural development, attitude towards sustainable agricultural development). Whilst there was no significant correlation between the perceptions level of agricultural employees to the concept of sustainable agricultural development and each of the variables (gender, educational level, duration of agricultural extension service and previous developmental experiences).