Modern Concepts Research Articles

Is it possible to overcome the paradoxes of the modern conceptualization of the Universe?

The article comprehends the natural science approach to the interpretation of the Universe. At the same time, the author relies on the material of studies of the Universe and galaxies conducted by the Russian philosopher Vadim Kazyutinsky, who shows that natural science studies of the Universe are paradoxical and more like a humanitarian discourse. Hannah Arendt's assessment of these studies is no less paradoxical, she argues that the natural science approach has led to the fact that the universe is inaccessible in practice and even unthinkable. In turn, the author argues that cosmology should be classified as a scientific discipline of the humanities type, which does not exclude the presence of various physical and other natural sciences in it. The object of cosmology (similar to the objects of biology, cultural studies, and sociology) cannot be described in one scientific discipline, it is multilevel, and at each level there are different patterns that must be described by different cosmological theories. Implementing this methodology, the author proposes a scheme of three successive terrestrial Universes - "cosmic" (physical), "vital" (biological) and "social". Within the framework of the latter, a person appeared and a culture developed. Each subsequent terrestrial universe included the previous one as its component or substrate. Another understanding of the Universe is proposed, based on the following provisions: a person must re-establish himself in his understanding of the Universe, recognize its presence (conditionality) in his actions; agree that the development of the social universe has acquired a catastrophic character; begin to think through the established sociality in order to understand what needs to be changed. According to the author, the universe resembles a matryoshka doll, including the cosmic, physical, biological, social and noospheric Universes (the latter is just beginning to take shape). At the same time, there are two multidirectional processes in the social universe: one works for man and culture, the other process, due to the diverse orientation that takes place in all Universes, in fact, acts against man and culture. Two important features of the noospheric Universe will have to be the attitude towards salvation and real changes aimed at realizing this attitude.

Tracing the Roots of Modern Human Rights in Ancient Greek Thought

The establishment of the modern human rights regime, a pivotal development that transpired in the aftermath of the Second World War, marks a watershed moment in the annals of global governance. However, it is imperative to recognize that the foundational bedrock upon which this regime stands embodied by concepts such as freedom, equality, the right to vote, and the notion of natural rights extends its roots far beyond the mid-20th century. These bedrock principles have an intricate lineage, manifesting in various forms throughout history and across diverse cultures. To unravel this historical continuum, one need not look solely to the post-World War II era; rather, a profound exploration reveals that analogous ideals have left indelible imprints across different countries and epochs. Among these cultural tapestries, ancient Greece emerges as a particularly rich and influential backdrop, offering a plethora of ideas that resonate with the very essence of contemporary human rights. In an earnest pursuit of understanding the intricate interplay between ancient wisdom and modern conceptions, the present paper embarks on an insightful examination. Through a meticulous study, it endeavors to illuminate the myriad ideas and features that emanated from ancient Greece, serving as pre-cursors to, and reflections of, the multifaceted concept of human rights as it is comprehended and cherished in our present-day global discourse.

Peculiarities of Providing Palliative Care to Tuberculosis Patients

The data from literary sources (the electronic database of medical publications PubMed) have been summarized to highlight contemporary concepts of providing palliative care and recent statistics regarding the provision of palliative care to tuberculosis patients in Ukraine were analyzed. Objective of this analysis was to highlight problematic issues and aspects that require improvement in the field of providing palliative care to tuberculosis patients in Ukraine.The problem of tuberculosis remains relevant today. Despite significant achievements in the fight against tuberculosis, the effectiveness of treating this disease in Ukraine does not reach the target set by the WHO. The issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis remains acute. Individuals with tuberculosis and their families face a range of physical, socio-economic, and psychological challenges associated with the illness, which dimi­nish their quality of life and require a comprehensive approach to address them. Therefore, according to modern concepts, an important component of managing patients with tuberculosis, especially drug-resistant forms, is palliative care. The modern concept of palliative medicine envisions the earliest possible initiation of palliative care for patients with indications as early as possible, simultaneously with curative therapy, gradually increasing the scope of palliative care interventions until completely replacing curative treatment as the disease progresses. Early integration of palliative care for tuberculosis patients enhances the quality of life for patients and their families, promoting better adherence to etiotropic treatment.For the further development and improvement of the palliative care system for tuberculosis at the state level, the resolution of the following issues is necessary: ensuring the integration of palliative care services at all levels of medical care; strengthening and expansion of personnel potential in matters of palliative care; improvement and implementation of guidelines for integrated palliative care for tuberculosis at all levels of care; integration of palliative care into the program management system of drug-resistant tuberculosis from the first day of diagnosis; ensuring sustainable and comprehensive access of people suffering from tuberculosis to essential medicines for providing palliative care; improving the quality of providing psychological assistance to patients and their families.

Социализм преткновения, или Проблемы левого популизма

The first quarter of the 21st century became a time of revival of the idea of socialism. However, the working class is no longer the assumed main subject of the progressive change. The rise of left-wing populism is replacing workers’ movements and corresponding parties. The key feature of such populism is its desire to unite all the oppressed and exploited in the struggle against capitalist “hegemony”. This attitude is reflected, in particular, in the idea of intersectionality, according to which different “systems” of oppression (racism, sexism, homophobia, etc.) and capitalist exploitation are intertwined and can reinforce each other. This idea leads to constant allusions to the general, so to say, “people’s” struggle against capitalism and various forms of oppression. Moreover, some leftist theorists directly insist on the necessity to turn to populism and build strategies for leftist “counterhegemony”. The author thoroughly analyzes modern left-wing populist concepts and reveals serious flaws. The desire for justice and equality often disguises a thirst for privilege and radical hostility towards those who are viewed — often unfairly — as oppressors. Moreover, the struggle for socialism often means emphasizing freedom from labor for some, while ignoring economic hardships of others. The author classifies the contradictions of left-wing populism as insurmountable due to the impossibility of disentangling between the struggle for equality and for the private interests of individual groups. According to his conclusion, under the conditions when zero-sum games are inevitable, for the poor and socially vulnerable strategies for defending their own interests will become increasingly profitable and attractive in contrast to both populist projects and the idea of socialism per se, which increasingly implies the abandonment of these interests without guarantees of any returns in the future.

Schleiermacher’s Speeches and the Modern Critique of Religion

Friedrich Schleiermacher is often credited with playing a foundational role in the development of the modern concept of religion. His epoch-making Speeches on religion, published in 1799 amidst the widespread social and intellectual upheaval of the Sattelzeit, present a novel description of religious feeling and religious communication, which mark a turning away from the rationalistic treatments of religion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and which served as both inspiration and foil for scholars of religion throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This essay suggests a reading of Schleiermacher’s Speeches that is organized around two interrelated claims. First, the text does not proceed as speculative philosophical treatise aiming to establish an overarching theory of religion but as a critical dialogue that inquires into the distinctive particularity of religion and religious expression. Second, religious piety, as depicted in the Speeches, is not found in the isolated inwardness of individual experience but in coordinated tension with sociality, in communications of religious feeling that are bound together with a living apprehension of the world. On this account, religion for Schleiermacher, though rooted in feeling and self-consciousness, is nonetheless no private affair; it is realized within the developing complex of social and historical living.

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE LEVELS

Sustainable architecture has became one of the most important architectural concepts on earthtoday because of the energy crises. Architecture is concerned as the largest energy consuming field ,so that one of the main goals of modern architecture is to reduce energy consumption or reticence it from building if possible . Sustainable architecture is a modern and new concept. It is used sometimes to refer to green ,intelligent and environmental architecture , and that make it confused term , therefore the main goals of this research is to clear the main important pillars of this architectural concept (reduce costs , reduce the environment pollution , reserve energy ) as a first goal. Second goal establishing The Procedural definition for this architectural concept is sustainable architecture is Defined In This Paper As (The Architecture That Satisfies The architectural human needs) – beauty , function , structural needs , the ability to generate energy needed to operate the building or reduce the energy needs for it , reduce the costs of production & maintenance , consumption for environmental conservation purposes to preserve earth and its resources for the future generations. This paper tried also to classify the concept to different levels each one dedicated to specified architectural field . Intelligent sustainable architecture is the one that depends on modern technologies for implement the sustainable concept .Green sustainable architecture is the architecture using plants and green areas ,environmental sustainable architecture is the one depending on environmental features to achieve sustainability. and so on for the rest of levels concepts . As a summery this research is an attempt to understand the concept ( sustainable architecture ) and recognition for its interrelated levels.

Implementing the Flipped Classroom Model in Science Lessons for Junior High School Students

The present study refers to the idea of the flipped classroom. The flipped or otherwise called inverted classroom is a modern teaching concept, which essentially reverses the terms of the traditional learning method. The students study the lesson beforehand, outside the classroom using new technologies, while the time inside the classroom is mainly devoted to discussions and solving questions by the educator, hands-on activities that stimulate the students’ interest and connect the acquired knowledge with everyday problems. Reversing the traditional teaching process appears to be paying off for students, as since utilizing classical teaching techniques, their performance seemed to decline over time. For this purpose, the flipped classroom method was applied in a junior high school class in Athens, Greece, for Physics lessons during the 2022–2023 school year. At the end of the school year, the students that participated in the flipped classroom completed a survey that was developed jointly with the cooperation of the respective teachers who taught the course in order to establish the degree of the students’ acceptance of the specific method. The results of the survey and a correlation of the students’ performance who participated in the flipped classroom with the performance achieved by the rest of the students that followed traditional teaching methods, as well as with the previous year’s students’ performance who also followed the classical teaching model, are analyzed and discussed.

Features of the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata: physiology and applications.

The microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata was isolated from the Nitelva River (Norway) and subsequently deposited in the collection of the Norwegian Institute of Water Research as "Selenastrum capricornutum Printz". This freshwater microalga, also known as Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, acquired much of its notoriety due to its high sensitivity to different chemical species, which makes it recommended by different international organizations for the assessment of ecotoxicity. However, outside this scope, R. subcapitata continues to belittle explored. This review aims to shed light on a microalga that, despite its popularity, continues to be an "illustrious" unknown in many ways. Therefore, R. subcapitata taxonomy, phylogeny, shape, size/biovolume, cell ultra-structure, and reproduction are reviewed. The nutritional and cultural conditions, chronological aging, and maintenance and preservation of the alga are summarized and critically discussed. Applications of R. subcapitata, such as its use in aquatic toxicology (ecotoxicity assessment and elucidation of adverse toxic outcome pathways) are presented. Furthermore, the latest advances in the use of this alga in biotechnology, namely in the bioremediation of effluents and the production of value-added biomolecules and biofuels, are highlighted. To end, a perspective regarding the future exploitation of R. subcapitata potentialities, in a modern concept of biorefinery, is outlined. KEY POINTS: • An overview of alga phylogeny and physiology is critically reviewed. • Advances in alga nutrition, cultural conditions, and chronological aging are presented. • Its use in aquatic toxicology and biotechnology is highlighted.

A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF BEEJA VIKRUTI IN GARBHA: INSIGHTS FROM TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

Introduction: Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, elucidates the process of fetal development, emphasis-ing the union of sperm, ovum, and soul to form the fetus. Despite this intricate process, the potential for fetal defects, termed Garbha Vikruti, exists due to factors such as vitiation in sperm or ovum. Ayurveda attributes these defects to the mother's pre-conception and gestational diet, lifestyle, teratologic agents, and Dosha vitia-tion, impacting organogenesis and leading to diverse forms of Garbha Vikruti. The severity and timing of Dosha vitiation during pregnancy are critical in determining the extent of abnormalities, influencing fetal health and longevity. Objectives: This study explores the concepts of Garbh Vikruti and teratogenicity in Ayurveda. The research delves into the correlation between Ayurveda's Avayava Utpatti and Modern Organogenesis, examining sources including classical Ayurveda texts, journal articles, textbooks on embryology, and evidence-based re-search articles. Materials and Methods: The study synthesises information from classical Ayurveda texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Kashyapa Samhita), Ayurveda journal articles, embryology/anatomy text-books, and research articles from reputable databases. The correlation between Ayurvedic and modern concepts is analysed to understand the factors causing fetal defects. Results: The article explores Ayurvedic concepts such as Beeja (gametes), Beejabhaga (chromosomes), Beejabhagavayava (genes), Aatmakarma (spiritual influ-ences), Aashaya (uterine abnormalities), Kaala Dosha (temporal influences), and Matuaaharvihara (diet and lifestyle) as factors contributing to Garbha Vikruti. The study discusses the role of vitiated Beeja, chromosomal anomalies, genetic diseases, spiritual influences, uterine abnormalities, temporal factors, maternal diet and life-style in causing teratological malformations. Conclusion: Fetal defects are categorized into genetic (Beeja Dosha) and metabolic (Garbha Vighatakara Bha-va) factors. Genetic defects include conditions like cleft lip and congenital heart defects, while metabolic defects encompass neural tube defects. The study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to understanding and managing these factors, ensuring optimal fetal health and preventing future diseases. Prenatal advisors are urged to discourage the consumption of certain harmful foods, contributing to a comprehensive strategy for fetal well-being and future health.

Chloromonas fuhrii sp. nov. (Chlorophyceae), a cosmopolitan alga from colored snow

ABSTRACT The modern concept of the genus Chloromonas includes a subclade of species found exclusively in snow. We describe Chloromonas (Cr.) fuhrii sp. nov., a new member of this clade, which is closely related to Cr. muramotoi from Japan. The new species is characterised by the absence of a stigma, pyrenoid, and defined papilla, ready loss of flagella in culture, and a single lobed chloroplast. Strains of Cr. fuhrii have been sourced from green, orange, and pink/red snow. The species has been found in Svalbard, Antarctica, and New Zealand, with most genetic variation occurring in Svalbard. The minimal variation present in New Zealand strains suggests a relatively recent arrival. Secondary structure models for ITS2 in the new species demonstrate a separation from Cr. muramotoi due to one CBC. The nine New Zealand strains isolated showed no variation in ITS2 but four variable base positions in ITS1. Inclusion of the single Antarctic and four Svalbard strains resulted in 14 variable positions in ITS2 and 69 in ITS1, with the sequences remaining alignable. The ITS data showed a strong biogeographic signal, both in total in an unrooted tree, and using ITS2 alone with Cr. muramotoi as an outgroup. The absence of a stigma in this species prompted a survey of the literature, showing that stigma absence in Chloromonas is strongly associated with the snow habitat, occurring at about 10 times the rate observed in other habitats, perhaps owing to the difficulty of phototaxis in snow with abundant reflected light.

Kewirausahaan Pembuatan Piscok Mini Lumer Dalam Kegiatan One Day Enterpreneur Di Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu

In this increasingly modern era, culinary trends continue to develop rapidly. One of the latest trends that is currently popular is melted mini piscok. Piscok mini melt is a variant of banana chocolate which has a smaller size and delicious filling. In 2023, melted mini piscok is predicted to become increasingly popular and become one of people's favorite foods. In 2023, melted mini piscok will experience various innovations and taste improvements that will make it even more contemporary. Various new flavors such as chocolate cheese, matcha chocolate and strawberry chocolate are a special attraction for sweet food lovers. Apart from that, the variety of shapes and appearances is also increasingly attractive with toppings such as nuts, Oreos and sprinkles which make it even more beautiful and appetizing. In facing the melted mini piscok trend in 2023, producers and sellers must be able to keep up with developments and maintain product quality they. This needs to be done to maintain consumer satisfaction and win competition with other competitors. In facing this challenge, producers must continue to carry out research and development to create new innovations that can follow consumer tastes and trends. In conclusion, piscok mini melted will become one of the popular culinary trends in 2023. Innovation and improving taste are factors main role in maintaining the popularity of this food. Apart from that, the unique and modern concept in presentation is also its own attraction. With innovation and quality improvements, it is hoped that mini melted piscok will continue to be popular and become one of the favorite foods in the years to come.

Visions of invisibility in optics: retrospective.

Invisibility was long thought to be exclusively the domain of science fiction and fantasy authors, but in recent years it has been the subject of extensive theoretical and experimental research. In this retrospective we look back on the evolution of invisibility in science, from the earliest hints of invisible objects in the late 19th century up to the modern concepts of cloaking, and some of the connections between them.

Suspected Hematuria: Adverse Effects of Rivaroxaban in Older Adult Treated for Atrial Fibrillation

Background: The modern concept of pharmaceutical healthcare implies monitoring the pharmacotherapy outcomes and reporting adverse drug reactions. Objective: To present a suspected hematuria as the adverse rivaroxaban reaction in a patient with atrial fibrillation observed by pharmacists in a community pharmacy. Case presentation: A 69-year-old female patient came to a pharmacy with a prescription for cranberry-based supplement. She was diagnosed with a mild urinary infection after experiencing blood in her urine for about two weeks. The pharmaceutical anamnesis revealed that the patient was treated with irbesartan and rivaroxaban. Rivaroxaban was applied for atrial fibrillation, and the patient was treated for nine months. The patient was treated with omeprazole gastro-resistant capsules for mild dyspepsia and stomach ache over a three-week period. The pharmacist counselled the patient to contact the clinician who introduced rivaroxaban, further suggesting substitution with different anticoagulant. Although the urine culture was negative, the physician introduced ciprofloxacin, which was followed by blood in the patient’s stool. Thus, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and gynecological examination were advised. All findings were normal. Four days after rivaroxaban was substituted with acenocoumarol, no blood in the urine or stool was detected. Conclusions: Rivaroxaban can cause spot urine blood even when applied in therapeutic doses among older female patients when applied with omeprazole. Possible rivaroxaban interaction with omeprazole metabolites is suspected and should be carefully monitored.

Pelatihan Pengelolaan Organisasi Pesantren bagi Pengurus Pondok Pesantren Al Urwatul Wutsqo Jombang

This service is designed with the aim of providing training in managing Islamic boarding school organizations to the administrators of the Al Urwatul Wutsqo Jombang Islamic Boarding School. As an Islamic educational institution, Islamic boarding schools play a crucial role in shaping the character of students and providing holistic education. To ensure sustainability and sustainable development, effective and efficient management is needed. Through this training, it is hoped that administrators at the Al Urwatul Wutsqo Jombang Islamic Boarding School can develop their managerial skills, understand and implement best practices in managing Islamic boarding schools. Mastery of modern management concepts, strategic planning, human resource management and Islamic boarding school finances is the focus in improving organizational governance. In this way, it is hoped that Islamic boarding schools can provide the best service to students, achieve better educational and da'wah goals, and strengthen their organizational foundations to support long-term development. Overall, it is hoped that this training will make a positive contribution in advancing Islamic boarding schools as quality and competitive Islamic educational institutions.

Original methods of reflexotherapy combined with pharmacopuncture in rehabilitation of patients with cerebral palsy

The article is devoted to the current problem of rehabilitation of patients with cerebral palsy. The purpose of the article is to summarize new material on the use of combined reflexology, which can complement many treatment methods, including pharmacological ones. The article analyzes traditional and modern concepts in the selection of active exposure points and channels, as well as the selection of drugs for pharmacopuncture.The author proposes a method for the introduction of a point injection of drugs with a double effect on the body: stimulation of the active point and pharmacotherapy. The main content of the study is the analysis of three reflexotherapy techniques: acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and exposure with a combination of pharmacopuncture and acupuncture. Based on the analysis and the objectification of research, it has been found that the combined method is the most effective. To sum up, conclusions about the efficacy of combined reflexotherapy are drawn, and the prospects for further study of this method as a means of rehabilitation are confirmed, which justifies wider inclusion of reflexotherapy in the standards of treatment of patients with cerebral palsy.

Modern concepts about the pathogenesis of thrombosis of various etiologies

Thrombosis becomes the cause and complication of many cardiovascular diseases, and their prevalence remains a leader in the structure of morbidity and mortality in Russia and throughout the world. Modern fundamental and clinical research has significantly supplemented traditional ideas about the mechanisms of thrombus formation. First of all, Virchow's triad has been rethought, in which, according to new data, the leading role is assigned to vascular damage, and slowing down blood flow plays a primary role in the formation of only venous, but not arterial, blood clots. In recent years, the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction underlying thrombosis associated with inflammatory (immunothrombosis) and atherosclerotic (atherothrombosis) damage to the vascular wall have been studied in detail. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of acquired hypercoagulability and hereditary thrombophilia have been deciphered. The traditional concept of dividing blood clots into “red” (venous, consisting of fibrin and red blood cells) and “white” (arterial, platelet) is being revised. It has been shown that red blood cells can occupy most of the volume of not only venous, but also arterial thrombi, and play an important role in thrombus formation reactions. The process of compression (contraction, retraction) of blood clots, caused by contraction of activated platelets, changing the structure of the blood clot and affecting the course and outcome of thrombosis, is being actively studied. A deep understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis, taking into account modern concepts, is necessary for effective prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic conditions.

Modern concepts of cardioplegia

Modern concepts of cardioplegia

Modulation by Withania somnifera of stress-induced anxiogenesis and airway inflammation in rats.

Stress is an aversive stimulus which disrupts the biological milieu of the organism and a variety of emotional and environmental stressors are known to influence allergic and immunological disorders like bronchial asthma but the pharmacological basis of such interactions is not clearly defined. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a potent anti-stress agent used widely in Indian traditional medicine and the present experimental study evaluated the effects of W.somnifera extract (WSE) on chronic stress-induced neurobehavioral and immunological responses in an experimental model of allergic asthma in rats. Wistar rats (200-250 g) were immunized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to restraint stress (RS) and WSE treatments for 15days. Following this, anxiety behavior was assessed by the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and blood and BAL fluid samples were collected for measuring of inflammatory/immune markers by ELISA and biochemical assay. The data of the various treatment groups were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. Restraint stress (RS) induced anxiogenic behavior in the (EPM) test in OVA immunized rats, and this was attenuated by WSE (200 and 400 mg/kg), in a dose related manner. Examination of blood and BAL fluid in these RS exposed rats also resulted in elevations in IgE, TNF-α andIL-4 levels, which were also attenuated by WSE pretreatments. Further, WSE pretreatment neutralized the such RS induced changes in oxidative stress markers viz. elevated MDA and reduced GSH levels. The data pharmacologically validates role of stress in asthma and suggests that adaptogens like WSE could be a potential complementary agent for reducing anxiety as well as airway inflammation by a multi-targeted and holistic approach. The study also highlights the significance of integration of traditional and modern medical concepts in such chronic disorders.

The Philosophy of creativity: conceptual approaches of V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev

The object of this paper is creativity as a cultural philosophical and historical-philosophical phenomenon. The subject of the research is the substantiation of the essence of creativity by Russian religious philosophy on the example of the doctrine of V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev. The aim of this research is to identify and articulate the key semantic constructs of creativity from the positions of the above-mentioned thinkers. The article also explores ideas about the nature of creativity and the specific features of a creative subject through the prism of relevant concepts of a socio-humanitarian orientation. A brief historical and philosophical excursion into the understanding of the ontological essence of creativity is carried out, modern ontological concepts of creativity are revealed and an existentially oriented concept of creativity is proposed. The theoretical basis of the research is the original works of V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev, as well as various commenting scientific sources. The methodological foundation of the research is a comparative analysis and a method of contextual vision of creativity. The main result of the conducted research is the articulation of key aspects of the understanding of creativity by V.S. Solovyov and N.A. Berdyaev. It is shown that for the first philosopher, the central task of creativity is the spiritualization of the material world through the realization of the unity of Goodness, Truth and Beauty, while the second thinker considers the main mission of creativity to be the establishment of a fundamentally different spiritual being by the subject. The scientific novelty of the research also lies in the comparative characterization of the concepts of creativity of these thinkers in terms of essence, tasks, meaning, material, sources, functions, result and other structural aspects.

Sudden Death In Sports: Modern Concepts.

Regular physical activity provides significant health benefits and reduces the risk of premature death from any cause, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, physical activity may provoke sudden cardiac death (SCD), especially in presence of unrecognized diseases. It is essential to identify risk factors that contribute to SCD in athletes and to implement effective prevention of such episodes. For this purpose, SCD registries are being created, medical terminology is being unified, and schedules of medical examination are being developed. The best strategy to combat SCD during sport activities is a combination of primary prevention by screening examination to identify athletes with CVD at risk and a proper planning of first aid measures during sports events, including the availability of an automatic external defibrillator on site.