Concept Of Ethnicity Research Articles

주체 사관에서 인민과 민족의 자리

Paik Nam-un’s Marxist historiography during the colonial period clarified it’s character of anti-colonial historiography by pursuing the universal subject of the nation. North Korean historiography succeeded in the tradition of anti-colonial historiography and attempted to prove that the universal law of world history was also carried out in Korean history by completing the historical narrative based on the theory of internal and unilinear development.BRThe direction of North Korean historiography was consistent with the theory of immanent development established in the study of Korean history in South Korea and Japan in the 1960s and 1970s.BRMarxist historiography of the periphery, aimed at national liberation and socialist construction, sought to harmonize the class and national perspectives. This has been declared as the principle of party character and the principle of historicism in North Korean historiography. As the Juche ideology was supported as the only ideology and the Kim Il-sung autocracy was strengthened, North Korean historiography made a new search by presenting the pedigree ethnic concept and paying attention to the struggle of the masses beyond economic determinism. In this direction systematized as the Juche historiography, the specificity of colonial-periphery historiography and the contemporaneity with critical histories of other countries are confirmed.BRNorth Korean historiography and Juche historiography existed in the flow of modern Korean historiography in that they pursued the universal subject of the nation. However, the Juche historiography denied the reason for the existence of historiography by ignoring evidence and emphasizing only the ideology of the nation, going through the Dangun nationalism and Daedong river civilization theory. The journey of anti-colonial historiography since the colonial period ended in anti-historiography.

Paula Strasberg’s Private Moment

Paula Strasberg demands a Method reading. Wife of Lee Strasberg, coach to Marilyn Monroe, and victim of the Hollywood Blacklist, Paula Strasberg's life is only detectable through the stories of other (more famous) people, epitomizing the historical record’s indifference to women’s work. Those extant, conflicting traces of Strasberg—as crone, as radical, as overbearing Jewish mother—reveal how conceptions of art, femininity, and ethnicity circulated in the shadow of the postwar culture industries. In response, this speculative account, rooted in theatricality and play, reinstates Paula Strasberg into the history through critical-creative means.

The Nation’s Gratitude: World War I and Citizenship Rights in Interwar Romania by Maria Bucur

Reviewed by: The Nation’s Gratitude: World War I and Citizenship Rights in Interwar Romania by Maria Bucur Ștefan Cristian Ionescu Bucur, Maria. The Nation’s Gratitude: World War I and Citizenship Rights in Interwar Romania. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge, Abingdon and New York, 2022. viii + 237 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £120.00; £33.29 (e-book). The whereabouts of veterans in post-World War One (hereafter, WWI) Europe has triggered numerous academic inquiries, exploring their physical and psychological injuries, their participation in radical politics, their economic-social problems and the welfare programmes aimed at soothing their sufferings. Until now, Romania lacked a comprehensive study with just a few scholars addressing only some aspects of the topic in passing. The country deserves more attention, however, as it suffered one of the highest ratios of casualties amongst all combatants. Relying on a wealth of archival and published sources — official documents, citizens’ and organizations’ petitions and reports, minutes of parliament and government meetings, legislation and the press — Maria Bucur’s book examines the story of Romania’s national office of veterans, widows and orphans (known by its acronym, IOVR), private NGOs and individual beneficiaries as a lens to elucidate how citizenship functioned for different categories of inhabitants and how a form of welfare state gradually emerged during the interwar years. This story is crucially important for understanding Romania’s recent history and its fragile liberal democratic traditions. War veterans, widows and orphans represented a significant section of local society — estimated at over 2 million people out of a population of 16 million (12 per cent) after WWI — and the status of this category of citizens was at the core of numerous public debates on national identity and democracy, welfare policies and citizens’ activism that took place during the interwar decades. As Bucur shows, Romania’s veterans, widows and orphans, who were grouped in more than 250 organizations, were not able to establish a coherent community and remained divided based on class, gender, geographical location, religious and political affiliation. The finding about the veterans’ different political choices contributes to a broader historiography on WWI veterans and the emergence of right-wing radicalism: based on the available evidence, Bucur suggests that the majority of veterans did not join the fascist movements/parties of Romania, unlike most previous assumptions. Bucur convincingly argues that the IOVR legislation and its implementation represented the state’s systematic endeavour to build, centralize and control a welfare policy aiming to help veterans, widows and orphans after WWI. One of the most generous policies in interwar Europe, at least on paper, it eventually become much more restrictive under the influence of ethno-nationalism and antisemitism in 1938. Bucur reveals how the Romanian authorities proved quite ineffective in their centralizing attempts to implement the welfare policy and how they kept the programme underfunded. This problem was partially [End Page 580] resolved by the activity of some private NGOs, which proved more efficient in helping those impacted by the war, even though these organizations struggled with insufficient funding. A major contribution of the book is the thorough intersectional examination of how the categories of gender and disability were framed into IOVR laws and bureaucratic practices, and how they contributed to a change in traditional gender norms and assumptions about able-bodiedness in local society. Chapter one is crucial for understanding the complicated legal framework that regulated the veterans’ rights, as well as the law makers’ debates on and justifications of that legislation. Bucur provides a sophisticated analysis of the numerous laws — over fifty in two decades — looking at how the concepts of class, gender, ethnicity, religion and able-bodiedness intersected, and what they revealed about the local political elites’ perspective on the local community, the citizens and their merits. The initial, almost complete political consensus on improving the lives of war veterans, widows and orphans translated into adopting what seemed to be a very inclusive law for that time, encompassing broad definitions about who was a war victim and who deserved the nation’s gratitude. The law did not discriminate against people of different ethnicities, religions, or wartime army affiliation. Subsequent political instability and beneficiaries’ protests and...

Analysis and research of Tibetan pattern in cultural creation design

In recent years, with the development of social economy, cultural productivity has become more and more important in China's overall economic pattern. Tibetan has a long history, has a unique natural resources and cultural resources, is a product development provides an important material, on the other hand due to their own culture, the thought of aesthetic and improve, a single, homogeneous product on the market can't meet the demand of people, be badly in need of new design ideas to develop Tibetan gen products, The topic will be studied from the perspective of practical application. This paper focuses on the research of Tibetan local cultural and creative industry. Firstly, a large number of Tibet-related domestic and foreign literature are consulted to understand the current situation of tibet-related research. On this basis, the development trend of cultural and creative industry and successful cases related to cultural and creative products are analyzed and studied, providing ideas for the following product design. Secondly, in the study of Tibetan culture, the historical culture, geographical environment and artistic characteristics of The Tibetan are introduced. Through the analysis of Tibetan decorative arts, color patterns and other related cultural and creative case experience, the cultural and creative products of the Tibetan are designed. Finally, based on the analysis of relevant elements of Tibetan decorative art, Tibetan colors and patterns are extracted and summarized to achieve the combination of ethnic decorative art and modern design concepts, and the new design mode is integrated into Tibetan cultural and creative product design. This paper hopes to promote the inheritance of national culture and the development of Tibetan cultural industry through this design research.

Race in public health dentistry: a critical review of the literature.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry.METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research.RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants’ genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers – not risk factors – for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants’ identities.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.

The Transformation of Ethnic Relations in Malaysia

Ethnic relations in Malaysia have undergone a long history. It all began when the Melaka Malay Government was founded until today. Today, communities of various backgrounds, cultures and religions are the main characteristics of world countries. These pluralistic communities are perceived to have been burdened with all-too-common ethnic competitions and conflicts. In Malaysia, the concept of race is not used in understanding the relationship between people of various cultures. The concept adopted instead is the one characterising upon the culture, language, and religion. The Malay World had successfully constructed a pluralistic society through inter-group bonding that there was a cross-cultural relationship based on the permeable and umbrella ethnicity concepts. However, through the Divide and Rule Policy by the British colonials, it had changed the form of ethnic relations in the Malay World to the point that there was a distributed occupational form according to different ethnic groups. The structure of ethnic relations in Malaysia post-NEP was influenced by a very thin line of ethnic boundaries and their relationships based on non-ethnic considerations. Meanwhile, the analysis of the Post-14th General Election finds that there has a positive and negative scenario and situations created in terms of the ethnic relations in Malaysia. Thus, this article will analyse the transformation of ethnic relations in Malaysia since the Malay Sultanate Era in Melaka, the Era of Colonisation, the Post-New Economic Policy Era and the Post-14th General Election Era.

Rethinking Mande Studies with Shaka Bagayogo: Imagining Post-National Futures in West Africa

Rethinking Mande Studies with Shaka Bagayogo: Imagining Post-National Futures in West Africa Rosa De Jorio (bio) The journal Mande Studies brings together international, interdisciplinary, French, and English contributions on the Mande people, their histories, and cultures. However, since its inception, the journal has covered topics that transcend any presumed boundaries of “the Mande.” Its first volume, for example, focused on relations between Mande and Fula peoples. The volume foregrounded mobility not only as a way of life, but also as a feature of one’s identity, recognizing that ethnic distinctions were to some extent negotiable in the course of people’s travels and relocations (e.g., de Bruijn and Van Dijk 1999; Howard 1999). Subsequent volumes focused on a wealth of disparate topics, beyond themes falling squarely within the bounds of Mande Studies (e.g., oral literature, divination, etc.). These volumes included such diverse subjects as the Mali of Modibo Keita, insecurity in the Sahel, gender relationships and identities, and social movements. Throughout its twenty-three years of existence, Mande Studies has covered a multiplicity of topics that the concept of ethnicity or language family, even when reconfigured as changing, porous, and contextual, fails to clarify. My connection to Mande Studies dates from the start of my professional career when I published an article on marriage and marriage renegotiations in Mali (de Jorio 2002). I was contributing to a special issue on gender, coordinated by Barbara Hoffman, former president of MANSA and longtime contributor to Mande Studies (Hoffman 2002). Stephen Belcher and Ariane Deluz were editing the journal at the time and encouraging young scholars to contribute. Mande [End Page 193] Studies, its editors, and the contributors who gravitated around it formed a particularly welcoming community (see also Grosz-Ngaté, this volume). As current editor-in-chief of Mande Studies, I have collaborated closely with the past two presidents of MANSA, Joseph Hellweg and Sten Hagberg, who have supported my commitment to soliciting contributions from, and supporting scholars of, diverse academic traditions, across multiple continents, and at different stages of their professional careers. I therefore wish to contribute to the debate on the future of Mande Studies by exploring the meanings of “Mande” as more than just a language family or congeries of related ethnic groups. I explore the uses of Mande in relation to the creation of cultural heritage, primarily in Mali and with some occasional references to Guinea. The political reimagining and appropriation of cultural practices and memories of the past, taken together, constitute one of my ongoing research interests (e.g., de Jorio 2016). The “heritagization” of the Mande past has played a key role in the construction of postcolonial Mali and Guinea. The Malian state has consistently invested in the preservation and valorization of selected aspects of Mande identity as key to national unity. National initiatives such as the National Ballet, the National Instrumental Ensemble of Mali, Youth Week (later known as the Biennales), and others have brought performers together from across Mali to share their local performance practices with each other for the state-sponsored purpose of creating a Malian national identity (Bagayogo 1992, 32). Investment in cultural patrimony remains a state priority, although it increasingly occurs in collaboration with various entities such as NGOs and cultural organizations, in addition to the ubiquitous presence of international aid. More recently, the state has invested in valorizing the “Manden Charter,” considered one of the world’s first constitutions.1 The Charter, after being codified and written down, was recognized as a distinctive part of Mali’s national heritage, although neighboring Guinea had also applied, unsuccessfully, for such recognition. The Charter was inscribed on UNESCO’s List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2009. The emphasis on cultural heritage, as a key site for articulating national identity, has had considerable, lasting ramifications for Malian political culture, especially as a discursive field saturated with references to reimagined precolonial and colonial pasts. While Mande cultural heritage has been studied through a romanticized ethnological lens,2 more critical readings of the uses of the past also exist, but they have remained marginal to current debates. It is within this context that I analyze the work of the...

Representations of Romanian Ethnicity Abroad: Romanian Heritage Centers in the United States

This study works towards a more thorough understanding of the concept of Romanian ethnicity in the United States, through an analysis of two heritage centers in the United States, the Romanian Folk Art Museum in Philadelphia and the Heritage Organization of Romanian Americans in Minnesota. Construed as agencies which shape the way we understand the past and future of Romanian

State of Emergence

During the Sri Lankan Civil War, an entire generation grew up under a condition of violence. I analyze the violence of the Sri Lankan Civil War as a destabilizing as well as productive force, rather than only as the result of pre-existing social conflicts. I argue that the condition of violence during this war lent itself to new iterations of Tamil ethnic identity, focusing on how it created space for the renegotiation of Tamil womanhood. Inspired by Lee Ann Fuji’s conceptualization of ethnicity as “state-sponsored” and performed according to a “script” during periods of ethnic conflict, I argue that the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) created a script for Tamil identity that positioned Tamil women as emblematic of the nation. The LTTE did so by portraying Tamil women as victims in need of protection and by arguing that their liberation from patriarchal traditions represented the liberation of Tamils as a whole. I then examine how the LTTE was both an agent and a product of the condition of violence during this period, thereby facilitating both agency for and oppression of women. Finally, I discuss how Tamil women sought their own agency by at times following scripts for the performance of their identities and at times deviating from those scripts.

Royal Women in Lombard Italy: Gender and Royal Power

An analysis of Lombard royal authority shows that women played an important role in forwarding royal families’ strategies of authority, despite an increasing and explicit exclusion from political power in the mid-seventh century, along with changing conceptions of Lombard ethnicity. Thus, this paper analyzes the gendered construction of ethnic identity in the development of royal power, as well as royal Lombard women’s patronage of the church to argue that royal women played a fundamental role in the creation and maintenance of royal Lombard ideology, although their roles were negotiated and changed as the Lombard kingdom and conception of Lombard kingship took on a sacral character, thereby coopting activities initially not within the realm of military masculinity.

The Separatist Conflict

There is a strong opinion among researchers of regional processes about the relationship of separatism with ethnicity. For the effective regulation of separatist conflicts, it is important to assess the importance of ethnicity in the development of separatism and to determine whether ethnicity and separatism are always united by a causal relationship. The primary purpose of the study is to focus on the process of ethnicization of separatist conflicts. The focus is on the issue of endowing separatist conflicts with ethnic characteristics; and the causes of the conflicts initially lay in a non-ethnic plane. This study seeks to analyse the reasons for the appeal of separatism to the topic of ethnicity; the instrumental possibilities of ethnicity in the context of separatism are assessed. To that end, the concept of ethnicity in this survey is taken into consideration through the prism of instrumentalism.

Translating Ethnonyms in Inuit Bibles

This study examines the translation of ethnonyms in Inuit Bible translations. An overview of the meanings associated with the concept of ethnicity is provided, followed by an introduction to Inuit languages and the history of Inuit Bible translation. Inuit translations of seven Bible passages containing ethnonyms are analyzed and evaluated. Recommendations are given which can benefit translation teams who are considering how best to express the meanings associated with some ethnonyms in the Bible.

The pandemic and the question of national belonging: Exposure to covid-19 threat and conceptions of nationhood.

Drawing on the behavioural immune system hypothesis, we argue that the prevalence of the Covid‐19 pandemic threat in an individual's respective environment relates to exclusive, ethnic conceptions of nationhood. Referring to the affective intelligence theory, we maintain that specific negative emotions are prompted by the perception of being exposed to a pandemic threat, and these emotional states in turn structure political preferences regarding national belonging. Using an original survey in six European countries during the first peak of the pandemic in late April and early May 2020, we analyze both the impact of individual Covid‐19 experiences and the contextual exposure to a pandemic threat through hierarchical analyses of 105 European regions. Our empirical analysis shows that exposure to the pandemic is linked to stronger ethnic national identities for both levels of analysis. We also find that anger substantially mediates this relationship and has primacy over feelings of fear. Taken together, our results indicate that the behavioural immune system appears as a pervasive obstacle to inclusive orientations.

Postscript

There has been a ruling in December 2021 by the High Court in New Zealand that data to do with vaccination be given over by the Ministry of Health to the Whānau Ora Commissioning Agency. The present article, Ngā Pakanga Maramara, The Data Wars, forms a Postscript to Maramara me te Iwi, Data and the Indigenous Group, an earlier paper in tekaharoa.com and takes the argument therein to a consideration of this ruling and the context involved. A similar form is followed to that of the earlier paper and in the example of the High Court ruling and its aftermath concepts of state and ethnicity are considered along with an overview of government and Iwi organisations in Aotearoa-New Zealand. The ruling is considered as something of a change or a breakthrough to new forms of data control. The nature and use of data is considered in general terms as well as in the specific context of the Covid 19 pandemic in Aotearoa-New Zealand. There is considerable discussion of border concepts and practices as there is of mental as well as physical health.

5 - Ethnicism and the Democratization of Civil Society: Envisioning Changes in the Proximal and Causal Ideologies of ‘Marginality’ in Africa and America

This paper focuses on the possibilities of transforming social and political marginality by democratising the ethnic groups in societies replete with multiethnic social construction of ‘underclass’ conflict such as America and Africa to engage prioritised issues targeted at promoting the interests of collec- tive existence in the sustenance of national goals in both continents. Although the concept of ethnicity embraces several interesting aspects of our empirical experience, they nonetheless have theoretical significance as metaphors of so- cial struggle for democratic principles of equality and justice. The paper argues that in order to develop a broader based democratic agenda that would eclipse the intense controversies in the pursuit of sexual equality within the ethnic systems, there is a vital need for a democratic reconstruction of governance strategies that erstwhile have created complex difficulties in re- assessing the continental social systems of nationalism and ethnicism, and much more that failed to examine the anti-racist and anti-tribal interactive approaches of the community alliance. It examines the basis for the lack of resistance to the institutionalised ethnic relations of power that continue to prop systems of domination, victimization and exploitation in both Africa and America. It analyses the theoretical and practical hierarchic trend of ethnicism and feminism, which makes them sour- ces of social dysfonction. More significantly, in postulating an effective possibility of reconstructive challenges characterized by mainstream view which equates feminism with ethnic co-operation, the paper also critically deconstructs the onslaught of ‘sexual sociality’, and ‘democratic sexism’ in the United States and, more profoundly, in Africa.

Land and People: The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun during the Liao-Song-Jin Transition

Land and People:The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun during the Liao-Song-Jin Transition Jinping Wang In 1120, decision makers of the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) made a bold political gamble. They decided to ally with the Jurchen—who had established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) under their leader Aguda (r.1115–1123)—to launch a joint assault on their common enemy: the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125). Through this alliance, the Northern Song hoped to reconquer a large swathe of territory known as "the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun" 燕雲十六州, which included today's Beijing and the northern parts of Hebei and Shanxi provinces. This territory had been ceded to the Liao in 938 by the Later Jin 後晉 (936–947) founder Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 (r. 936–942).1 What the Song decision makers did not anticipate was that the Jurchens turned out to be a more dangerous enemy than the Khitans. After finishing with the Khitans, the Jurchens continued southward and captured the Northern Song capital of Kaifeng within only two years. The Northern Song's gamble resulted in the rapid fall of the dynasty itself. [End Page 73] The failure of the Northern Song court's political gamble was caused in part by its judgement of, and policies toward, the Sixteen Prefectures, particularly regarding the local Han populations, who were commonly referred to as Yan-Yun "Han'er" 漢兒 or "Hanren" 漢人 in historical sources from the Liao-Song-Jin periods.2 For the sake of convenience, I follow the Liao-Song-Jin practices of using both "Hanren" and "Han'er" to refer to the Han populations of the Sixteen Prefectures.3 The court anticipated that the local Han'er would remain politically loyal to the Northern Song because of their shared Han identity. This judgement also accounted for a series of rancorous disputes between the Song and the Jin over how to divide the land and people of the Sixteen Prefectures between the two states. In this article, I interrogate the Song elite's rhetoric concerning the Sixteen Prefectures and their resident Han populations while also engaging with recent scholarship on the Han'er. The Song court's rhetoric regarding the Han'er has driven historians to write about the Han'er from a perspective that focuses on ethnic identity. Liu Pujiang pioneered the study of "Han'er" or "Hanren," addressing the use of these terms in historical sources as well as the Han'er's ethnic consciousness and political attitudes in the Liao-Song-Jin dynasties. He views the Han'er's ethnic identity as a historical fact and discusses it within the distinctive historiographical discourse of "Sinicization" (hanhua 漢化) and "Barbarianization" (huhua 胡化) that emphasized acculturation among different peoples.4 In [End Page 74] contrast, recent scholarship in English has emphasized ethnic categories and identities—both Han and non-Han—as something constructed and fluid. Scholars employing this line of thought often treat the Han'er as objects of perception by others and focus their analysis on the conceptualization of ethnicity.5 In spite of their differences, both approaches heavily rely on transmitted historical records, including court documents and private writings by the Song elite. These records reveal much about the intellectual world of Han and non-Han elites—particularly that of the Song elite—but offer little information on the experiences of the Han'er as historical actors living through the Liao-Song-Jin transition. Diverging from existing scholarship, I approach the issue of the Yan-Yun Han'er and the Song elite's rhetoric concerning them in two ways. First, while recognizing that the Yan-Yun Han'er appeared as objects of perception in writings of the Northern Song elite, I problematize their rhetoric by analyzing conflicting views among the Song elite themselves. Their conflicting views on the Han'er were deeply entangled with the Song court's often contradictory long-term agenda toward the Sixteen Prefectures as well as its short-term policy of defending the reconquered lands during the three-state wars in the 1120s. My approach thus departs from the existing scholarship by contextualizing the Song elite's rhetoric on the Han'er within their broader discourse on land-people relations. I...

Conceptualization of identity politics and practices of its implementation in Russia and Armenia

The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of identity politics, the main subject of which in modern conditions is the national state. In addition to the conceptual schemes of interpretation of the concepts of ethnicity, nation, national identity, and identity policy, the paper also examines the practices of implementing identity policy in Russia and Armenia. Identity research has become particularly important in recent decades, but the identity construct itself is still difficult to define and analyze. The actualization of the identity problem occurred due to the fact that the phenomenon of social identity largely determines the features of the functioning of social systems nowadays and, above all, the state. This is clearly demonstrated by the situation in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia. Both countries are faced with serious challenges, while a number of common problems are revealed in the implementation of identity politics. For both Russia and Armenia, questions about the foundations of identity and criteria for inclusion in the national community remain relevant and open. At the same time, the future development, and even the existence of both countries as national states in the modern conditions of the globalizing world, largely depends on the understanding of the possibilities and application of technologies for effective regulating the identity politics, on the identification of current priorities and vectors of development of society. In theoretical and methodological terms, the article is based on the main provisions of the theory of identity, the concept of ethnicity, nation and nationalism. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines the theoretical and methodological principles of sociology, ethnology and political science.

The Rise and Fall of Jewish American Literature: Ethnic Studies and the Challenge of Identity by Benjamin Schreier

Reviewed by: The Rise and Fall of Jewish American Literature: Ethnic Studies and the Challenge of Identity by Benjamin Schreier Saul Noam Zaritt (bio) The Rise and Fall of Jewish American Literature: Ethnic Studies and the Challenge of Identity. By Benjamin Schreier. Philadelphia: University Pennsylvania Press, 2020. 228 pp. The Rise and Fall of Jewish American Literature begins with a startling claim: "Nothing testifies to the etiolation of the field of Jewish American literary study—my field—so much as the fact that so few people ever fight about anything" (1). The claim is startling because by traditional metrics—say, number of books and articles published per year—the field is healthy. Yet one of Schreier's central claims is that despite this activity, there has been little debate on the terms of Jewish American literary study. While in other fields there is repeated theorization of concepts like ethnicity and race, there is something of a silence around "Jewishness" in Jewish American literature. Schreier argues that the coherence of "Jewishness" is often taken for granted, observing how critics, from the postwar to the present, view Jewish American writing as directly reflecting a recognizable and legible Jewish population. This Schreier calls the field's "ethnological" foundation, in which a descriptive, ethnographic mode of literary study [End Page 99] precedes and precludes critical analysis. He identifies how critics circle around the idea of "breakthrough," in which a group of writers (Saul Bellow, Bernard Malamud, Philip Roth, Grace Paley, and others) is seen as emerging out of immigrant origins to arrive in the American mainstream, becoming representative figures of Jewish American history. The Jewishness of these writers is taken as a given, their writing automatically cohering within a narrative of Jewish American arrival that often turns on ideas of model minorities and on the uninterrogated convergence of Ashkenazi Jewishness and whiteness. Schreier calls this "autoethnography" nationalist, "ancillary" to a normalized and self-evident "historical record of Jews in America" (9). This leads, for Schreier, to a dangerous insiderism, in which Jewish intellectuals labor in service of a closed cultural system rather than interrogate the grounds of discourse. Schreier demands instead a shift from "an analysis of Jews" to an analysis of "discourses about Jews" (10). In Chapter 1, Schreier tracks how "breakthrough" came to dominate the field, outlining the field's "ambivalent foundation" and contested relationship with multiculturalism (39). He notes how institutionalizing the mythologized success of Jewish American assimilation distanced the field from the critical approaches of ethnic studies; at the same time, the mainstreaming of Jewish difference threatened the cherished exceptionalism of Jewish culture. This resulted, paradoxically, in the ghettoization of Jewish American literary study at the moment of its "emergence." Chapter 2 extends this critique to the instrumentalization of Yiddish literature within this narrative: "The Yiddish literary past was repurposed … as that manifestation of Jewish cultural heritage that could become a nostalgic object of identification for American Jews, the consumption and capitalization of which promised the affective reproduction of Jewish American identity" (74). Concentrating on Irving Howe's anthologies, Schreier shows how Yiddish was ossified through "ideological capture" to support the idea of "breakthrough" (78). Chapter 3 considers the concept of ethnicity, analyzing Cynthia Ozick's criticism to show how Jewish ethnic identity became a "fulcrum on which the Jewish American literary field was able to consolidate" (161). The project of Jewish identity comes to "normalize an ethnologically representational historicism as the authoritative way of thinking about Jewish American writing" (124). Schreier maps this "history of Jewish American literary history" onto the work of a string of literary critics—Leslie Fiedler, Howe, Ruth Wisse, Ozick, and many others. His approach is stridently polemical, revealing how critics produced a normative Jewish population "whose history is the duty … of Jewish studies intellectuals to uncover, archive, and narrate" (170). From Ozick's trouble with multiculturalism to Wisse's [End Page 100] nationalism, Schreier takes a measure of joy in assaulting these thinkers, often leaving the topic of a given chapter well behind in order to pursue a line of critique. Schreier's text brims with aggression, repeatedly answering the challenge of the book's opening sentence. But what does this aggression ultimately do...

MEDIA, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND DIGITALIZATION AS MEANS FOR NATIVE AMERICAN IDENTITY PROMOTION

The article deals with the ways of actualizing one of the most powerful concepts of the modern world - that of ethnicity, which stands out as a constituent of the basic Native American identity concept originated at the end of XX - beginning of the XXI century. Actuality of the research is conditioned by importance of a more profound study of the concept that went through the objective stages of conceptualization and got fixed in the Indigenous Studies. Identity is manifested as a subjective feeling of belonging to a particular social group and at the same time is a source of inspiration and continuity of each individual. The existence of the very phenomenon of identity is determined by the social context and the inviolability of social ties in society. The study of the North American identity has been and remains to this day a problem with inexhaustible potential for researchers. Identity becomes a form of discourse, causing self-discovery, self-interpretation, and the opportunity to transform into the “other” in one's own country. Native American identity can be presented as a theory of social proximity and distance or as an interpretive scheme of gradual and direct discovery of oneself and the surrounding social reality through media and social network communication. Anyhow interpretation of indigenous identity must be largely determined by a set of political, philosophical, historical, cultural, religious, ethnic concepts that dominate in a given circumstance, determining the originality of indigenous identity in these circumstances. Today makes us witness a progressive development of American Indian identity in both cultural and civilizational and psychological dimensions through media, social networks and digitalization.

Theoretical foundations for the study of ethnicity: organizational approach to the analysis of ethno-political conflicts

Despite the existence of many empirical studies aimed at clarifying the dynamics of ethnopolitical processes, a complete picture has not yet been formed. This is connected, among other things, with the fact that at present there is no consensus on the theoretical foundations of the study of ethnicity. Existing theoretical approaches not only directly contradict each other, but also do not provide the required epistemological tools for empirical analysis of ethnopolitical processes. In this article, on the basis of the genesis of the three main approaches to ethnicity - primordialism, instrumentalism and constructivism - an organizational approach to the study of ethnicity is proposed. It is assumed that it is the inclusion of ethnic organizations in the empirical analysis as the basic actors of ethnopolitical processes that can complement the existing concept of ethnicity. Internal (membership, goal, strategies, representative ability, etc.) and external (characteristics of the constellation of all resident organizations of an ethnic group, theirinteraction) parameters of an ethnic group, together with institutional and sociocultural characteristics, can increase the explanatory power of existing models of the dynamics of ethnopolitical processes. Thus, it is supposed to supplement the existing theoretical framework for the study of ethnicity and ethno-political processes in the modern world.