Concept Of Self-organization Research Articles

The Problem of the Stability of the Social System in Ancient Indian Philosophy

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to show the effect of the law of correspondence as a factor of stability of the social system and the relevance of this problem for ancient Indian philosophy. The problem of the stability of society was not directly considered in ancient Indian philosophy or in modern literature, especially through the prism of the law of correspondence.Methodology and sources. The work uses content analysis, system approach, dialectics and the concept of self-organization. In addition, the main analysis of the problem of stability in ancient Indian philosophy is carried out on the basis of the law of correspondence between the real relations that connect people at a given moment and the essence of the “social”. This law was formulated and proposed by V.V. Tuzov. The essence of the “social” could be conditionally expressed through the concepts of “equality”, “humanism”, mutual assistance, “justice”. Real relations may deviate from the essence, but by a certain amount, a measure. Going beyond the limits of the measure deprives the system of stability, and it becomes uncontrollable. The main source of analysis is the academic edition of the text Arthashastra (ancient Indian political and economic treatise), as well as “History of political and legal doctrines”, “Development of ideas about management in philosophical thought”.Results and discussion. The article analyzes the ancient Indian philosophical texts to reveal in them, in a latent or explicit form, the concern of philosophers with the problem of maintaining the stability of the state and society. Attention is focused on the fact that there is a need to observe the law of conformity in the recommendations for rulers on how to govern the people.Analysis of the main source of ancient Indian philosophy, which deals with the problems of governance, shows that the recommendations to the king, which are set forth by the author of Arthashastra Kautilya, imply, in the end result, the need to maintain a balance of interests between the ruling class and the people, that is, to observe the measure for which society loses its stability due to for the impoverishment of the people. In other words, in the management recommendations, the law of conformity, which was discussed above, appears in a latent form.Conclusion. The problem of the stability of the social system in a class society was and remains extremely relevant. The philosophical law of correspondence between real relations and the essence of social relations, which ensures the stability of society while observing the measure, requires justification. Since the principle of forming relationships and the nature of interaction has remained unchanged for centuries, the reflections of ancient philosophers on management, on the structure of society, on the relationship between different groups in it, and on the interaction of interests, on the one hand, confirm the operation of this law, on the other hand, could be useful for modern management.

Ethics of Smart Cities: Towards Value-Sensitive Design and Co-Evolving City Life

The digital revolution has brought about many societal changes such as the creation of “smart cities”. The smart city concept has changed the urban ecosystem by embedding digital technologies in the city fabric to enhance the quality of life of its inhabitants. However, it has also led to some pressing issues and challenges related to data, privacy, ethics inclusion, and fairness. While the initial concept of smart cities was largely technology- and data-driven, focused on the automation of traffic, logistics and processes, this concept is currently being replaced by technology-enabled, human-centred solutions. However, this is not the end of the development, as there is now a big trend towards “design for values”. In this paper, we point out how a value-sensitive design approach could promote a more sustainable pathway of cities that better serves people and nature. Such “value-sensitive design” will have to take ethics, law and culture on board. We discuss how organising the digital world in a participatory way, as well as leveraging the concepts of self-organisation, self-regulation, and self-control, would foster synergy effects and thereby help to leverage a sustainable technological revolution on a global scale. Furthermore, a “democracy by design” approach could also promote resilience.

The Emergence of a Complex Language Skill: Evidence from the Self-organization of Interpreting Competence in Interpreting Students

AbstractResearch on the development of interpreting competence could be a window to the issue of how L2 learners develop complex language skills. The present study conducted a longitudinal experiment with beginning interpreting students, exploring the change of relationship between consecutive interpreting (CI) competence and two related capacities (i.e., language competence and memory capacity). Two major results were revealed. First, in general, more language skills and working memory (WM) spans got correlated with CI performance at the later stage of CI training. Second, a fit structural equation model of CI competence could only be reported in the post-test. We may therefore conclude that the development of interpreting competence is at least partly a result of the self-organization of the interpreting competence system, in which relevant components get mobilized, and a better coordinated structure emerges. Implications for the development of complex language skills and for the concept of self-organization are discussed.

On the stability of (self-)adaptive behaviour in continuously changing environments: A quantification approach

The concept of self-adaptation and self-organisation (SASO) is a modern approach to cope with the ever-increasing complexity and interconnectedness of large-scale component systems. The basic idea is to react to environmental dynamics and disturbances by re-configuring the productive behaviour and/or the relations to other systems. However, this may result in unstable and even oscillating macro-level behaviour, potentially rendering the adaptation efforts of the contained component systems inappropriate. We assume that such an unstable configuration is an indicator of unexpected behaviour which can lead to a reduced utility of the overall system. To enable the system to be self-aware about such events, we propose a concept to measure the configuration stability of a SASO system by creating a derived time series based on the configurations. This is based on the application of the Kinoshita measure. We show the applicability of the concept and the observed behaviour in different simulated use-cases.

Foundations of the innovative theory of systems transformation

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to justify the theoretical basis and methodological foundations of the systems’ transformation in the context of the influence of external and internal factors. Methodology. The results of the article were obtained through the application of such methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction in the study of systems, the theory of self-organization and scientific concepts. These methods form the basis of a modern study of the self-organization of systems of living or inanimate nature of artificial or natural organic or inorganic, socio-economic, humanitarian, military, political and other origins. Systematic method – for substantiating the laws and principles of the transformation of systems, the general law of transformation of systems; modeling – for developed mathematical model of the system. Results. The author substantiates the regularities and principles of system’ transformation, determines the external and internal factors of this process, reveals their objectivity and subjectivity; the general law of transformation of systems is defined and formulated; An approach to mathematical modeling of systems is proposed on the basis of complex consideration and application of external and internal factors. Originality. The general law of systems transformation is definite for the first time. The law objectively takes into account all existing theories and concepts concerning transformation, self-organization and modernization of systems, that is quantitative, qualitative and functional changes taking place with them. The mathematical model of the system is represented by the function of the action and interaction of objective and subjective external and internal factors. Practical value. The obtained research results allow at the present stage of development of science to create a universal approach and the corresponding equipment for modeling, analysis and evaluation of the degree of transformation of systems of any origin. The determination of their productivity, stability, prevention of chaos, dissipation and corresponding corrective actions, depending on missions and goals, actions that are being persecuted and carried out or are taking place. According to the research, the way to the solution of this problem lies in the field of the most optimal representation of the action of external and internal factors by physical, social or any other nature by mathematical, functional, statistical, expert methods on the basis of the corresponding presented functions and qualimetric approaches. Key words: system, theory of self-organization, transformation, thermodynamics evolution, interaction, external factors, internal factors, model.

Government Planners and Critical Planning Practices as Allies: Tactics for Socio-Spatial Planning Innovations

A co-evolutionary approach has been gaining momentum in planning research and practice. Setting itself apart by going beyond the confines of government, starting from a level playing field, and refusing predefined outputs, it is a situational and relational approach through and through. Arguably, this strand of research has predominantly focused on forms of activism or radical planning taking place outside government-led processes, turning to the concept of self-organisation. This article, however, explores the possibility to reconnect a co-evolutionary approach to forms of contentious action occurring within or on the borderlines of the local government apparatus. In doing so, this article seeks to address an apparent gap when it comes to studying planning activism: forms of contentious actions where governmental actors collaborate with professional planning practices in challenging institutionalised methods, or commonplace procedures and instruments. Based on an analysis of two commissioned planning assignments in which the author was involved, this article aims to identify a set of reoccurring tactics mobilised to bridge social and spatial knowledge within local administrations. It does so by using four navigation techniques that can be deployed in an actor-relational approach (Hillier 2016) as an analytical framework.

Educational Migration Management: ˋˋResponsive University'' Strategy Prospects for Transitive University

This article considers a regional university management model in the light of its uncertain position in the hierarchy of Russian universities and a specific social and economic situation in Russia’s regions. Such uncertainty leads to the decline in popularity of regional universities among high school graduates, increasing outgoing migration from the region. University becomes a transit education zone on the way to further educational mobility to central regions with better educational and career prospects. In order to strengthen the position of a university in the region and enhance its attractiveness for strong applicants, the transformation of university management strategies is needed. The concept of Responsive University has been analyzed as one of the solutions. Methodologically, the given research is based upon the concepts of transitive university and self-organization of complex social systems. Within the framework of the Responsive University concept, a regional university is considered as a self-organizing system, able to quickly respond to both individual and societal demands through internal structural changes and transformations of external links. The transit character of a regional university is viewed as a resource for its transitive transformations aimed at meeting the societal and individual needs in the means and conditions for multi-tiered transits. The research examines the features of continuing education as an organizational condition to meet university students’ demands for educational and professional transits. The research has also analyzed the changes in a regional university management — from vertical configuration to horizontal one through transforming its organizational structure and involving the teaching staff into decision-making process. These transformations in management of a regional university are expected to increase its popularity among high school graduates, attract educational migrants, provide the regional labour market with qualified staff, and reduce migration outflow from the region.
 Keywords: Responsive University, professional and educational transit, educational mobility, university management, transitive university

Nonclinical research areas of future importance for clinical therapies: Exploring the concepts of nonlinearity in dentistry.

Linear system analysis has been dominating medical and dental research, and most of the research achievements in these fields have come from applying a reductionist view of nature. However, biologic systems are fundamentally nonlinear with highly composite dynamics made up of numerous interacting elements and feedback loops, therefore studying them as linear models may not result in an accurate representation of their true features. The authors reviewed and utilized some of the principles of chaos and nonlinearity and extended them to clinical dentistry, from cracked tooth and flare-up after root canal procedures to the outcome of clinical treatments. Utilization of the concepts of chaos and sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and the concepts of self-organization, stigmergy, and fractals may help us to understand some of the puzzles that have not been solved by conventional linear models. The goal of this paper is to present some areas within nonclinical research that we believe will have important roles in the development of future clinical examination methods and therapies.

Self-regulation of students’ public activity during the digitalization of the social space

This article studies the problem of social activity of the students of the Sverdlovsk Region in the context of intensified digitalization of the social space caused by the forced self-isolation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the self-regulation of students’ social activity in the conditions of digitalization of the social space. Following the traditions of the Ural scientific sociological school and the concepts of multidimensionality and self-organization of youth, as well as using community, activity, and other sociological approaches, the authors use a terminological series of concepts of the student educational community and its social activity. They distinguish the terms “classical (traditional) community”, acting in a real socio-cultural space, “virtual community”, the social action of which is transferred to cyberspace, and “digital community”, occupying an intermediate position and acting in a multidimensional real-virtual sociocultural space. The social activity of students is considered as one of the types (along with educational and professional) social activity and a form of actual general cultural socialization. Employing the materials of empirical research in 2020 and with the involvement of data from the secondary analysis of regional monitoring, the authors study the factors, intensity, and dynamics of social activity of students. The results reveal the ideas of students about people serving as role models and multidirectional tendencies in value attitudes — to help society and specific people and to material success and comfort. New data were obtained on the social problems of concern to students, the preferred type of public activity, attitude towards the citizenship of the Russian Federation, the dynamics of participation in electoral processes, collective actions, participation in the work of public organizations and charitable events. The attitude of students to youth public organizations and conditions for active participation of young people in social and political activities is revealed. The authors conclude on the reorientation of a significant part of the student body towards the priority of the personal over the public and about the further stratification and atomization of the student community.

Ukrainian

The article deals with modern features of self-organization of population in Ukraine from the point of view of accumulation of social capital. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of the infl uence of self-organization on the development of social capital, taking into account the directions of modern transformational changes in Ukrainian society. Research methods: general scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis are used to collect, process and systematize research results; abstract-logical to establish the relationship between self-organization and social capital; statistical to collect and systematize data; comparison method - to identify whether the dynamics of various forms of self-organization correspond to the needs of society; induction and deduction - to justify the prerequisites for strengthening social capital through self-organization. The basic theoretical approaches to the interconnection of the concepts of social capital and self-organization of the population are summarized. On the basis of generalizations, a scheme of infl uence of self-organization on the accumulation of social capital is developed, which refl ects the ways of accumulation of social capital and determinants of self-organization. The interconnection of the concepts of selforganization of the population and its social capital, which is realized through the norms of interaction, character of values and structure of civic involvement, is established. It is proved that the presence of a suffi cient level of social capital, manifested in trust, solidarity, identity and responsibility, is one of the main determinants of self-organization. The levels of selforganization of the population are distinguished with the identifi cation of peculiarities of in fl uence of social capital on each of them. The i nfl uence of modern basic structural transformations in society on the self-organization of the population in the context of social capital accumulation is evaluated. The c lassifi cation of forms of self-organization on the basis of association (production and consumer interests, values, territory of residence, volume and speed of threats) is carried out. The dynamics of the main forms of self-organization of the population are analyzed and it is found that it refl ects the transformations in the society that are under the infl uence of reforms, but its volumes do not meet the needs of public activity of the population and are not the result of a suffi cient level of social capital, but rather a response to contemporary challenges in society. The prerequisites for strengthening social capital through self-organization, which include identifying and supporting initiative groups of the population, forming a system of feedback from the authorities with the public, professionalizing and expanding the subjects of social dialogue, securing against formalization and creating transparent conditions for the activities of diff erent forms of self-organization, are substantiated, upgrading the skills of civil servants through the formation of public relations competencies.

정책사상의 이론적 기초로서 인간의 이해

정책(학)의 본질에 관한 철학적 사고를 정책이론으로 체계화하는 정책사상에서 인간의 이해는 아직까지 초보적인 수준이다. 따라서 비교적 짧은 정책학의 학문적 역사뿐만 아니라 행태과학 중심의 정책학이 발전되면서 정책사상과 그의 기초이론인 인간의 이해 등이 소홀히 취급된 것은 사실이다. 그러나 21세기에 오면서 정책사상에서 인간을 설명하는 연구들이 진행되기 시작했다. 이와 같은 하나의 연구로서 본 논문은 정책사상에서 인간을 정책인으로 이해하기 위해서 우선적으로 인간을 개념적으로 정의한 것부터 검토해 보았다. 그리고 인간을 이해하는 대표적인 인류학적 인간학에서 인간을 생물학적 인간과 철학적 인간으로 구분해서 설명하는 것을 비판적 입장에서 정리하였다. 마지막으로 인간과 비인간과의 상호관계에서 설명하는 인간의 이해의 논쟁도 찾아보았다. 이에 따라서 정책사상에서 정책인의 존재는 정책세계에서 중심자의 역할을 하면서 정책의 세계를 독점적으로 지배하고 운영하는 인간이지만, 만물의 영장으로서 사물을 착취하거나 지배하는 인간이 아니라 정책의 주재자로서 독점적으로 정책을 결정하고 실천하는 인간이라고 가정해 보았다. 동시에 독점적으로 정책을 지배하고 관리할 수 있는 수월적 정책능력을 소유하면서 정책대상자나 사물의 존재의 가치를 높이기 위해서 그들의 결정과 판단에 개입하고 간섭하는 정책인으로 그의 존재를 이해해 보았다.

Self-Organization and Artificial Life.

Self-organization can be broadly defined as the ability of a system to display ordered spatiotemporal patterns solely as the result of the interactions among the system components. Processes of this kind characterize both living and artificial systems, making self-organization a concept that is at the basis of several disciplines, from physics to biology and engineering. Placed at the frontiers between disciplines, artificial life (ALife) has heavily borrowed concepts and tools from the study of self-organization, providing mechanistic interpretations of lifelike phenomena as well as useful constructivist approaches to artificial system design. Despite its broad usage within ALife, the concept of self-organization has been often excessively stretched or misinterpreted, calling for a clarification that could help with tracing the borders between what can and cannot be considered self-organization. In this review, we discuss the fundamental aspects of self-organization and list the main usages within three primary ALife domains, namely "soft" (mathematical/computational modeling), "hard" (physical robots), and "wet" (chemical/biological systems) ALife. We also provide a classification to locate this research. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of self-organization and related concepts within ALife studies, point to perspectives and challenges for future research, and list open questions. We hope that this work will motivate discussions related to self-organization in ALife and related fields.

Capturing Waste or Capturing Innovation? Comparing Self-Organising Potentials of Surplus Food Redistribution Initiatives to Prevent Food Waste

The context for this article is the rapid international growth of (surplus) food redistribution initiatives. These are frequently reliant on networks of volunteer labour, often coordinated by digital means. Movements with these characteristics are increasingly viewed by researchers, policymakers and practitioners as cases of self-organisation. The article explores the nature and extent of self-organisation in food redistribution initiatives. Two contrasting UK initiatives were studied using ethnographic methods during a period of rapid expansion. The concept of self-organisation was operationalised using three dimensions—autonomy, expansion and governance. One initiative established food banks in close cooperation with corporate food actors. Its franchise charity model involved standardised safety protocols and significant centralised control. The other initiative deliberately pursued autonomy, rapid recruitment and de-centralised governance; nevertheless, collaboration with industry actors and a degree of centralised control became a (contested) part of the approach. We highlight the interplay of organisational agency and institutional structures affecting the self-organisation of surplus food redistribution, including ways in which movement dynamism can involve capture by dominant interests but also the seeds of transformative practices that challenge root causes of food waste, particularly food’s commodification. Our analysis provides a way to compare the potentials of food charity vs mutual aid in effecting systemic change.

A Percolation Lattice of Natural Selection as a Switch of Deterministic and Random Processes in the Mutation Flow

This review considers the basic models of mutation processes that occur during selection and drift. A basically new model was developed to describe the mutation flow through a percolation lattice of selection at the population level. Natural selection of optimal variants in the evolutionary flow of mutations was considered as a percolation filter, which acts as a physical tool that forms the mechanism of selection. The model was based on the concepts of self-organization in hierarchical structures of speciation, where the trigger properties of a cell (node) as a valve determine the deterministic component of the fixation of new mutations and the drift adds the element of randomness to the fixation of new mutations in mutation flows. Modes of mutation fixation were identified depending on the ratio of the cluster size of mutation carriers to the total size of the population and the selection and drift coefficients in a sequence of generations at the population level. A lower threshold of the percolation selection lattice was determined as the share of new mutations fixed under the influence of deterministic selection processes for a minimum reproducing cluster size.

INDEPENDENT WORK AS A METHOD FOR SELF-ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN

The article describes modern learning processes that implement managerial, individual and selforganizing activities in training. The concepts of management, independent work and independent activity of the student are analyzed. The concept of self-organization is considered. it is a means of obtaining in-depth and solid knowledge of students, a method of forming their activity and independence as personality traits, and developing their mental abilities. Self-organization involves-awareness, goal-setting, planning of activities, their organization, evaluation of results and self-analysis. As a result, independent work is associated with the work of the student in the classroom and is the correct organization of educational and cognitive activity in the classroom, which involves activating the self-organization of educational activities in general.

Dissipative Self-Assembly of Dynamic Multicompartmentalized Microsystems with Light-Responsive Behaviors

Summary Living cells are compartmentalized systems operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium and consume energy from the environment to carry out their functions. The construction of biomimetic synthetic compartments has both scientific and technological value. Despite many advances, the assembly of synthetic compartments that present nonequilibrium behaviors based on dissipative (or transient) self-assembly remains a grand challenge. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of multicompartmental systems with an active microstructure and complex behaviors. By including an artificial pathway for energy dissipation, we demonstrate the autonomous generation of active polymeric systems using a strategy based on polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA), driven by chemical fuel. Remarkably, these self-organized synthetic systems exhibit a dynamic change in their multicompartmental structures when exposed to light. This work introduces a strategy toward the design and construction of synthetic compartments with a dynamic structure and also presents pathways to engineer materials with spatially controllable structures and functionalities.

Анастасиевцы Алтайского края. История родовых поселений и современные реалии

The Anastasia movement (“Ringing Cedars of Russia”, the Anastasians) was born in Russia in the mid-1990s under the influence of the publication of V. Megre’s works. It developed from reading clubs and festivals to big projects of family estates and the form of political party. In the Altai region (Altai krai) we can registrate 12 settlements at different stages of formation. In religious studies, the anastasians are considered as the one of the new religious movements that is based on the ideology and practices related to Slavic neo-paganism. In Russian Ethnology/anthropology there are attempts to characterize the Anastasians in terms of subculture, as a community with a complex identity that includes a quasi-ethnic plane. Their culture is based on the natural peasant economy. The main concept of self-organization is the idea of family estates.

Self-organization for everyday peacebuilding: The Guardia Indígena from Northern Cauca, Colombia

The Nasa indigenous group’s Guardia Indígena, whose primary goal is to protect indigenous people and their territories from all types of armed groups, is a nonviolent self-protection organization in Northern Cauca, Colombia. On 5 November 2014, while peace talks were ongoing between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian government, two Guardia Indígena members were shot dead by FARC guerrillas. Without guns or physical violence, indigenous guards captured seven guerrillas responsible for the crime, and, four days later, indigenous organizations held a trial and sentenced the rebels to imprisonment. This article describes those events and investigates how the unarmed guards managed to capture the guerrillas and bring them to trial. The self-organization concept is used to gain insights into the mechanisms and strategies deployed. The mechanisms of the Guardia Indígena include constructing and applying specific social norms and values, developing a common goal, and applying a flexible mix of centralized and decentralized ways of organizing. By combining and activating these mechanisms at carefully chosen moments, indigenous people have succeeded in organizing themselves as a collective movement that is powerful enough to confront armed groups without using violence.

ECONOMIC EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN NATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM

The paper examines the role and core functions of the state in the system of vertical and horizontal linkages between economic actors and government, which are connected due to the exchange of activity and its results. The concepts of organization and self-organization are considered as the essential characteristics of structural ties in the national economic system. It is acceptable that the mechanism of self-movement of the economic system is based on provoking changes at different levels of organizational relations. The main theoretical approaches to the role of the state which are based on the theory of social contract and the theory of exploitation are analyzed. It is proved that in both theories the state is empowered to establish and redistribute property rights either in accordance with the interests of members of society or in accordance with the interests of the governing group. It was concluded that the tasks of the state are contradictory in the national economic system. Such conclusion is based on the need to define a set of property rights that would maximize the aggregate product of society. On this basis, the relationship between the theories of state and law is shown. Particular attention is paid to assessing the effectiveness of the state as the central institution of the economic system and the main criteria for protecting property rights. It is determined that when choosing the methods of legal protection of property rights, the main point is criterion of economic efficiency

Organs by design: can bioprinting meet self-organization?

Engineering functional organs starting from stem or progenitor cells holds promise to address the urgent need for organ transplants. However, to date, the development of complex organ structures remains an open challenge. Among multiple approaches to organ regeneration that are being investigated, two main directions can be identified, namely the patterned deposition of cells to impose specific structures, using bioprinting technologies, and (ii) the spontaneous development of organoids, according to principles of self-organization. In this review, we shortly describe the advantages and limitations of these paradigms and we discuss how they can synergize their positive features to better control and robustly develop organs from stem cells, toward organogenesis by design. The outlined possibilities to bring together tools and concepts of bioprinting and self-organization will be relevant not only to generate implantable organs, but also to dissect fundamental mechanisms of organogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies in modeled pathological settings.