Concepts Of Quantum Mechanics Research Articles

(Invited) Advanced Modeling of Nanoscale Devices

Moore’s scaling law has survived during more than 50 years because the transistor fabrication recipes have been continuously adapted and technology boosters have been gradually introduced, e.g. strain, high- dielectrics, or 3-D FinFETs. The driving force behind these innovations has always been the intuition of clever researchers who benefited from classical technology computer aided design (TCAD) tools. The latter have been used in the semiconductor industry since the end of the 1970’s, when the first 2-D simulations of CMOS devices became feasible on a supercomputer [1]. Over the last 40 years, transistors have undergone tremendous evolutions, their dimensions being reduced by several orders of magnitude, while the physical models at the core of commercially available device simulators have remained the same: electron transport is still described by classical drift-diffusion (DD) equations, which have been modified to capture parts of the quantum mechanical effects affecting nano-transistors, e.g. geometrical confinement tunnelling leakages, or energy quantization [2].A new generation of advanced TCAD tools that go beyond the DD equations and rely on atomistic quantum mechanical concepts is needed to reproduce the characteristics of today’s nanostructures and to predict the performance of not-yet-fabricated components. Such tools should combine different modelling approaches to be able to treat various device types, from state-of-the-art nano-transistors to photo-detectors based on two-dimensional materials or resistive switching random access memories. For example, to shed light on the behaviour of valence change memory (VCM) cells, which consist of metal-insulator-metal stacks, molecular dynamics (MD), kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), density functional theory (DFT), and quantum transport (QT) should be allied, as illustrated in the accompanying figure. By doing so, the growth of nano-filaments through realistic oxides embedded between two metallic electrodes can be accurately simulated and the electrical current flowing through computed with, e.g., the Non-equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) formalism [3]. In this presentation the multi-method simulation environment shown the accompanying Figure will be briefly reviewed. The main focus will be set on the discussion of few applications, among them transistors and memory cells.

Quantum rate theory and electron-transfer dynamics: A theoretical and experimental approach for quantum electrochemistry

Quantum rate theory is based on a first-principle quantum mechanical rate concept that comprises with the Planck–Einstein relationship E=hν, where ν=e2/hCq is a frequency associated with the quantum capacitance Cq and E=e2/Cq is the energy associated with ν. For a single state mode of transmittance, e2/Cq corresponds to the chemical potential differences Δμ between donor and acceptor state levels comprising an electrochemical reaction. A statistical mechanic treatment of E is required to compute the contribution of the thermal dynamics at finite temperature. The Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate was obtained, as well as Marcus’s Arrhenius-type electron-transfer rate constant as a particular setting of the quantum rate ν. Consequently, this ν concept provides the quantum mechanical foundations for electrochemical reactions at room temperature. The present work also demonstrates that the electron-transfer rate of heterogeneous (diffusionless) reactions can be studied in detail within this theory by measuring Cq using time-dependent electrochemical methods. Since the electron transfer follows a statistical mechanics version of the Planck–Einstein E=hν relationship, the electrochemical reaction dynamics cannot be appropriately modeled using non-relativistic Schrödinger wave mechanics, which is the ongoing quantum approach to electrochemistry. Accordingly, a relativistic analysis that takes into account the spin dynamics of the electron is more appropriate. The latter assumption implies quantum electrodynamics within a particular quantum transport mode intrinsically coupled to the electron-transfer rate of electrochemical reactions that have not been considered thus far. Here it is demonstrated that the consideration of this inherent quantum transport is key to obtaining an in-depth understanding of the electron transfer phenomenon. Finally, the theory is validated through its description of electron transfer, quantum conductance, and capacitance in different electro-active molecular films.

APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE IN MARKETING: ENHANCING DECISION MAKING IN AN EVER-CHANGING LANDSCAPE

The Uncertainty Principle, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, has revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. This research paper explores the application of the Uncertainty Principle in the field of marketing. In an era of rapid technological advancements and evolving consumer behavior, marketers face an increasingly uncertain and unpredictable landscape. Leveraging the principles of uncertainty, this paper proposes novel approaches to marketing decision-making, providing insights on adapting strategies to changing conditions, fostering innovation, and staying competitive..

About the notion of eigenstates for C*-algebras and some application in quantum mechanics

This work is concerned with the notion of eigenstates for C*-algebras. After reviewing some basic and structural results, we explore the possibility of reinterpreting certain typical concepts of quantum mechanics (e.g., dynamical equilibrium states, ground states, gapped states, Fermi surfaces) in terms of (algebraic) eigenstates.

Microsoft Excel powered virtual electron diffraction tube experiment as an enhanced educational tool

This paper presents a novel Microsoft Excel based virtual electron diffraction experiment, which replicates all functionality of an electron diffraction tube which is an important tool for the verification of the concept of matter waves. Unlike most of virtual labs where accessibility is mostly online; presented simulator is simply a downloadable excel file and can be used offline as a learning resource. Impact of the presented simulator on the learning was analysed by the test conducted for the control and the experimental group of students. Results of the test show the enhanced performance by the experimental group of students, indicating the positive impact of using the simulator along with conventional classroom teaching. This simulator intends to simplify the abstract quantum mechanical concept of matter waves by bringing the laboratory sort of experience in classroom.

Quantum Computer Architecture: A Quantum Circuit-Based Approach Towards Quantum Neural Network

According to recent research on the brain and cognition, the microtubule level activities in the brain are in accordance with the quantum mechanical concepts. Consciousness is the emergent phenomenon of the brain’s subsystems and the quantum neural correlates. Based on the global work-space theory and traditional neural networks, investigations in machine consciousness and machine intelligence are reporting new techniques. In this study, a novel approach using circuit-based quantum neural network is proposed and simulated. This approach satisfies all the criteria of quantum computing and is tested for the exclusive OR (XOR) gate’s nonlinear learning. As a result of the use of quantum gates, various quantum circuits, such as quantum adders and subtractors, are also created and included in the designing and simulation of circuit of the quantum neural networks. Moreover, it is also argued that the proposed circuit of quantum neural network may also be tested and implemented on real quantum computer hardware. The present study also stresses the applicability of techniques of machine learning algorithms such as quantum and classical neural networks to various challenges of High Energy Physics.

Aberration of Electric Field and Motion of an Electron

Aberration of electric field is a missing link in physics, which necessitated the concept of special relativity and quantum mechanics, to describe some physical phenomenon. An electron of mass m and charge –e moving with velocity v at angle θ to an electric field E, is subject to aberration of electrid field, as a result of relativity of velocity between the electrical force, transmitted with velodity of light c, and the electron moving with velocity v. Accelerating force, at time t, in accordance with Coulomb’s law and Newton’s second law of motion, put as F = -(eE/c)(c – v) = m(dv/dt), is less than the electrostatic foce -eE, the difference is radiation reaction force. At the velocity of light v = c, the force F becomes zero and the electron continues to move with speed c as an ultimate limit. Motion of the electron with constant mass m and its radiation power are treated under acceleration with θ = 0 or deceleration with θ = � radians or at constant speed v, in a circle of radiua r, with θ =�/2 radians. It is shown that circular motion of an electron round a central force of attraction, as in the Rutherford’s nuclear model of the hydrogen atom, is inherently stable. There is no need of special relativisty for the speed of light to become a limit and quantum mechanics is not necessary in explaining emission of radiation from accelerated charged particles.

Theory of the Unified Gravity: Sayed’s Quantum Gravity Force (SQGF) as a Function in Wavelength and Planck Length with Inevitability of Light Speed Violation

Nothing by chance, everything was created by Allah (God). Quantum gravity (QG) is a hundred year unsolved puzzle and nagging mystery. This article introduces an innovative theory to describe quantum gravity by merging Newtonian, general relativity and quantum mechanics concepts. A unified formula and equations for quantifying and defining the quantum gravity was derived. It is called Sayed`s quantum gravity force (SQGF). It can be concluded that the gravity is a force inversely proportional to the square of the gravity quanta wavelength and distance; it is not only due to warping and curvature of the space-time fabric. The derived equation indicates that the gravity is also quantized. The Sayed`s gravitational constant (AsM) was given. The SQGF formula was validated and verified by check its units and calculations of the wavelengths in the micro and macroscopic scale. For the micro gravity force of 1µN (1 micro Newton), the wavelength was calculated. It was found to be in the measurable range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The quanta gravity wavelength of values 5.6026 x 10-9 m and 2.83457 x 10-13 m were found for Planck scale and electron-proton of H-atom respectively. A proposed approach to measure the relative gravity wavelengths is given. It can revolutionary be concluded that the speed of light is a variable. The violation of light speed is a must for the instantaneous nature of the gravity quanta and the entanglement phenomena.

Investigating the Effects of Hyperparameters in Quantum-Enhanced Deep Reinforcement Learning

Quantum machine learning uses quantum mechanical concepts of superposition of states to make the decision. In this work, we used these quantum advantages to enhance deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Our primary and foremost goal is to investigate and elucidate a way of representing and solving the frozen lake problems by using PennyLane which contains Xanadu’s back-end quantum processing unit. This paper specifically discusses how to enhance classical deep reinforcement learning algorithms with quantum computing technology, making quantum agents get a maximum reward after a fixed number of epochs and realizing the effect of a number of variational quantum layers on the trainability of enhanced framework. We have analyzed that, as the number of layers increases, the ability of the quantum agent to converge to the optimal state also increases. For this work, we have trained the framework agent with 2, 3, and 5 variational quantum layers. An agent with 2 layers converges to a total reward of 0.95 after the training episode of 526. The other agent with layers converges to a total reward of 0.95 after the training episode of 397 and the agent which uses 5 quantum variational layers converges to a total reward of 0.95 after the training episode of 72. From this, we can understand that the agent with a more variational layer exploits more and converges to the optimal state before the other agent. We also analyzed our work in terms of different learning rate hyperparameters. We recorded every single learning epoch to demonstrate the outcomes of enhanced DRL algorithms with selected 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 learning rates or alpha values. From this result, we can conclude that the greater the learning rate values in quantum deep reinforcement learning, the fewer timesteps it takes to move from the start point to the goal state.

Magnonic Casimir Effect in Ferrimagnets.

Quantum fluctuations are the key concepts of quantum mechanics. Quantum fluctuations of quantum fields induce a zero-point energy shift under spatial boundary conditions. This quantum phenomenon, called the Casimir effect, has been attracting much attention beyond the hierarchy of energy scales, ranging from elementary particle physics to condensed matter physics together with photonics. However, the application of the Casimir effect to spintronics has not yet been investigated enough, particularly to ferrimagnetic thin films, although yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is one of the best platforms for spintronics. Here we fill this gap. Using the lattice field theory, we investigate the Casimir effect induced by quantum fields for magnons in insulating magnets and find that the magnonic Casimir effect can arise not only in antiferromagnets but also in ferrimagnets including YIG thin films. Our result suggests that YIG, the key ingredient of magnon-based spintronics, can serve also as a promising platform for manipulating and utilizing Casimir effects, called Casimir engineering. Microfabrication technology can control the thickness of thin films and realize the manipulation of the magnonic Casimir effect. Thus, we pave the way for magnonic Casimir engineering.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle: an advanced undergraduate laboratory experiment based on quantum quadrature operators

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) plays an important role in quantum mechanics. It is necessary to demonstrate this principle experimentally for undergraduates to understand HUP clearly. In this paper, we originally employ the quantum quadrature operators to demonstrate HUP in undergraduate laboratories. Starting from the quantization of electromagnetic field, we briefly review the definition of quadrature operators and demonstrate HUP via the variances of quadrature operators. And the scheme of HUP demonstration with homodyne detection is introduced. More importantly, we develop a tabletop experimental apparatus for the demonstration of HUP in undergraduate laboratories. Our proposal focuses on the basic quantum mechanics concepts, experimental principles, and instruction as well as experimental techniques. It provides a way to help undergraduates, especially the ones who will go on graduate study in quantum technology in the future, make connections between abstract quantum mechanics concepts and concrete experiments, which makes the concepts better understood.

An experiential program on the foundations of quantum mechanics for final-year high-school students

Teaching and learning quantum mechanics is one of the most demanding educational and conceptual challenges, in particular in secondary schools where students do not possess an adequate mathematical background to effectively support the description of quantum behaviour. Educational research shows that traditional approaches, generally based on historical and narrative perspectives, are only partially effective. The reason is that they do not address in depth those basic quantum concepts that radically question the fundamentals of classical physics. A research-based educational program has been proposed to two final-year classes of an Italian scientific high school. In order to build the main concepts of quantum mechanics and their formal basic representation via real and simulated experiments, the program uses the light polarization as a context. A quantum game was then integrated in the educational program, to support students’ learning. Their conceptual paths, monitored by means of tutorials and questionnaires, show significant student learning especially on the concept of state and on appropriating the formalism meaning, whereas students more frequently referred to the geometrical vector representation instead of the algebraic-analytic formula. The quantum game has emerged to support intuition and operative experience in distinguishing the foundational concepts of superposition and entanglement.

Quantum Tic-Tac-Toe - Learning the concepts of quantum mechanics in a playful way

Quantum Tic-Tac-Toe - Learning the concepts of quantum mechanics in a playful way

Quantum Tic-Tac-Toe - learning the concepts of quantum mechanics in a playful way

Quantum mechanics is a complex matter. Nonetheless, given the impending arrival of quantum computers and the necessity for quantum programming abilities, more students should get acquainted with this subject. We provide a game-based learning approach based on Tic-Tac-Toe in a quantum modified version as a result of our study. We created a prototype to demonstrate and evaluate our assumptions using the design science research technique. Qualitative user feedback provided us with vital insights and shown that this game-based method helps to cope with quantum physics in a fun way. A majority of those who took part in the study stated that their interest in the subject had increased. However, for novices, it is necessary to follow them during the initial period of their training. The comments were quite helpful in optimizing the prototype. We found that our strategy, which included the use of a virtual opponent as well as the presentation of extra information about the quantum circuit, was more effective in helping participants comprehend quantum physics than earlier Tic-Tac-Toe-based learning settings.

An Experimental Study on the Differences between Classical Machine Learning and Quantum Machine Learning Models

The field of Machine Learning (ML) brought a massive revolution and change in how normal day operations used to happen in various businesses. The idea of ML was quite simple, merging two separate fields, Mathematics and Computer Science. This simple idea is the very reason that so many predictive and classification-based applications exist today. The development of such applications is a time-consuming process and is very computationally heavy because in the corporate world, a very large amount of historical data is used and processed. The training processes such as pre-processing, data engineering and transformations, deep learning, training and testing are themselves time consuming. A very new field of computer science deals with solving this exact problem of time consumption. Quantum Computing (QC) tries to solve these problems by using the concepts of Quantum Mechanics during computations. The QC technology claims to be not only fast in its computational speed but also more efficient and accurate as well. The following article consists of an experiment conducted where a machine learning model is trained in a classical computing environment using K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm versus in a quantum computing environment using Quantum K-Nearest Neighbors (QKNN) algorithm.

Virtual Hydrogen, a virtual reality education tool in physics and chemistry

In efforts to explore possibilities of virtual reality (VR) as education tools, we focus on one of the most important subjects taught in undergraduate physics and chemistry classes, namely, the quantum atomic orbitals or wave functions of the hydrogen atom. Our goal is to enable students to experience attractive and enjoyable scenarios which make it more amenable to master the concepts of quantum mechanics or quantum chemistry. Along this line, we have built a virtual environment of the hydrogen atom, named “Virtual Hydrogen”, enabling to explore the atomic orbitals in 3D space. The most fundamental 21 atomic orbitals of hydrogen have been successfully visualized and will be experienced through modern VR head-mounted displays.

КОРПУСКУЛЯРНО-ВОЛНОВОЙ ДУАЛИЗМ В ПЕДАГОГИКЕ

The article is aimed at developing a general theory covering the entire being of humanity. Its method consists in applying the language and concepts of quantum mechanics to the whole humanitarian sphere of knowledge: to man and mankind, to all manifestations of man — his word, way of life, to all areas of culture, to the history, sciences, art, and finally, to pedagogy and fundamental pedagogy of mankind. This mental experiment itself, quite reproducible in the souls of readers, consists in verifying the reliability of the examples given in their sense of truth.

Editorial Conclusion for the Special Issue “Measurements in Quantum Mechanics”

This Special Issue is devoted to the broad range of topics related to the problem of quantum measurements, which is as old as the modern concept of quantum mechanics [...]

MACROBITS, a teaching tool for quantum cryptography

One amazing characteristic of quantum algorithms is how they can deliver results with 100% certainty despite their structure being based on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. This type of algorithm requires a different way of thinking and sets a challenge for science educators. A routine to emulate quantum cryptography protocols for high school students is proposed in this work. The educational procedure uses a tool we have developed and called MACROBIT as a mean to mimic algorithms of quantum key distribution. The MACROBITS are useful to illustrate quantum mechanics concepts such as superposition, change of basis and quantum measurement.

Thermal and Quantum Fluctuation Effects on Non-Spherical Nuclei: The Case of Spin-1 System

In this work, we investigate the collective role of thermal and quantum fluctuations on non-equilibrium thermodynamics of a quantum system, specifically, the quantum-thermodynamic description of spin-1 nuclei based on the concepts of quantum and statistical mechanics. We explore the dynamical response of the system when driven out of equilibrium by a work parameter and compute analytically the full distribution of the work generated by the process. Considering work performed on the system as a random variable, we collect data for a large number of repeated cyclic processes of finite time. These data of finite time non-equilibrium processes will permit us to derive equilibrium values in quantities such as the free energy difference between the final and initial states of the system. Various properties of the system’s work distribution are explored.