Color Concepts Research Articles

Blindness to background: an inbuilt bias for visual objects

Sixty-eight 2- to 12-year-olds and 30 adults were shown colorful displays on a touchscreen monitor and trained to point to the location of a named color. Participants located targets near-perfectly when presented with four abutting colored patches. When presented with three colored patches on a colored background, toddlers failed to locate targets in the background. Eye tracking demonstrated that the effect was partially mediated by a tendency not to fixate the background. However, the effect was abolished when the targets were named as nouns, whilst the change to nouns had little impact on eye movement patterns. Our results imply a powerful, inbuilt tendency to attend to objects, which may slow the development of color concepts and acquisition of color words. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/TKO1BPeAiOI. [Correction added on 27 January 2017, after first online publication: The video abstract link was added.].

FUZZY VERTEX ORDER COLOURING

In this paper three types of strong vertices are introduced.A necessary and sufficient conditions for a vertex to be strong have been given.Some of the properties of �- strong,�-strong and -strong vertices are discussed.Also the concept of vertex order colouring is introduced.An algorithm for vertex order colouring is also given at the end of the chapter.

Structural color of polymeric physical gels

In this study, the coloration mechanism of isotactic poly(1-butene) (iPB) in o-xylene and o-xylene/ethyl alcohol mixture gels were carried out. iPB gel becomes yellow because of transmitted light or blue because of reflected light. Changing the temperature, solvent composition, or even the thickness of samples of this gel continuously changes its color to blue, violet, purple, red, and yellow. Structural characterization, electron microscopy, and transmittance measurements were carried out for iPB dissolved in o-xylene to form a three-dimensional sponge-like network with different mesh sizes under various conditions. Subsequently, the relative refractive index between the solvent and gel network produces incoherent Tyndall blue scattering. Finally, color change due to variations in solvent composition or temperature contributes to the interplay between the refractive index of network structure nnetwork and solvent ns. For a Tyndall medium with ns/nnetwork >1, normal reflection creates a blue gel; when ns/nnetwork ≒1, strong transmittance of light passing through the medium leads to a yellowish gel. This is the first report on the concept of structural color for polymeric physical gel systems.

PIXEL COLOR MAGNITUDE DIAGRAMS FOR SEMI-RESOLVED STELLAR POPULATIONS: THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF REGIONS WITHIN THE DISK AND BULGE OF M31

ABSTRACT The analysis of stellar populations has, by and large, been developed for two limiting cases: spatially resolved stellar populations in the color–magnitude diagram, and integrated light observations of distant systems. In between these two extremes lies the semi-resolved regime, which encompasses a rich and relatively unexplored realm of observational phenomena. Here we develop the concept of pixel color–magnitude diagrams (pCMDs) as a powerful technique for analyzing stellar populations in the semi-resolved regime. pCMDs show the distribution of imaging data in the plane of pixel luminosity versus pixel color. A key feature of pCMDs is that they are sensitive to all stars, including both the evolved giants and the unevolved main sequence stars. An important variable in this regime is the mean number of stars per pixel, . Simulated pCMDs demonstrate a strong sensitivity to the star formation history (SFH) and have the potential to break degeneracies between age, metallicity and dust based on two filter data for values of up to at least 104. We extract pCMDs from Hubble Space Telescope optical imaging of M31 and derive SFHs with seven independent age bins from 106 to 1010 year for both the crowded disk and bulge regions (where ). From analyzing a small region of the disk we find a SFH that is smooth and consistent with an exponential decay timescale of 4 Gyr. The bulge SFH is also smooth and consistent with a 2 Gyr decay timescale. pCMDs will likely play an important role in maximizing the science returns from next generation ground and space-based facilities.

59-1:Invited Paper: Modeling and Suppressing of Color Breakup

Field-sequential color displays are used as an alternative to the standard displays where energy consumption can be reduced or peak luminance can be increased. Its spatial resolution is potentially three times higher compared to a conventional color filter LCD. The concept of field sequential color displays shows the problem of color breakup artifact. This paper reviews the cause and the factors for the perception of color breakup, discusses the approaches for the reduction of color breakup. It is suggested that, with field-sequential color algorithm, 180Hz or 240Hz LC panel could have potential market in the high luminance and high resolution display applications.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUITABLE TOTAL COLORING AND RANGE COLORING IN SOME REGULAR GRAPHS

This work aims to study the equitable total coloring into subfamilies of regular graphs. For this purpose, we use some relationships between equitable total coloring and range (vertex) coloring in some regular graphs. The concept of range coloring of order k was first presented by (Lozano et al., 2009). In this paper, we shows that if a regular graph G admits an equitable range coloring c of order Δ with (Δ+1) colors then there is an equitable total coloring of G - with the same set of colors - that extends c. We also show that there are infinite graphs satisfying this theorem. Such graphs are called Harmonics. We generate Harmonic Graphs which are Cartesian products of cycles and their complements. These graphs are regular and they admit an equitable total coloring under the above conditions.

Culture, Language and Thought: Field Studies on Colour Concepts

In a series of studies the assumption of a lack of colour concepts in indigenous societies, as proposed by Berlin and Kay and others, was examined. The research took place in the form of minimally invasive field encounters with indigenous subjects in South East Asia and in India, as well as in West, Central, and South Africa. Subjects were screened for colour blindness using the Ishihara and Pflüger-Trident tests. Standardised colour tablets had to be designated in the indigenous languages; these terms were later translated by native speakers of the indigenous languages into a European language. The indigenous subjects were able to name the colours presented. Indigenous vs. globalised cultural factors were reflected in the use of reference objects for naming colours. Both metonymical and non-metonymical indigenous colour names did not follow a stage pattern as Berlin and Kay and others have proposed. The high precision of indigenous colour names corresponds both to the precision of experts’ colour names in the industrial culture, and to the highly precise grammar that characterises indigenous languages. It is concluded that cognitive categorisation of visual perception takes place regardless of the cultural context, and that former misunderstandings resulted from inappropriate methodological designs.

An Introduction to Fuzzy Edge Coloring

In this paper, a new concept of fuzzy edge coloring is introduced. The fuzzy edge coloring is an assignment of colors to edges of a fuzzy graph G. It is proper if no two strong adjacent edges of G will receive the same color. Fuzzy edge chromatic number of G is least positive integer for which G has a proper fuzzy edge coloring. In this paper, the fuzzy edge chromatic number of different classes of fuzzy graphs and the fuzzy edge chromatic number of fuzzy line graphs are found. Isochromatic fuzzy graph is also defined.

The Chromatic Number of a Signed Graph

In 1982, Zaslavsky introduced the concept of a proper vertex colouring of a signed graph $G$ as a mapping $\phi\colon V(G)\to \mathbb{Z}$ such that for any two adjacent vertices $u$ and $v$ the colour $\phi(u)$ is different from the colour $\sigma(uv)\phi(v)$, where is $\sigma(uv)$ is the sign of the edge $uv$. The substantial part of Zaslavsky's research concentrated on polynomial invariants related to signed graph colourings rather than on the behaviour of colourings of individual signed graphs. We continue the study of signed graph colourings by proposing the definition of a chromatic number for signed graphs which provides a natural extension of the chromatic number of an unsigned graph. We establish the basic properties of this invariant, provide bounds in terms of the chromatic number of the underlying unsigned graph, investigate the chromatic number of signed planar graphs, and prove an extension of the celebrated Brooks' theorem to signed graphs.

Mobile Learning

This study reports on the effects of a mobile game designed in conjunction with an art museum to develop children's understanding of line, shape, and color. Four researchers (two graduate students and two professors at a private university in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States) examined 8 children, ages 6 to 13, for conceptual change in their understanding of art. Grounded theory and thematic analysis were used to examine children's conceptions of line, shape, and color through gameplay and to answer the research question, “How does a mobile application impact students' conceptual understanding of line, shape and color?” The researchers found that the mobile learning experience was effectively mediating participants' school and personal experiences to support conceptual change.

Red, White and Black: Colors of Beauty, Tints of Health and Cosmetic Materials in Early Modern English Art Writing.

Alongside Richard Haydocke's translation of Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo's treatise on painting (1598), the article examines concepts of color concerning cosmetics, painting and complexion as they relate to aesthetics, artistic and medical practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Beginning with white and red as ideal colors of beauty in Agnolo Firenzuola's Discourse on the beauty of women (1541), the essay places color in relation to major issues in art, medicine and empiricism by discussing beauty as a quality of humoral theory and its colors as visual results of physiological processes. Challenging the relation of art and nature, gender and production, Lomazzo's account of complexion and Haydocke's additions on cosmetic practices and face-painting provide key passages that shed light on the relation of cosmetics colors, art writing and artistic practices at the convergence of the body, art and medicine in the context of the emerging English virtuosi around 1600.

Outside color: perceptual science and the puzzle of color in philosophy

Is color real or illusory, mind independent or mind dependent? Does seeing in color give us a true picture of external reality? The metaphysical debate over color has gone on at least since the seventeenth century. In this book, M. Chirimuuta draws on contemporary perceptual science to address these questions. Her account integrates historical philosophical debates, contemporary work in the philosophy of color, and recent findings in neuroscience and vision science to propose a novel theory of the relationship between color and physical reality. Chirimuuta offers an overview of philosophy's approach to the problem of color, finds the origins of much of the familiar conception of color in Aristotelian theories of perception, and describes the assumptions that have shaped contemporary philosophy of color. She then reviews recent work in perceptual science that challenges philosophers' accounts of color experience. Finally, she offers a pragmatic alternative whereby perceptual states are understood primarily as action-guiding interactions between a perceiver and the environment. The fact that perceptual states are shaped in idiosyncratic ways by the needs and interests of the perceiver does not render the states illusory. Colors are perceiver-dependent properties, and yet our awareness of them does not mislead us about the world. Colors force us to reconsider what we mean by accurately presenting external reality, and, as this book demonstrates, thinking about color has important consequences for the philosophy of perception and, more generally, for the philosophy of mind.

Rethinking Colour Constancy.

Colour constancy needs to be reconsidered in light of the limits imposed by metamer mismatching. Metamer mismatching refers to the fact that two objects reflecting metameric light under one illumination may reflect non-metameric light under a second; so two objects appearing as having the same colour under one illuminant can appear as having different colours under a second. Yet since Helmholtz, object colour has generally been believed to remain relatively constant. The deviations from colour constancy registered in experiments are usually thought to be small enough that they do not contradict the notion of colour constancy. However, it is important to determine how the deviations from colour constancy relate to the limits metamer mismatching imposes on constancy. Hence, we calculated metamer mismatching’s effect for the 20 Munsell papers and 8 pairs of illuminants employed in the colour constancy study by Logvinenko and Tokunaga and found it to be so extensive that the two notions—metamer mismatching and colour constancy—must be mutually exclusive. In particular, the notion of colour constancy leads to some paradoxical phenomena such as the possibility of 20 objects having the same colour under chromatic light dispersing into a hue circle of colours under neutral light. Thus, colour constancy refers to a phenomenon, which because of metamer mismatching, simply cannot exist. Moreover, it obscures the really important visual phenomenon; namely, the alteration of object colours induced by illumination change. We show that colour is not an independent, intrinsic attribute of an object, but rather an attribute of an object/light pair, and then define a concept of material colour in terms of equivalence classes of such object/light pairs. We suggest that studying the shift in material colour under a change in illuminant will be more fruitful than pursuing colour constancy’s false premise that colour is an intrinsic attribute of an object.

Image Retrieval Using RGB,HSV

This paper proposes a novel feature descriptor called local oppugnant color space extrema patterns (LOCSEP) for image indexing retrieval. The existing directional local extrema pattern (DLEP) extracts the directional edge information based on local extrema in 0o, 45o, 90o, and 135o directions in an image. The proposed method integrates the concepts of color and texture features. First, the color image is converted into RGB (red, green and blue) and HSV (hue, saturation and value) color spaces. Then oppugnant color spaces, RH, GH, BH are used for the extract of oppugnant DLEP features (LOCSEP). The performance of the proposed method is tested by conducting two experiments on benchmark databases viz. Corel-1K and MIT VisTex databases. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the state-of-the-art methods for image retrieval and face recognition applications in terms of average retrieval precision (ARP) and average retrieval rate (ARR). The results after being investigated show a significant improvement in terms of their evaluation measures as compared to state-of-the-art methods on respective databases.

Revisiting Wittgenstein on Family Resemblance and Colour(s)

AbstractWe argue that all general concepts are family resemblance concepts. These include concepts introduced by ostension, such as colour(s). Concepts of colour and of each of the specific colours are family resemblance concepts because similarities concerning an open‐ended range of colour or of appearance features crop up and disappear. After discussing the notion of “same colour” and Wittgenstein's use of the phrase “our colours”, we suggest family resemblance concepts in one tradition can often be extended to family resemblance concepts in another tradition, illustrated by Wittgenstein's use of the words Spiel and “game”.

The Bubble Painting Activities as a Science Teaching Media to Improve Cognitive Skills in 4-5 Years Old Children

Science learning in Kindergarten is still exist and integrated with other subject in every topic. Science introduction and learning which are implemented in Kindergarten have characteristic as integrated learning, so science learning is integrated with other development. The development of science learning in children is included other development field has very important role to place base ability and form expected human resources. Various nature symptoms such as rain, wind, thunder, fire, breeding animal, and bear fruit plant also get children’s interest. Those objects can be learnt by scientific method which should be simplified for Kindergarten student. Simple observation, exploration, and experimentation can be done by children. Children can do other science processes like mixing primary color, measurement, doing classification, etc. Science product for children is dominant in form of knowledge about facts and symptoms of nature. The aim of this study is to know method and result of Bubble Painting media usage in improving the cognitive ability of children age 4-5 years old in TK Pertiwi 49 Semarang. This study did in TK Pertiwi 49 Semarang with sample all of the students in group A with amount 24 students. The study steps including pre-study, data collection, and data analysis. Data collection methods used are observation and documentation. According to the observation and documentation result, it can conclude that using the method of Bubble Painting media is by mixing yellow, red, or blue, we can get another color like orange, green, and purple. In Bubble painting games, there are; mixing primary color activity until produces new color, measuring detergent, the introduction of substance characteristic (liquid, solid, gas). Learning process using Bubble Painting in children age 4-5 years old in TK Pertiwi 49 Semarang could improve cognitive ability whether in science knowledge concept and the concept of shape, color, size, and model. Children cognitive ability improvement also increase from 69,37 to 78,19, the result of T-test is 78,19% (30,31 > 2,013). From that result, we can conclude there is a significant difference between children cognitive ability before and after using Bubble painting media.How to citeRahayu, S., & Waluyo, E.. (2015). The Bubble Painting Activity as a Science Teaching Media to Improve Cognitive Skill in 4-5 Years Old Children. Indonesian Journal Of Early Childhood Education Studies, 4(1), 42-45. doi:10.15294/ijeces.v4i1.9452

Automatic capture of attention by conceptually generated working memory templates.

Many theories of attention propose that the contents of working memory (WM) can act as an attentional template, which biases processing in favor of perceptually similar inputs. While support has been found for this claim, it is unclear how attentional templates are generated when searching real-world environments. We hypothesized that in naturalistic settings, attentional templates are commonly generated from conceptual knowledge, an idea consistent with sensorimotor models of knowledge representation. Participants performed a visual search task in the delay period of a WM task, where the item in memory was either a colored disk or a word associated with a color concept (e.g., "Rose," associated with red). During search, we manipulated whether a singleton distractor in the array matched the contents of WM. Overall, we found that search times were impaired in the presence of a memory-matching distractor. Furthermore, the degree of impairment did not differ based on the contents of WM. Put differently, regardless of whether participants were maintaining a perceptually colored disk identical to the singleton distractor, or whether they were simply maintaining a word associated with the color of the distractor, the magnitude of attentional capture was the same. Our results suggest that attentional templates can be generated from conceptual knowledge, in the physical absence of the visual feature.

The Multicolored World of the Romans

Latin literature includes six different color-terms to convey the concepts of multiple or changing colors: bicolor, decolor, discolor, multicolor, omnicolor and versicolor. Each color-term expresses a different aspect of manycoloredness. The terms concolor and unicolor are used to describe the opposite situation: a homogeneous quality of color. This article examines the use of these terms by a wide array of Roman authors, including poets, orators, historians and naturalists, showing the complexity of the Romans’ conception of color.

Commentary on: "Agency, time, and causality".

Cross-cultural comparison of subjective concepts requires a common denominator serving as a basis of comparison. For instance color concepts have been compared across cultures by asking informants to divide the optical spectrum into named colors. Unfortunately similar elegant physical parameters are not always available. A case in point may be the cross-cultural comparison of conceptions of causality discussed recently in Frontiers by Widlok (2014). A current approach has contrasted “Western” concepts with non-Western “religious” and “magical” concepts. Widlok has questioned this approach and, relying on an exploration of relevant ethnographic observations, he has proposed an alternative approach of causal cognition involving two parameters: (a) the temporal dimension of sequence, and (b) the concept of agency. One can very well imagine “time” as a basis of cross-cultural comparison as the optical spectrum is. However, “agency” seems quite a different matter. Exploring concepts of agency in the ethnographic literature, Widlok comes upon distinctions such as between “natural” causes versus causes involving “personhood.” However, it may not always be clear how similar distinctions may map particular culture-specific conceptions of causality involving, for instance, magical and spiritual forces. Hence in the following a formal non-physical basis of comparison is proposed. In order to compare cognition across cultures we should proceed from a universal feature of cognition. A similar feature would be the organization of cognition into entities and relations reflected by the linguistic noun-verb distinction (Bever, 1970). Using entities and relations as basic cognitive units of analysis, cross-cultural research may tie in with studies involving predominantly Western educated subjects reviewed in the theoretical and discussion sections of two articles available by internet (Peeters, 2004; Peeters and Hendrickx, 2007). For instance, if relations are represented as vectors (arrows), more informational weight seems to be attached to origins (arrow-tails) than to terminals (arrow-heads). Being informed that John likes Pat, subjects attribute likableness to John rather than to Pat. In order to be found likable, Pat should like John in turn (Peeters, 1983). This is in line with Widlok's (2014) observation that Westerners locate causality in the agent rather than in the object acted upon. Replicating the related studies with non-Western Dinka might yield opposite results likableness being attributed to Pat rather than to John. An important feature of relations concerns reflexivity. A relation is “reflexive” when it forms a loop connecting an entity with itself, and it is “non-reflexive” when it connects one entity with another entity. An all-important structural feature of the architecture of cognition seems to boil down to the double possibility to have reflexivity either attended to or ignored. Attending to reflexivity, subjects deal with entities as “self” and “other” (SO-thought), whereas ignoring reflexivity, they deal with them in the third-person, as “he,” “she,” and “it” (3P-thought). One general finding is that SO-thought is a hallmark of cognitive representations that are intuitively associated with personhood. 3P thought marks rather impersonal cognitive representations such as in hard natural sciences. For instance, given the information that John regales someone with cake, an observer may attribute generosity to John only if “someone” is not John himself but another person (SO-thought). However, in order to draw the rather impersonal inference that John has resources enabling to get cake, the observer may ignore whether the gourmand is John himself or someone else (3P-thought). The connection of attention for reflexivity with attributions of personhood may enable to detect hidden homunculi that, according to Widlok (2014), may be concealed in the curtains of mechanical causal explanations. Alternatively, the disregard of reflexivity may reveal quasi-mechanical thinking about the action of, for instance, magical powers that otherwise might be misconceived as intentional actions of quasi-human ghosts. Notice that there may be no one-to-one relationship between SO/3P thought and the use of correspondent linguistic codes in the communication of those thoughts. SO/3P thought is diagnosed indirectly from the ways subjects accomplish particular experimental tasks that are often more complex than the examples presented. It may require some inventiveness to have them adjusted to cross-cultural research that may proceed from hypotheses like the ones below.

Fuzzy colouring of fuzzy graphs

Colouring of fuzzy graphs has several applications in real world. In this paper, a new concept of colouring of fuzzy graphs has been introduced. Also, some important terms like strength cut graphs, fuzzy colour, chromatic number of fuzzy graphs have been described. Some relevant results are proved. This technique is used to colour world political map mentioning the strength of relationship among the countries. Also, a new kind of traffic light system has been proposed.