Concept Of Sufism Research Articles

Dinamika Transformasi Tasawuf Era Modern: Neo-Sufisme dan Gerakan Islam Transnasional

This article examines the dynamics transformation of Sufism in the modern era. Sufism in the modern era appears running into transformation both in terms of its concept and movement. From the aspect of the concept of Sufism, modern Sufism is running into a transformation, namely neo-Sufism. Likewise, in the network aspect of the Sufism movement in the modern era, Sufism moves dynamically, from a local movement to becoming a network of transnational Islamic movements. This research is qualitative research using transnationalism theory as an analytical tool and historical studies as an approach. In this research, at least two findings were found. First, the presence of neo-Sufism is a form of transformation of classical Sufism teachings. The concept of neo-Sufism tends to be balanced (tawazun) between exoteric and esoteric aspects and can be a spiritual alternative for urban Muslim communities. Second, modern Sufism can be categorized as a representation of a transnational Islamic movement, as a non-governmental movement structured across countries in terms of thought, spiritual and political movements. The main route behind the transnational Islamic movement of Sufism is through da'wah, trade and immigrants. Keywords: Sufism, Neo-Sufism, Transnationalism, Transformative

The Controversy of Understanding Wahdatul Hamzah Fansuri Mufti in The Sultanate of Aceh

Hamzah Fansuri was a Sufi figure, writer and Mufti in the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam during the time of Sultan Alaudin Riayat Syah (1596-1604). The controversy about his thoughts is one of the reasons for the interest in this article. The interesting thing about his thoughts is about wahdatul wujud. At first glance, this thought is normal, but the interesting thing is the understanding that was developed in the process of Islamization in the archipelago when the two schools of Sufism, Sunni and Shia, met. Therefore, this article will discover this side of the controversy and of course its influence on the development of Sufism in Indonesia. Data obtained from library research. The data analysis technique was carried out using qualitative analysis techniques in a deductive manner. The results of this study show that the controversy over Hamzah Fansuri's thoughts about Wahdatul wujud is a Sufi concept that was influenced by the thoughts of previous Sufi figures such as Ibn Arabi and Al-Qunawi. Its influence on the development of Sufism in Indonesia lies in the understanding of Wahdatul Wujud, understood as a single form which is the ultimate reality. Being other than Allah are shadows or manifestations of a single being. Hamzah Fansuri understands that the essence of existence is only one, namely Allah SWT and everything is explained in metaphorical language.

Sufism Revisited: A Comprehensive Analysis of Emha Ainun Najib’s Philosophical Contributions to Modern Society

This research explores the significant impact of modern Sufi teachings spearheaded by Emha Ainun Najib, or Cak Nun, on the members of Jamaah Maiyah in Indonesia. As a charismatic Muslim intellectual, Cak Nun introduces the concept of Tasawuf into the reality of modern life, emphasizing human values, tolerance, and local cultural heritage. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, involving in-depth interviews with members and key figures of Jamaah Maiyah, as well as participatory observation of religious practices in various community activities, such as Pandang Bulan, Bang-bang Wetan, Kedirian, and Kenduri Cinta, held in 2023 in East Java, Indonesia. The findings highlight the positive reception of modern Sufi concepts by Jamaah Maiyah, connected to positive changes in religious practices and daily outlooks. The social and cultural impact manifests in attitudes of tolerance, social concern, and awareness of human values. Cak Nun’s teachings encourage members to engage in personal introspection and achieve a balance between the worldly pursuits and the spiritual endeavors. This research not only demonstrates the relevance of Tasawuf in the modern era but also identifies its contribution in shaping the character and perspectives of religious communities. These findings provide a profound understanding and insights into how modern Sufi teachings can act as a positive force in fostering positive attitudes and values in the contemporary society.

From Trial (Miḥna) to Tribulation (Balāʾ)

The execution of al-Ḥallāj (d. 309/922) and Ghulām Khalīl’s (d. 275/888) inquisition (miḥna) against the Sufis have loomed large in the historiography of Sufism. These events are often depicted as instances of anti-Sufi prosecution that fundamentally reshaped Sufism, causing later Sufis to align it more closely with “normative” Islam. While modern scholarship has recently challenged the influence and impact attributed to al-Ḥallāj's fate, this article expands this critical perspective to Ghulām Khalīl’s miḥna, details of which are provided across numerous sources. For the first time, these narratives will be critically examined highlighting problematic aspects that call into question its historicity. More importantly, however, this article looks to the way in which Sufis themselves engaged with and presented this miḥna in texts from the third/ninth century onward. Rather than being something to be answered for or contended with, Sufis offered these narratives as examples of tribulation (balāʾ) and connected them to a wide array of Sufi concepts, including altruism (īthār), forbearance (ṣabr), gratitude (shukr), and contentment with God (riḍā), among other interpretive frames. This article revisits a core element of the historiography of early Sufism and sheds light on the place of tribulation in the “universe of meaning” of early Sufis.

The Concept of Sufism in Family Life

Sufism as a method has values in its practice. The implementation is carried out by individuals who are part of the family. This article aims to identify, analyze, and finally formulate the concept of Sufism values in family life. The data in this study were sourced from library that is relevant to previous studies and other sources, which are then described as descriptive-analytical. The results of the study state that family life and the practice of Sufism values can go hand in hand and even reinforce each other. This concept is contained in the sharia, tarekat, hakikat, and makrifat schemes of the family which are manifested in mahabbah, asceticism, patience, trust, gratitude, and sincerity.
 Keywords: family life, Sufism, Mahabbah

Community Economic Development through a Sufism Perspective In Indonesian Islamic Boarding School

This article explored how to develop a Sufism-based community economy at the Al- Hanif Islamic Boarding School in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. The authors used qualitative field research with a descriptive analysis technique to describe economic development. The results of this study were one of the teachings highly emphasized in the Sufism-based Islamic boarding school conducted by Al-Hanif Lampung is the belief that religious perfection consists of three dimensions: Imān, Islām, and Iḥsān. Economic development in the Boarding School community empowerment process is carried out independently without assistance from the government through Bait al-Māl wa Tamwīl (BMT), drinking water companies, and schools. This Islamic Boarding School also applies the Islamic economic system in its business, such as the profit-sharing (muḍārabah) system, and prioritizes community empowerment to benefit the surrounding community. Moral Sufism values are implemented in the industrial economy, including the concepts of Ikhlāş ‘sincerely’, zuhd ‘asceticism’, takhalī (emptying the heart from despicable qualities), tahalī (filling the heart from commendable qualities), and tajalī (self-approach to Allah). The business aims to open up employment opportunities for the local community, which will later bring prosperity to the community; a profit-sharing system is also implemented in the trading system; whatever profits are obtained will be shared with the manager, and then the existing profits will be used for operations and activities that benefit the local community. Running an independent business will become a source of income for carrying out religious activities and become a job opportunity for the local community. Practicing the concept of Sufism in a modern ascetic manner is also hoped that it can foster spiritual values.

Comparing the Roots of the Faculty of Imagination and Analyzing the Concepts of the Divine Names (Asma’ Allah al-Husna) in the Degrees of Human Existence from the Perspective of Ibn Arabi

This research examines and analyzes the roots of the faculty of imagination and the concepts of the Divine Names (Asma’ Allah al-Husna) in the degrees of human existence from the perspective of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi. The transformations of theological and mystical concepts, from the advent of Islam to the medieval periods, especially in the realm of Sufism, have been accompanied by depth and evolution. From the 8th century CE, Islamic mystics in both the eastern and western parts of the Islamic world solidified and developed the theoretical foundations of Sufism. In the 12th century CE, Ibn Arabi, considering the cultural and intellectual context of his time, revisited mystical teachings and, utilizing the concepts of the faculty of imagination and the Divine Names, reinterpreted ideas such as the Perfect Man (Insan Kamil) and the unity of existence in a novel way. This research demonstrates that Ibn Arabi, by blending previous mystical concepts and employing the power of imagination, restructured and expanded the language of Sufism and the meaning of the Perfect Man. He succeeded in deeply analyzing the Divine Names, interpreting the existential ranks of humans, and presenting a new understanding of humanity’s place in the cosmic order. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive view of the impact of the faculty of imagination and the analysis of the Divine Names on the structure of mystical anthropology and to explain the key concepts of Sufism from Ibn Arabi’s perspective.

Persian Poetry, Sufi Authority, and Ottoman Multilingualism: İsmāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī Bursevī’s Qurʾān Commentary, the Rūḥ al-bayān

This paper explores the functions of Persian poetry in Ottoman Sufi İsmāʿīl Ḥaḳḳī Bursevī’s most well-known work, his encyclopaedic tafsīr, the Rūḥ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān (The Spirit of Elucidation in Qurʾānic Interpretation). I argue that Bursevī (Ar. Burūsāwī) uses Persian poems alongside traditional sources for Qurʾān exegesis and teachings in his own order to ‘translate’ complex Sufi concepts to a broad audience of interested in both Persian literature and Sufism, and by doing so, bolsters his own religious authority in his order and beyond. I build on Shahab Ahmed’s argument that through Rūmī’s Maỿnavī ‘the meaning of the Qurʾān is perceived and produced and illuminated by fiction, and the meaning of fiction is perceived, produced and illuminated by the Qurʾān,’ by demonstrating that Bursevī extends this intertwining of fiction and the Qurʾān to a recognizably Sufi, Persian literary corpus which highlights his multilingualism and erudition and positions him and his order within an established canon. This paper has four parts. In part one, I briefly sketch Bursevī’s life and education. In part two, I introduce his tafsīr, the Rūḥ al-bayān and Bursevī’s method of interpretation. In part three, I analyse examples of his use of Persian poetry in the commentary. In part four, I assess these findings with a view of Bursevī’s authority construction and questions about his audience.

Abandonment as a Sufi Concept in the Poems of Mamluk Sultan Kansu Gavri

Memlûkler kendi döneminde dünyanın en büyük siyasi güçlerinden biri olmanın yanı sıra, ilim ve sanat faaliyetleri bakımından da Türk tarihinin en parlak çağlarından birini temsil etmektedir. Elbette bunda İslâm medeniyetinin diğer merkezlerinde yaşanan yıkım ve karmaşanın Memlûk topraklarını bir sığınak hâline getirmiş olması kadar, Memlûk idarecilerinin âlim ve sanatkârlara gösterdikleri ilgi ve verdikleri destek de etkili olmuştur. Bazıları bizzat şiirle de uğraşan Memlûk sultanları içinde tarihî ve edebî açıdan en dikkate değer simalardan biri şüphesiz Kansu Gavrî’dir. Yavuz Sultan Selim’e karşı kaybettiği savaşla hatırlanan ve devletinin yıkılışıyla özdeşleşen bu Memlûk hükümdarı, aynı zamanda üç ayrı dilde divan tertip edecek kadar şiirleri olan bir şairdir. Hayatı 15. Yüzyıl’ın ikinci yarısıyla 16. Yüzyıl’ın başında geçen Kansu Gavrî’nin Türk dilinde yazdığı şiirler, aynı dönemdeki Anadolu Türkçesinin dil özelliklerini yansıtmaktadır. Gavrî’nin şiirlerinde tasavvufi konu ve kavramların yoğun varlığı dikkat çeker. Bu çalışmada, tasavvufun bir anlayış ve tutum olarak doğuşu ile bir ahlâk olarak yaşanmasında, hattâ kurumlaştığı dönemlerden itibaren bir sistem olarak uygulanmasında her zaman temel bir yeri ve işlevi olan “terk” kavramı etrafında Sultan Gavrî’inin şiirlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sultan şairlerin iç dünyasını özgün biçimde yansıtması dolayısıyla şiirler ekseninde, hayatının en önemli savaşını kaybetmiş mağlup bir sultanın dünya, ahiret, varlık ve benlik konularındaki duygu ve yaklaşımlarına dair bazı ayrıntıların değerlendirilmesine çalışılmıştır.

Construction of Ibn 'Aṭāillāh al-Sakandarī's Tafsir: Tracing Sufistic Epistemology in Qur’anic Interpretation

This study aims to reveal the interpretation of Ibn 'Aṭāillāh, spread in his Sufism books. Apart from a historical approach, this library research applies a hermeneutic approach to understand the form of Ibn 'Aṭāillāh's Sufistic interpretation. The results reveal that Ibn ‘Aṭāillāh's tafsir product includes 630 verses from 89 surahs. The tafsir epistemology applied by Ibn 'Aṭāillāh uses a Sufism approach to reveal the wisdom of the Qur'an. His motivation is to provide guidance for the salik or spiritual travellers and position the Quran as a source of wisdom and the basis for the concept of Sufism. Ibn 'Aṭāillāh Sufistic interpretation complements other tafsir products and emphasises that the style of interpretation is determined by the approach used by the mufassir and the importance of positioning the Qur'an as a source for understanding religion.Contribution: This research contributes to revealing the Sufistic style of interpretation, which is not limited to verses dealing with ethics. The interpretation style lies in the approach rather than in the theme discussed. All verses can be approached from a Sufistic perspective, as conducted by Ibn 'Aṭāillāh.

Retracing the Spirituality of Tuan Guru M. Zaini Abdul Ghani: Study of Guru Sekumpul Sufism Thinking as Social Piety and Individual Piety

As one of the influential figures of Sufism, Muhammad Zaini Abdul Ghani has many followers and students. He helped form a generation of influential scholars and Sufism figures in the archipelago, so his influence continues today. However, even though his influence is still being felt today, there is also criticism of the thoughts and teachings of Sufism Muhammad Zaini Abdul Ghani. Some people think that the teachings of Sufism need to be more complex and need to meet the requirements of Sufism. However, despite this, the teachings of Sufism Muhammad Zaini Abdul Ghani are still being studied and understood by many people today. This study aims to describe the views of Tuan Guru M. Zaini Abdul Ghani about the scientific treasures of Sufism and to describe the main points of Tuan Guru M. Zaini Abdul Ghani's tasawuf thoughts regarding the concept of Sufism and its significance in everyday life. This research is library research or library research. The approach used is historical and mystical approaches. The results of this study Tuan Guru embodies Nūr Muḥammad in the form of practices and teachings that can be practiced by every group so that the style of this concept is more inclined towards moral tasawuf than philosophy. The transformation that was carried out was visible in every action. In addition, Tuan Guru taught Sufism as an individual fault and a social error by engaging in the economic field.

The Urgency of Renewing Islamic Sufism (Neo-Sufism) Fazlur Rahman's Perspective in the Discourse of Modernity

Problems between modern life and Sufism concepts that tend to be extreme. is still a hot topic because it is always discussed in various scientific disciplines. To answer this problem, Fazlur Rahman with his concept of Neo-Sufism explains how this concept is understood and the researcher wants to write down how to practice the Sufi lifestyle in the midst of modernity from the perspective of the figure in question. In this study the authors used a qualitative approach which was classified into library research using descriptive data analysis. From this method, researchers process and analyze to obtain data. Based on the research results obtained, Fazlur Rahman's Neo-Sufism is an attempt at socio-moral reconstruction of Muslims or in short the concept of Sufism which is based on three basic principles, namely: Referring to the normativity of the Qur'an and Sunnah, making the Prophet and the salaf as- Sholihin as a role model in its application, is principled in the attitude of tawazun in Islam (inner religious appreciation that wants to live an active life and be involved in social practice). Fazlur Rahman said that what we need to do at this point in practicing the Sufi lifestyle is to strengthen our faith, in accordance with the principles of the Islamic creed, the same evaluation of worldly life and spiritual life, continuing to participate in political activities, using property according to with moral and social needs and improve morale through dhikr and muroqobah techniques.

The Spiritual Teachings of Zakariyyā Kāndhlavī (d. 1982) in Fażāʾil-i Durūd Sharīf

Abstract Although the influential transnational Deobandi missionary organisation Tablīghī Jamāʿat is scarcely portrayed in contemporary popular media as a “Sufi movement,” the elders of the trend – such as the late Zakariyyā Kāndhlavī (d. 1402/1982) – were staunch Sufi shaykhs. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that one of the core texts of the Tablīghī Jamāʿat – Kāndhlavī’s Fażāʾil-i ʿAmāl – is full of many distinctly Sufi concepts. In the following essay, I look into the spiritual themes found in that particular volume of Kāndhlavī’s aforementioned work which deals specifically with the virtuous act of sending blessings upon the Prophet. In doing so, we will see that the Tablīghī Jamāʿat – deeply rooted in Sufi thought as it is – is very far removed from the Wahhabism with which it is occasionally associated in popular Western imagination.

New Commentaries on Ibn Al-Arabi's Fusus al-Hikam: A Comparative Study

One of the key concepts of Sufism as localized or indigenized Islamic wisdom in Asia is compassion (rahma). The school of the Oneness of Being (Wahdat al-Wujud) provides valuable examples for this concepts, esp., in the commentaries on the treatise of Fusus al-Hikam by Ibn al-‘Arabi. In particular, the chapter on the prophet Zakariyya demonstrate the reflection on the concept of mercy in the school of the Oneness of Being. The indigenization of this Sufi tradition is based on these commentaries that has been of utmost importance for the school of the Oneness of Being. The article analyzed some of these commentaries in the light of this localization process. Commentaries that emerged in and around the Indian Ocean, e.g., Al-Qāshānī, Jāmī, and Ilāhābādī, were selected. They can be considered part of the local wisdom in the Asiatic realms. The current article found the idea of indigenization of key concepts of Islamic spirituality in Muslim communities, particularly through Ibn ‘Arabi’s work.

Explanation of Some of the Elements in the Work entitled Mazhar al-Anwār wa Kashf- al-Asrār in Terms of Sufi Perspectıve

In this study, some of the elements in the work Mazhar al-Anwār wa Kashf- al-Asrār, which is registered in Topkapı Palace Library, number EH1294, and which has a wide range of Sufi concepts and on which no study has been identified, have been analyzed and explained from a Sufi perspective. In al-Qushayrī's al-Risāla, which is considered one of the basic sources of Sufism, Sufism is defined as "the efforts of the elite of the Ahl al-Sunnah to be with Allah at all times and to avoid heedlessness against the bid'ahs that emerged over time by the group who paid great attention to the provisions of the religion after the period of Tābiʿū al-Tābʿīn." It would be appropriate to define this method as an effort to fulfill the manners of the Shari'ah in zāhir (outer) and bātin (essence), to act in moderation without excess in matters related to the world, to increase the quality of servitude and to purify the soul instead of multiplying one's worship. Sufism, an important field for researchers in Old Turkish Literature and has many aspects such as morality, worship, marifah, knowledge, and philosophy, has made a significant contribution to the literature. The expansion of Sufi works in the nature of sources in this field over time has led to an increase in the number of works waiting to be studied in the manuscript sections of our libraries, waiting to be discovered. There is no information about the author of Mazhar al-Anwār wa Kashf- al-Asrār, which is one of these works and which we have studied, and it has been determined that it was presented to Mawlānv İsmail Pasha in the 18th century. Consisting of 50 folios, the work in question is a prose work consisting of an introduction, two chapters and an epilogue, containing Sufi subjects, but its literary nature was strengthened by supporting it with verse pieces. The message given in the last chapter of the work, which is quoted as the last chapter, is that these worlds are the truth and if this subject is understood, the importance of the place where Sufism is built can be expressed more concretely. When we started the evaluation of the work, we thought that we would be walking within the framework of a reflection of the issues accepted by the zahiri sciences. As we progressed in the review, we realized that the Sufi doctrine aims at a doctrine that has the concepts of being closer to the Creator as well as the doctrine of going beyond by breaking down the walls of reason, and we tried to make this mysterious source more understandable by revising our study in this direction. Although the scope of our study has a very wide literature, due to the fact that it exceeds the limits of a paper, the general content of the work is revealed and the most prominent Sufi elements; the four worlds, namely lāhūt, jabārūt and mithāl, are discussed by comparing them with their definitions and examples in the work and in Old Turkish Literature. In addition, it is important in terms of bringing a new perspective to the field of Sufism and the reader because it is viewed from a different perspective during the evaluation phase of the work. With its prose and verse sections, the work is of a nature that will give a different impetus to the studies on Sufism today. We believe that it will be an achievement for Turkish literature in terms of its style and content.

Attribution of Wisdom to Prophets in Khaja Ahmad Yassawi’s works

The present research examines the spread of Sufi doctrine throughout Central Asia, with a particular focus on that of Khoja Ahmed Yassawi. We endeavored to demonstrate their fundamental worth by utilizing Ahmed Yassawi's "Divani Hikmet" and "Masnavi" poetry, among other religious writings. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the prophets' words (Yassawi’s list of main Sufi concepts) and other mystical concepts. Our objective was to determine the artistic and aesthetic significance of these concepts in the poet's works. In addition, Khoja Ahmed Yassawi's Islamic viewpoints on morality, empathy, spiritual purification, and other related topics are presented.

Penanaman Nilai Spiritual-Tasawuf pada Peserta Didik Melalui Syair Perahu Karya Syekh Hamzah Fansuri


 Instilling spiritual values ​​in students is an important component in the Islamic education system. Not only in Islamic education-based schools, spiritual values ​​are also important to be instilled by PAI teachers in general-based schools. This is important to do in order to make students good human beings and have good morals. The concept of Sufism itself is one of the spiritual values ​​that can be taught material in the learning process. One of the leading figures of Sufism scholars in Indonesia who teaches Sufism with its own uniqueness in conveying the concept of Sufism, namely using literature, is Syekh Hamzah Fansuri. This is something interesting to discuss and research. This article will discuss how to instill spiritual values ​​in students through the boat poem written by Syekh Hamzah Fansuri. From this research produced 6 spiritual values-tasawwuf taken from 6 stanzas of the boat poem written by Hamzah Fansuri.
 Keyword: Hamzah Fansuri, Boat Poetry, students

Leo Schaya Bağlamında Tasavvufta İçsel Dönüşüm

Leo Schaya [Sidi Abdul-Kuddus] (1916-1986), a member of the traditionalist school, is a significant researcher and author of the 20th century who carried out in-depth studies particularly on Islamic Sufism and Jewish mysticism. Born in Switzerland into a non-religious Jewish family, Leo develops a deep interest in Sufism to study Islamic mysticism following his encounter with Frithjof Schuon [Īsā Nūr al-Dīn] (1907-1998), a distinguished representative of Islamic spirituality in the West. He turns to Schuon, whom he values for his spiritual journey and sees as an experienced guide. He converts from his current religious belief and joins the Shadhiliyya order. As a result of his warm and visionary nature, during his travels, he gains knowledge about Islamic tradition and Sufism through his relationships with famous masters of Sufism such as Shaikh Muhammad at-Ta'dīl (d. 1371/1952) and Sufi thinkers like Titus Burckhardt [Sidi İbrahim] (1908-1984), who conducted theoretical studies on eastern doctrine. He perceives mystical teachings as a journey into the depths of the heart and soul in pursuit of a transcendent reality and truth. He sees them as a guide for human spiritual development and getting closer to Allah, representing the internal dimension of Islam. In his theory, overcoming the self or controlling ego-centered thoughts, the process of reaching divine love and truth, discovering one's true potential, killing one's self in this world of multiplicity to bring out the divine light within, and recognizing one's essence are all important. Furthermore, in the studies in which Schaya put his thoughts into writing, he associates certain Sufi concepts with other metaphysical principles and emphasizes the existence of a universal metaphysical understanding. The aim of this study is to analyze Leo Schaya's Sufi thought from a traditionalist perspective, to understand and evaluate the universal dimension he puts forward regarding Islamic tradition and mysticism. In other words, it is to investigate how Schaya's Sufi teachings provide guidance in the inner journey of humans and to delve into the universal dimension of his thoughts. For this purpose, document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, has been used to examine the author's mystical teachings, and the data related to the subject has been collected. This data, categorized according to specific characteristics or themes, formed the general framework of the text. Schaya's inner teachings offer significant information on topics such as societal dynamics, spiritual interactions, and relationships between universal religious teachings. It is also seen that Schaya, rather than fully adopting the doctrines of traditionalist school pioneers, is in the effort to shape his own spiritual vision in an original way.

History of formation of Sufi orders in the Indian subcontinent

The article clarifies the concept of Sufism and the positions of Deobandian scholars regarding Sufism (tasauf), the genesis and genealogy of Sufi orders are analyzed from a chronological point of view, and the positions of Deobandians on Sufism are presented. Today, the study of Sufi traditions and tariqats associated with the Deoband school in the Indian subcontinent is relevant. Therefore, in the article, the Deoband school and the Barelvi school, which constitute the majority of the religious positions of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, originated from Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, but later the founder of the Deoband school, Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Ashraf Ali Thanwi, and the founder of the Barelvi school Ahmed Raza Khan а scientific analysis of controversial issues related to Sufism among the Barelvi is made. The aim of the study is to study the religious views and positions of the Sufi orders in the Indian subcontinent and analyze the religious situation in the country by comparing the views and positions of scholars of the Deoband school and the Barelvi school. The division of Indian Muslims is not limited only to this region, but also contributes to the disintegration of unity in a number of Muslim countries. That is why it is important for us to study such a process on the basis of theological and comparative methods. Key words: India, Sufism, Tariqat, Deoband, Barelvi.

ПОНИМАНИЕ И БЕССИЛИЕ: ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЙ И ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

The article is about the issue of understanding as possession and other possibilities of understanding / misunderstanding. Understanding as possession was analyzed by Sartre, and he also introduces the figurative term “digestive” understanding. It means that while understanding we ourselves constitute meanings and use them for our own purposes, both mental and practical. Understanding and knowledge are types of power. The creation of projects and drafts, which Heidegger speaks of, is the mastery of the world. Subject’s activity, which is spoken of in post-Kantian epistemology, implies his desire to create and understand the world in his own way. Digestive understanding reduces the external meaning to a limited subjective meaning and thereby provokes protest. The concept of powerlessness is introduced as an existential disposition: the renunciation of power over the world. At the same time, there is a refusal to spread understanding as a digestive attitude to the subject. Complete misunderstanding is impossible, but meaning can be accepted as a gift, as Marion says. Marion’s concept of a saturated phenomenon in the case extends to the whole world. Levinas’s doctrine of the Other is also used: the Other turns out to be a saturated phenomenon that has its own meaning. Parallels can be drawn with the Sufi concept of “inner silence” and monastic practices. Refusal of the power and struggle leads to finding harmony with the world