In order to improve the music education in colleges and universities for cultivating students' comprehensive quality and enriching students' cultural literacy. In this paper, firstly, we optimize the music teaching mode, based on the theory of multiple intelligences and centered on the characteristics of students' intelligence structure, we innovate the teaching mode of music courses in colleges and universities, and emphasize the authenticity and context of the teaching environment. Secondly, the ant colony algorithm is used to find the optimal solution of music course classroom-time. In the solution process, hard constraints and soft constraints are considered to set up a class schedule that teachers and students are satisfied at the same time. Next, the optimal results of music course scheduling without and with conflicts are calculated. The traditional teaching model was set as a control class, and the final validation found that the experimental class scored the highest 90.2 ± 9.4 for music knowledge mastery and was statistically significant. In terms of music composition and music understanding, the experimental class fully agreed with 43% and 48%, higher than 41.0% and 40% of the control class, and the innovative music teaching content was above the students' psychological acceptability, with an average cultural satisfaction score of 4.2487 and an average cultural recommendation score of 4.5347. Therefore, colleges and universities should base their curriculum on the concept of music education, constantly explore and innovate, improve the rationality of curriculum arrangement, and promote the dissemination and development of music culture.