Concept Of Decentralization Research Articles

Smart Payment Application Security Optimization from Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attacks Based on Blockchain Technology

The digital era is an era everyone has used technology and they are connected to each other very easily. The Smart Payment application is one of the applications that is developing in the digital era. This application is not equipped with security, so there is a concern that hackers will try to change user or even change user data. One of the possible attacks on this application is a cross-site attack (XSS). It is a code injection attack on the user side. Security in the Smart Payment application needs to be improved so that data integrity is maintained. In this research, security optimization is carried out by implementing blockchain. Blockchain has the advantage in terms of security with the concept of decentralization by utilizing a consensus algorithm that can eliminate and make improvements to data changes made by hackers. The result obtained from this study is the implementation of blockchain to maintain the security of payment transaction data on the Smart Payment application from XSS attacks. It is proven by the results of the vulnerability before and after blockchain implementation. Before the implementation of the vulnerability is found, 1 XSS vulnerability had a high level of overall risk. Meanwhile, the result of the vulnerability after blockchain implementation was not found from XSS attacks (the XSS vulnerability was 0 or not found).

Dinamika Penerapan Dimensi Akuntabilitas dalam Merespon PP No. 24 tahun 2018 Studi Komparasi di DPMPTSP Kabupaten Bandung dan Kota Bandung

The presence of Government Regulation no. 24 of 2018 affects the accountability process in public services at the Investment Service and One Stop Integrated Service, Bandung Regency and Bandung City. Seeing the readiness of the regions in responding to central policies that must be implemented immediately by adjusting all applicable regulations. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data collection methods used were observation and in-depth interviews. The result is that there is a dynamic in the application of accountability and requires a review of the implementation of central policies applied in the regions so that it is not counterproductive to the concept of decentralization.

Blockchain Technology Transformation in Advancing Future Change

With the development of technology in the 4th century, it can be seen from before the christian period (SM) such as the compass, calendar, pozzolana and wheel. And now the world is about to undergo a tremendous transformation. In this extraordinary change there are inventions such as printing machines, machines, digital computers, vaccines, telegraph technology, ironing tools, airplanes, and even the internet. With this discovery, the world underwent a tremendous transformation from the previous century, due to technological advances over time. Inventions made before Christ must take a long time, even centuries, but making changes today only takes a few years. But in this study, we will describe blockchain technology even centuries, but by making changes now it only takes a few years. But this research will describe blockchain technology. On Facebook, which has a new change to the concept of decentralization, but this concept is still somewhat contradictory to the current world system, so why do users need intermediaries, namely third parties to keep the transaction secure? This research will provide answers to arguments starting with a conceptual understanding which will then go through the stage of case study stages in various industries such as administration, banking, chain management, intellectual management, transportation, even asset management, logistics and energy materials. With blockchain technology, it is used to describe blockchain technology and technology that humans do everyday. There is a concept of a ledger that undergoes a gradual transformation carried out by Satoshi Nakamoto, who has a triple entry ledger that is used to master blockchain technology. In blockchain technology, it has cryptography that is useful for avoiding money laundering, knowing customer activity, knowing all banking transactions and even administration in storing people's identities. In this case study, we will discuss big companies such as IBM, Amazon, Maersk, and even a kind of startup like Ezremit and Signazy. And in this administration section it is important to identify global educational techniques and develop technology in a better direction so that it can advance society in Indonesia and blockchain technology is included in technology that advances future change.

ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN WALI KOTA PROBOLINGGO DALAM PELAKSANAAN PEMBINAAN KEPEGAWAIAN DI LINGKUNGAN PEMERINTAHAN KOTA PROBOLINGGO

The concept of decentralization is the authority of the government that is delegated to the regions, including the authority of personnel in accordance with the decentralized functions. The regional head has the task of being a coach of the State Civil Apparatus in the concept of decentralization. There was a case that the Mayor of Probolinggo issued a decree to remove Tutang Heri Aribowo, who served as an Expert Staff at the Regional Secretariat of the City of Probolinggo. The Regional Government as a civil servant coach tends to abuse its authority. This happens because there is the influence of the political elite in giving disciplinary punishment to employees. The author wants to describe the problem in a study that uses descriptive analytical methods, namely descriptions of the facts and characteristics of a particular population or area in a systematic, factual and thorough manner. The data in this study collected materials by means of a library study. This study also uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach. So that in this study we know the legal basics of this problem. In order to know the proper process and institution related to the case problem. This aims at employee disputes on the right track and there is no arbitrariness by the ASN supervisor.
 Keywords: Employment Disputes, Authority, Personnel Advisor

Decentralisation: a multidisciplinary perspective

This article belongs to Concepts of the digital society, a special section of Internet Policy Review guest-edited by Christian Katzenbach and Thomas Christian Bächle. 1. Introduction The concept of decentralisation traverses multiple contexts, fields and disciplines.

Systematic Literature Review On Asymmetric Decentralization

The purpose of this study is to map the latest developments on the asymmetric decentralization concept. The increasing use of this concept today is not accompanied by the availability of adequate literature. This mapping is useful to trigger further research as well as to guide the application of the concept in practice. By using systematic literature review on the Proquest database in the last ten years: 2010-2019, important up-to-date information is obtained. The results of this research indicated that there were small number of research on asymmetric decentralization concept that exist. Furthermore, this research also presented the distribution of the research areas. In addition, this research showed the development of the meaning of asymmetric decentralization as well as mapping the scope and content of the developing study. This research also showed the various factors that influenced the effectiveness of asymmetric decentralization, described the impact of the application of this concept in various countries, provided suggestions for further research that would be useful for the development of research on asymmetric decentralization in the future, presented several interesting issues that were useful for further research, and produced an asymmetric decentralization framework

Sosialisasi Peraturan Daerah Dalam Rangka Optimalisasi Fungsi Legislasi Anggota Dprd Provinsi Riau (Studi Pelaksanaan Sosialisasi Peraturan Daerah di Masa Pandemi Covid 19)

The main duties and functions of DPRD are expressly contained in Law number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, This task is spelled out in the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number. 80 of 2015 concerning the Formation of Regional Legal Products, article 163 paragraph (1) The dissemination of regional regulations that have been promulgated is carried out jointly by the regional government and the DPRD. The form of activities carried out is the Socialization of Riau provincial regulations in their constituency. Public policies that are made in the form of regional regulations are expected to meet the public needs of the community. For this reason, it requires the authority to make public policies, with the concept of decentralization, regional government can make public policies according to the needs of the local community, for this, the province of Riau. Regional regulations that have been passed together with the DPRD and the Provincial Government need to be conveyed to the public as a form of responsibility that the public needs submitted to the government have been made a legal basis for its implementation in the form of the Riau Provincial Regional Regulation. It is hoped that the socialization of regional regulations that is delivered is expected to be understood and beneficial to the community, therefore the form of political communication that is carried out must be in accordance with the people in the electoral district.

A Survey On Securing Internet Of Medical Things Using Blockchain

: In this project, we provide a solution to protect and secure the patient records and data against various attacks using the technology of blockchain. We use the fully decentralized blockchain. Also, digital signatures are used for model updates. Therefore, we hold that adversaries are not able to fabricate digital signatures or take control of the majority of the network. Furthermore, an adversary cannot poison the data because it is stored off-chain rather on the public ledger. There are only pointers information encrypted with a hash function inside a public ledger. In problems of large-grid-level centralized transactions and dispatch centers with information asymmetry and high processing costs, the proposal of a completely decentralized transaction architecture and a weak centralized scheduling strategy based on block-chain is done. Firstly, the defined concepts of transaction decentralization and scheduling decentralization are given, and the reliability of distributed transaction communication is studied. Based on the communication credit consensus mechanism, built a blockchain transaction risk control model. Secondly, security checks are performed under the weakly centralized scheduling architecture based on the autonomous chain of substations, and temporary central nodes are set up to perform scheduling tasks. Finally, an optimal solution is obtained by dynamically updating the credibility by using an improved evolutionary algorithm to solve the above model.

Research on Blockchain-Based E-Bidding System

In the field of modern bidding, electronic bidding leads a new trend of development, convenience and efficiency and other significant advantages effectively promote the reform and innovation of China’s bidding field. Nowadays, most systems require a strong and trusted third party to guarantee the integrity and security of the system. However, with the development of blockchain technology and the rise of privacy protection, researchers has begun to emphasize the core concept of decentralization. This paper introduces a decentralized electronic bidding system based on blockchain and smart contract. The system uses blockchain to replace the traditional database and uses chaincode to process business logic. In data interaction, encryption techniques such as zero-knowledge proof based on graph isomorphism are used to improve privacy protection, which improves the anonymity of participants, the privacy of data transmission, and the traceability and verifiable of data. Compared with other electronic bidding systems, this system is more secure and efficient, and has the nature of anonymous operation, which fully protects the privacy information in the bidding process.

Conceptul de sănătate publică. Tipuri de sisteme de sănătate. Paralelă între sistemul de sănătate românesc şi cel australian

Medical management is a field that combines, both in theory and in practice, two somewhat different domains, administration and the medical domain, creating a third area of activity, namely that of medical management. This review is part of a study of health services management, which seeks to find solutions to improve the efficiency of the the management and administration of the medical system, both locally and nationally. In order to be able to study and evaluate, from a scientific point of view, the concepts of centralization and decentralization of the public health system in Romania, it is absolutely pertinent, but also mandatory, to focus on defining the notion of health system. Only later can we approach and research the process of decentralization of health, the political and economic context in which it can be initiated, as well as how to activate and carry it out. Decentralization, as a phenomenon of the transfer of rights and obligations, from the level of the central authority to the level of the local authority, can take various forms. From a theoretical and practical point of view, the forms of decentralization can be studied, evaluated and concluded by emphasizing the strengths and weaknesses. Also important to study are the ways of putting health systems into practice, which from the point of view of the source of funding are divided into state-funded health systems (Semashko, Beveridge and Bismarck) and privately funded health systems.

Limits of decentralisation

The concept of decentralization has fixed content and the scope of meaning. At present, defining decentralization only through the lack of hierarchical dependence would be incorrect. One can speak of the external and internal limits of decentralization. The internal limits of decentralization are political or legal determinants of decentralization. The external limits of decentralization are those which closely interact with centralization – as an opposite category, but complementary to decentralization. Outside of decentralization and centralization, there is a place for autonomy. Autonomy is in contradiction with the state’s unitarian character.

Ideology, attitudinal positioning, and the blockchain: a social semiotic approach to understanding the values construed in the whitepapers of blockchain start-ups

ABSTRACT Recent work on algorithmic bias has shown that understanding the values embedded in technology design processes is important for avoiding social harm. This paper explores the attitudes construed in whitepapers of blockchain technology start-ups. Blockchain technology is a relatively new phenomenon that has informed discourses about the future of governance and economics in relation to the internet. This study aims to understand the values discursively construed in the whitepapers of four blockchain start-ups: Steemit, Creativechain, Democracy Earth, and Bitnation. It adopts a corpus linguistics approach, and uses the Appraisal framework (Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan) to analyse the evaluative meanings expressed in the whitepaper dataset. This analysis reveals that the blockchain start-ups manifest shared values around the concepts of decentralisation, trust in algorithms, and trust in individuals over institutions. The start-ups enact different political orientations, expressing ideals related to the digital commons, cyber-libertarianism, and capitalism. The corpus-based linguistic analysis used in this study offers a method that may be applicable to other areas of technology discourse where whitepapers and design documents tend to embed covert political and ideological positions.

Password-Authenticated Decentralized Identities

Password-authenticated identities, where users establish username-password pairs with individual servers and use them later on for authentication, is the most widespread user authentication method over the Internet. Although they are simple, user-friendly, and broadly adopted, they offer insecure authentication and position server operators as trusted parties, giving them full control over users’ identities. To mitigate these limitations, many identity systems have embraced public-key cryptography and the concept of decentralization. All these systems; however, require users to create and manage public-private keypairs. Unfortunately, users usually do not have the required knowledge and resources to properly handle cryptographic secrets, which arguably contributed to the failures of many end-user public-key infrastructures (PKIs). In fact, as of today, no end-user PKI, able to authenticate users to web servers, has a significant adoption rate. In this paper, we propose Password-authenticated Decentralized Identities (PDIDs), an identity and authentication framework where users can register their self-sovereign username-password pairs and use them as universal credentials. Our system provides a global namespace, human-meaningful usernames, and resilience against username collision attacks. A user’s identity can be used to authenticate the user to any server without revealing that server anything about the password, such that no offline dictionary attacks are possible against the password. We analyze PDIDs and implement it using existing infrastructures and tools. We report on our implementation and evaluation.

Асиметрії фінансування видатків місцевих бюджетів на соціальний захист та соціальне забезпечення

Budget financing of social protection and social security is one of the important factors of social development, which determines the standard of living and well-being of the poorest. The leading role of local budgets of Ukraine in the implementation of the social function of the state is determined by increasing the efficiency of the process of providing public services due to proximity to their immediate consumer. This process is based on the principle of subsidiarity, requires a sufficient level of financial security of local governments and demonstrates the basic idea of the concept of budget decentralization. The current practice of financing measures for social protection and social security of the population by local budgets of Ukraine is analyzed in the article in order to determine its effectiveness in conditions of limited budget resources of the state and the need to provide social guarantees for citizens. The grouping of EU member states according to the priority of expenditures on social protection of the population was conducted, a comparison with the corresponding indicators in Ukraine was made. The share of expenditures on social protection and social security of the consolidated budget in the GDP of Ukraine is calculated. The role of expenditures on social protection and social security in the expenditure part of local budgets of Ukraine is determined, their structure is considered. It is proved that the financing of social expenditures is chaotic; there are no steady trends in the dynamics of the share of individual components of social expenditures. In view of the reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine, the distinction between budget financing of social protection in the context of state and local budgets is studied. It is determined that the share of expenditures on social protection and social security in the structure of local budgets of Ukraine is high, however, in practice it does not always provide an adequate level of quality of social services to the population. The need to develop a comprehensive approach to reforming the budgetary mechanism for the implementation of the social function of the state on the principles of stability, transparency and balanced parity of interests of the state and society is substantiated.

Антикорупційна політика у сфері публічного управління соціальною галуззю в умовах децентралізації

The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship between the reform of public decentralization in Ukraine in the field of social governance and anti-corruption policy, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations for improving legislation to prevent corruption in local government. Methodology. In the process of scientific research a set of philosophical and worldview, general scientific and special scientific methods was used. The axiological approach was used to clarify the role and importance of proper legislative regulation of the outlined social relations that arise in decision-making at the municipal level. The method of analysis and synthesis facilitated the analysis of the concept, features, object, parties and conditions of decentralization. Of the special scientific research methods used in the article, systemic and structural-functional, comparative-legal. Scientific novelty. It was emphasized that with the beginning of the reform of decentralization of public power, capable united territorial communities began to be created, capable of independently providing quality public services to the population, providing organizational and legal guarantees for their residents to exercise their constitutional right to social protection. It is stated that many positive transformations that are carried out in our state are leveled, first of all, at the local level due to the large-scale spread of corruption. Given the lack of a special strategic document on anti-corruption, the draft law analyzed the work of parliament on resolving the issue of anti-corruption strategy, in particular, attention was paid to the draft Law «On Principles of State Anti-Corruption Policy for 2020–20242. It has been proven that corruption negatively affects the state’s reputation in the international community, which hinders the attraction of foreign investment and poses a threat to domestic social and economic security. Due to the fact that fraud with budget funds causes obvious damage to the social functions of the state, corruption at the municipal level is often the most harmful, because it makes the most vulnerable segments of the population more vulnerable. It is determined that at the state level the legislative base is updated, concepts and programs of corruption prevention are adopted, own anti-corruption institutional model of organization of public administration is formed. It was stated that corruption continues to play a negative role in public administration, and the means and methods aimed at its prevention remain ineffective. Conclusions. Ways to increase the level of anti-corruption policy in the field of public management of the social sector in the context of decentralization are proposed. It was concluded that local self-government bodies should improve the current anti-corruption legislation by supplementing the list of entities that approve anti-corruption programs. Keywords: anti-corruption policy; social protection; decentralization; local self-government; public administration.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ТЕОРІЇ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ: РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

The article is devoted to the disclosure of theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of decentralization. The history of the formation of the concept of decentralization is analyzed through the disclosures of the main scientific works. The criterion for distinguishing the historical framework is the content of the defining characteristics of decentralization proposed by theoretical constructions in certain periods. The history of the formation and development of the theory of decentralization is considered as a chronological sequence of three stages: political, administrative and economic. The political stage begins in the early nineteenth century and lasts until 1918. Within this framework decentralization is understood as a principle of organization of power within the country and an important factor in the democratization of society. The methodological basis is the theory of separation of powers. The second stage has the boundaries of 1918 and the late 60’s of the twentieth century. Decentralization is seen as a rational and effective algorithm for public administration. The United States is becoming the geographical center for the development of the theory of decentralization. This period is characterized by a focus on strengthening the role of the state in public administration and the corresponding advantage of centralization over decentralization. The third stage began in the 60s of the twentieth century and it continues to this day. The decentralization is understood primarily in terms of material and financial support for the effective redistribution of power between the central and local levels and the search for specific economic models of this provision. It is concluded that only fiscal independence makes local authorities truly independent of the center.

Survey on Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts: Technical Aspects and Future Research

The industrial and computing research context revolutionized in various directions during the last decades. The blockchain-based smart contract embraced as a significant research interest due to its distinguishing features such as decentralized storage of transactions, autonomous execution of contract codes, and decentralized establishment of the trust. Blockchain-based smart contracts can transform the working architecture of almost all industries towards elevated service standards. The use cases of blockchain based smart contracts range from industrial applications such as cryptocurrency systems towards logistics, agriculture, real estate, energy trading and so forth. The decentralization concept of blockchain is one of the biggest leaps in technology research since future computing got a super momentum towards the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing. A plethora of research is in progress to investigate the opportunities for the applicability of smart contracts and blockchain technologies to various industries. It is important to identify the technical aspects of blockchain-based smart contracts to further improve and sharpen the capabilities which they already owed. This survey is conducted to identify the significant technical aspects of blockchain-based smart contracts with the associated future research directions.

Fuzzy Stochastic Automation Model for Decision Support in the Process Inter-Budgetary Regulation

The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical foundations of the concept of fiscal decentralization, as the main path of self-development of the national economy of any country, and to develop mathematical tools that support decision-making in the aspect of “hard” budget constraints. The study of the problems of fiscal policy formation in foreign countries presented in modern scientific literature has revealed that the degree of application of the concepts of “soft” and “hard” budget restrictions is an actual topic in the theory of fiscal federalism. It has been substantiated that decision-making within the framework of “soft” budget constraints (financial assistance) leads to low tax autonomy of territories and limited liability of regional and municipal authorities for the results of their financial policy. As a research hypothesis, we put forward the thesis that it is necessary to create conditions for encouraging subnational authorities to support the territorial economy by granting them the possibility to use part of the taxes collected in the respective territories. The implementation of this thesis has given rise to the problem of quantifying decisions made regarding the establishment of standards for the distribution of tax revenues between budgets of different levels of the hierarchy of the country’s budget system. In terms of solving this problem, the author has constructed mathematical models based on the use of synthesis of mathematical apparatus of the theory of stochastic automata, fuzzy algebra, and simulation. In terms of solving this problem, the author proposed the use of mathematical modeling methods. The article presents the results of constructing economic and mathematical models to support decision-making in the vertical distribution of tax revenues between budgets. The models include stochastic automata, as mathematical abstractions, describing the expedient behavior of an economic agent when choosing management alternatives for territories of different levels of economic development. The transition functions of automaton models are formally described on the basis of the synthesis of mathematical apparatus of the theories of stochastic automata operating in random environments and fuzzy sets. The expediency property of the behavior of automaton models is justified by proving the corresponding theorems. The random environment in which stochastic automata are immersed is formed by a simulation model. The article demonstrates the results of experiments carried out on models, as well as a conceptual scheme of interaction between the automaton and simulation models.

Análisis de los avances de las regiones administrativas y de planificación - RAP en el proceso de descentralización de las Entidades Territoriales

La realización del presente artículo es considerar una perspectiva que se ha tenido sobre los avances que se han dado con la conjugación del sistema de regiones administrativas y de planificación -RAP- frente a las necesidades que han surgido durante los últimos años con las Entidades Territoriales, las cuales se ha asumido como en Colombia se ha tratado de interpretar una serie de consideraciones sobre las relaciones dentro del contexto de lo que representa en estos momentos la descentralización, así como también los criterios de la globalización económica y por su puesto los elementos que se han integrado a través de los canales de privatización de los principales activos estatales regionales, los cuales evidentemente han tenido un proceso de transformación junto con la interacción junto a lo que ha repercutido con los criterios de las principales responsabilidades generadas dentro de las diferentes características jerárquicas que posee el Estado. Por lo tanto, es importante observar cómo a partir de la entrada en vigencia de las diferentes políticas que están en desarrollo, es interesante destacar entonces como se han integrado las características representativas frente a la oferta de servicios y el sistema político. Así como también explorar la cierta tensión surgida entre los aspectos de la diversidad de los niveles del Estado en relación a la toma de decisiones de políticas públicas en las diferentes zonas del país: es por esto que el concepto de la descentralización política, y por el otro lado el cuestionamiento fiscal, la derivación de los gastos de los fondos públicos y la integración del cambio que se ha generado con las políticas de desarrollo y la seguridad en Colombia. Finalmente, es importante que Colombia entre en esa figura de cambio y transformación tanto social y política, romper con los paradigmas de lo que es la descentralización de manera específica.

The Evaluation of Regional Head Election: Developing Synergy of Regional Autonomy and Regional Head Election

The reform aims to achieve democracy, prosperity, and justice at the local level. Even though the reform process has been rolling for more than two decades, the goal of reform in realizing local democracy through an ideal regional head election is still far from expectations. This study aims to analyze the causes of the absence of synergy between regional autonomy and regional elections and identify the causes. A qualitative approach is used in the literature review method. The result showed that the root of the problem is not creating a synergy between regional autonomy and regional head elections because the application of the decentralization concept in Indonesia is dominated by the administrative decentralization perspective and the lack of actualizing the political perspective decentralization. The definitions of decentralization and regional autonomy in Acts tend to preserve centralization. Besides, regional autonomy's main objective places more emphasis on the administrative objectives of government and regional development rather than the development of local democracy. The lack of synergy between regional autonomy and regional elections is the gap between expectations and reality and conflicts at the ideological and technical levels. The gap between expectations and reality can be seen from the hope of realizing the acceleration of the democratization process at the local level, but technically, regional autonomy is characterized by an oligarchy of political parties and transactional politics. There are some suggestions for the Ministry of Home Affairs to revise the policy packages for decentralization and regional autonomy, especially in articles regulating the definition and objectives of regional autonomy, as well as revising Acts of Regional Head Election and Acts of Political Parties, particularly regarding the mechanism for nominating regional heads.