Original Concept Research Articles

The symbolic potential of sound ornaments in “Hutsul triptych” of Myroslav Skoryk

Relevance of the study is related to the problem of the ornaments’ symbolic significance and, especially, their equivalent in music. This problem was repeatedly studied in art sciences. However, it was researched in the context of the modern Ukrainian music not enough. The main objective of the study is revealing a significance of ostinati in “Hutsul triptych” by outstanding Ukrainian composer Myroslav Skoryk. The methodology is based on methods of textual analysis in music and, especially, analogy method. How the study was done: was asserted significant parallel among visual ornaments in many cultural traditions and ostinati in music as their equivalent; both demonstrate potential endless of Life and its processes. Such symbolic is common to different cultures, even geographically distanced, as Ukrainian and Australian aboriginal one. The score of “Hutsul triptych” by M. Skoryk was analyzed mainly in aspect of formal and semantic significance of its ostinati: melodic ostinato in the first part, “Childhood”, prevalently texture ostinati in the second part, “Ivan and Marichka” and only dramatic attempt to return to ostinati in the third part, “The Death of Ivan”. Findings and conclusions. “Hutsul triptych” is an evidence of powerful possibilities of ornament-like ostinati in music, including Ukrainian. This score includes not only main biographical moment of Ivan’s life, but also concerning permanent algorithms of national and, larger, all-human existence accordingly to certain folk tradition. In the first part of the "Hutsul Triptych", the melodic and thematic ostinati denotes the persistence of the child's involvement in Life, his assimilation of basic habits, observations of the surrounding world. In the second part, the multifaceted multifacetedness of ostinati embodies the very idea of Love as a harmonious combination, the interpenetration of multiple components of Life. The removal of the ornamental ostinato in the third part of the "Triptych" works as a "minus technique". The destruction of the pulsation of life processes becomes a symbol of death. Of course, figurations and ostinati are ancient and extremely common means of music. However, in the "Hutsul Triptych" they outgrow their formal and constructive meaning. So, significance of the study consists of revealing some important links between archaic and modern forms of culture (b) in discovering of principally original dramatic concept in music; step-by-step declining of Life’s patterns through the Death; (c) in idea of inclusion measured individual life in the potentially unmeasured and multiply returning in the space of art thinking. Among the Perspectives of this research is involvement an idea of replicators from Richard Dawkins’ “The Extended Phenotype” to the musical context

Severe Coronary Artery Calcifications in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients, Coupled with Inflammation and Bone Mineral Disease Derangement, Promote Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events through Vascular Remodeling

Plain Language SummaryCardiovascular (CV) diseases persist as the foremost cause of morbidity/mortality among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This paper explores the predictive value of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and CV risk biomarkers, encompassing inflammation, disruptions in mineral metabolism, and molecules regulating bone, on major adverse CV events in non-dialysis CKD patients. It establishes that CAC significantly contributes to CV risk and is further intensified by inflammation, hyperparathyroidism, and the regulation of bone molecules implicated in calcification progression. This discovery aligns with the original concept of multiple hits. Consequently, addressing the detrimental environment that fosters plaque vulnerability, mitigating chronic low-grade inflammation, normalizing mineral metabolism markers (including vitamin D and parathyroid hormone) and bone-regulating molecules may emerge as a viable therapeutic strategy.

Religious Inflection in the Economy of Experience: The Concept of Atmosphere in Aesthetic and Phenomenological Thought of Hermann Schmitz and Gernot Böhme

The article offers a brief genealogy of the concept of atmosphere in the thought of Hermann Schmitz (New Phenomenology) and Gernot Böhme (Aesthetic Theory) to show that the concept takes on a quasi-religious appearance, especially in its design and economic applications. It is shown how a phenomenological concept of religious origin could become a pseudo-psychological marketing strategy. The article argues that the concept of atmosphere should not be applied too exclusively to the design of (interior) spaces, but that the sociality of atmospheres should also be taken into account. In this way, attention can be drawn to the manipulative power of the atmospheric.

Simplified design approach of a negative stiffness-based seismic base absorber via multi-objective optimization

In the field of seismic base absorption, the KDamper constitutes an innovative and effective vibration absorber, characterized by the incorporation of a negative stiffness element. Recent developments have introduced variants like the Extended KDamper (EKD) and the Seismic Base Absorber (SBA), elevating the performance and reliability of the original concept. However, the optimization of these devices relied exclusively on the application of the single-objective Harmony Search optimization algorithm. In this study, the EKD is optimized using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm type II (NSGA-II), which incorporates the crowding distance operator (CDO). The purpose of this multi-objective optimization is to explore the EKD’s full potential in simultaneously reducing the induced base displacements and superstructure’s dynamic responses. To simplify the design process and reduce computational complexity, a simplified design approach is introduced. According to this approach, the EKD device is integrated in the base of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system with a variable natural period, ranging from 0.1 s to 2.0 s (SDOF-EKD system), representing multi-story buildings that range from 1 to 20 stories. In addition, a scaling method is employed, using the SDOF-EKD optimization results to guide the design of EKD for multi-story buildings (MDOF-EKD systems), constituting an indirect optimization of these systems. A comparison is conducted between the generated Pareto fronts as emerged from the simplified design approach and those obtained by optimizing the EKD directly installed in the base of multi-story buildings. Furthermore, a numerical case study is performed in a 3-story benchmark building and the proposed optimized vibration control system is compared in terms of superstructure’s dynamic responses and base displacements with a conventional and a highly damped base isolated building of similar characteristics.

Raphael Lemkin’s conception of genocide and background of its emergence

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of genocide proposed by Raphael Lemkin and its evolution in international law. R. Lemkin – the author of the term «genocide» – developed a broad concept of this crime, which included not only the physical elimination of the national, ethnic or social groups but also the destruction of their language, culture, social structure and economic base. However, after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948, the legal definition of genocide was significantly narrowed. The article analyses R. Lemkin’s views on defining the scope of what can be considered genocidal acts, in particular, in the context of the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis, as well as in the context of the Holodomor. The article also examines the historical background of the emergence of the concept of genocide and the evolution of international legal instruments that protected the rights of national, ethnic and cultural groups before the emergence of this concept. In particular, the role of the Hague Conventions, many peace treaties, decisions of international judicial bodies and reports of international administrative bodies in the formation of legal prerequisites for the protection of the rights of the specified groups before the introduction of the concept of genocide and the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 is analysed. In addition, the article analyses in detail the differences between the original concept of R. Lemkin and the narrower concept that was enshrined in the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Also, the views of modern scholars regarding the concept of genocide proposed by R. Lemkin are discussed. The results of this research may be useful for further analysis of the intellectual heritage of R. Lemkin, the influence of his concept of genocide on the development of modern international law, as well as for the further search for ways to improve international standards for the protection of minority rights and international legal instruments for the prevention of genocide, punishment for its commission and protection of its victims.

Language and democracy in Senegal

AbstractDemocracy is a Western concept often used to describe certain political regimes around the world, as well as a certain form of governance. In Senegal, this concept of Greek origin is one of the most widely used, even if some Senegalese do not have a clear understanding of it. For some, it means the freedom to give one's opinion without running the risk of being arrested. For others, it's about having institutions that guarantee the rights of all citizens. The paradox, however, is that politicians seek the votes of Senegalese voters in a language they understand but run the country in a language they do not. In this article, we seek to show the dichotomy between the language of the quest for power and the language of the exercise of that power. More broadly, the study addresses the role of Senegalese national languages in the exercise of democracy in the country. This study contributes to the debate on language and democracy in Africa, particularly in Senegal.

Value Chain Analysis in the Film Industry: A Literature Review

The film industry has undergone significant transformation due to technological advancements and shifts in consumer behavior. The original value chain concept was introduced by Porter (1985), and has been widely adapted to represent activities within the film industry, including production, distribution, and exhibition. This study employs a literature review to uncover the evolution of the value chain and use it as a theoretical framework for the film industry, which includes understanding the value chain dynamics, assessing competitiveness, adapting to digitization, and employing the concept of value networks. The methodology involves a structured search strategy across diverse sources, supplemented by snowballing, aiming to extract insights into integrating the value chain model with the industry. The findings demonstrate that the value chain concept signifies interconnections among different stages of the film industry, enhancing value creation and competitive advantage, with effects on digitization and digital distribution. By recognizing the activities within the value chain, the film industry can strategically optimize its processes, adapt to evolving trends, and make informed decisions that increase competitiveness. By connecting theoretical foundations with practical implications, the findings of the study contribute to an enriched understanding of film industry dynamics, value creation, and competitive strategies, offering valuable insights to practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders. Keywords: value chain, film industry, competitiveness, vertical integration, digital distribution

Religion Against Violence: Insights of Contemporary Philosophy and Eastern Patristics

This article examines the concepts of violence and religion as social phenomena of modernity. Religion and the church are presented not as specific organizations or denominations, but as important social institutions and are reflected in philosophical and anthropological terms. I carry out the idea that religion as a modern social institute in cooperation with other social communities can resist violence, especially its aggressive forms. Based on some philosophical theories, the causes of the emergence of the different forms of social violence, as well as definitions of violence, are explored. In this context, the article presents the ideas of Hanna Arendt, Carl von Clausewitz, Bertrand de Jouvenel, James Mill, and Max Weber. Special attention is paid to the conception of the mimetic origin of aggression and violence in “primitive” or “archaic religions” elaborated by the French philosopher René Girard. He compares the social roots of aggression and violence in these religions with the Biblical ones and prefers the latter for their potential in preventing and overcoming the imitation types of violence. Girard’s anthropological justification of the mentioned historical religious traditions is presented. A significant part of the paper is devoted to the views of the Eastern Church Fathers of Early Christianity, considered in the concurrence of their humanistic ideas with those of noted contemporary philosophers. I see meaningful ideas for preventing extreme forms of violence and aggression in the contemporary world in the doctrines of the Early Eastern and Byzantine Fathers, especially those of the classical patristic period. In this regard, this article presents the anthropological and humanistic teachings of Athanasius the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, Maximus the Confessor, and John of Damascus. The Early Church Fathers’ ideas are analyzed from a philosophical point of view, as having rational and anthropological grounds which are relevant for the present day’s human existence.

Towards a Conceptual Approach on the Connections of Urban Metabolism and Entropy with the Human Habitat

The complexity of urban areas has motivated the search for integrative approaches. This paper addresses three topics—human habitat, urban metabolism, and urban entropy—to explore their links within the context of urban territory and sustainability. The lack of approaches, outlooks, and synergies motivates the search for an integrated conceptual framework, what I originated as a review of published works to contribute an interdisciplinary and multiscale outlook. From reviewing 41 articles, published from 1960 to 2020, definitions were extracted, original concepts were identified, synthetic definitions were formulated, and basic elements were identified to be integrated into a first synthetic approach, both illustrative and schematic. Eighteen binding key concepts, which were derived from 83 definitions, were incorporated into the proposed conceptual framework. We suggest that the human habitat, urban metabolism, and urban entropy are strongly interrelated, confirming the utility of the proposed conceptual framework and showing the potential to generate methodological approaches that integrate one or several conceptual elements that comprise it. Demonstrating the explicit bond between definitions, concepts, and components integrated systematically into the proposed conceptual framework is innovative in the field of scientific investigation, considering its applicability to public policy, resource management, or sustainable urban planning.

The concept in dialectical motion: a philosophical approach to learning

Evaluating a problem generally involves contrasting at least two possible solutions. One of the techniques used for this purpose is the "value line" from critical thinking, which highlights oppositions and gives each a place in relation to the solution. In contrast, reducing solutions to only two options, as in the case of logical fallacies like the "false alternative" or "black-and-white", neglects the potential for synthesis. These two contrasting options will serve, in this article, as the "thesis" and "antithesis", which oppose each other at the point of misunderstanding.” In fact, the negation of the thesis represents the return to itself, the becoming in the dialectical movement of moving forward. This walk assimilates the antithesis and synthesizes the positions in an original concept. The authentic new emerges, in an unforeseen way, from the fact of experience as such. The reflection stage in the experiential learning cycle arranges concepts into a spiral of understanding. The process of forming the new concept involves multiple phases of construction and deconstruction, leading to a deeper understanding of life’s march towards Truth. Truth and knowledge develop in a continuous dialectical process, in which oppositions flatten out and produce a revelation. By exploring this Hegelian dialectical movement, in the creative educational workshops, pupils and students can learn the fact of interpreting the world from a philosophical perspective. This can facilitate the transformation of a conflict of ideas into an opening towards authentic knowledge. In this way, students not only receive and interpret the world but also actively contribute to its redefinition and enrichment.

“China” and the Emergence of Religious Toleration in Enlightenment Philosophers, Part I: The Early Jesuit Mission and Bayle's Conception of “Reciprocal Toleration”

ABSTRACTThis article reconstructs the influence of Jesuit missionary writings focusing on China on the emergence of a distinctive conception of toleration. The article highlights the often neglected contributions of Pierre Bayle. After a brief reconstruction of key elements of the Sino‐European encounter, such as the Kangxi Emperor's edict of toleration, the paper describes how Bayle's interpretation of the China Mission contributed to a critique of religious persecution in France and enabled him to develop a defense of a rationalist approach to toleration. The article demonstrates that Bayle's knowledge of China and his methodology of intercultural changes in perspective contributed to the development of an original conception of reciprocal toleration.

Social Media As An Online Public Sphere: A Study among the First-Time Malay Voters

In a developing democracy like Malaysia, social media is pervasive in its influence on politics and democratic processes, particularly among the youth. Social media promotes the expression of opinions among groups, thereby opening up the realm of the public sphere in a semi-democratic country like Malaysia. Unlike the original conception of the public sphere, social media consists of spaces where citizens belonging to different groups and cultures, speak in different registers or languages, finding meaningful participation. Based on online interviews with 44 first-time voters among the Malay youth group, this article investigates the aspects of the interaction between young voters and the social media “public sphere.” It examines the platforms they use to communicate about politics, how they make sense of politics, and how they interact with other citizens through social media. The findings reveal four prevalent themes. First, young people have a keen interest in accessing political information on social media, albeit passively. Secondly, Twitter and Facebook were found to be the most influential social media channels for first-time voters seeking political information. Thirdly, out of concern about the surveillance practices on social media, private WhatsApp groups have emerged as the primary platform for first-time voters to engage in political discussions and debates. This leads us to the fourth theme, where the stories that feature on WhatsApp and Instagram are gaining prominence as the dominant platform for sharing political information. This trend highlights the potential for the incidental and ephemeral consumption of political content through these platforms. This trend may have significant implications for how political messages are communicated and received on these social media platforms.

Revising the Original Antonovsky Sense of Coherence Concepts: A Mixed Method Development of the Sense of Meaning Inventory (SOMI)

Trauma recovery research requires the development of instruments that capture gender-based violence (GBV) survivor recovery phases. The salutogenic concepts in Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence (SOC) (manageability, comprehensibility, and meaning) could help capture trauma recovery stages, but the factorial structure of the SOC-13 has remained problematic. Moreover, most SOC revisions generally abandon the original intent of the SOC-13, developing scales that capture essential but different aspects of positive psychology. This study used mixed methods to develop the Sense of Meaning Inventory (SOMI), preserving the original concepts but updating the language, removing cultural idioms, and revising the response scales to stabilize the subscales. The qualitative phase evaluated and updated the items of the scale while retaining the original concepts. The quantitative phase conducted a two-sample psychometrics reliability and validity evaluation of the new scale with GBV survivors, finding a three-factor solution. This scale may be more amenable for international research and theory testing in GBV and other health conditions.

КОНДИЦІЙНЕ ТРЕНУВАННЯ КІБЕРСПОРТСМЕНІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ МОБІЛЬНИХ ДОДАТКІВ

The issue of insufficient physical activity among computer game players remains relevant. This study proposes a solution based on the comprehensive use of gaming-oriented mobile applications for the conditioning training of esports athletes. A sequential pedagogical experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of esports athletes applying an aerobic-focused conditioning training program (slow running). The program’s unique feature is its implementation in a remote format using mobile applications for planning, execution, control, and performance evaluation. It is based on an original concept of implementing running training in the form of a mobile running application (the so-called “exergame”) with a game-like nature (“Zombies, Run!”). The program was designed for a six-week implementation. Its effectiveness was determined by evaluating the dynamics of indicators: 1600 m run time; calculated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max); and heart rate (HR). Subjective attitudes towards the program’s physical loads were assessed using the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale and the Physical Activity Satisfaction Needs scale. It was found that esports athletes significantly (p<0.05) improved their 1600 m run time, VO2 max, and HR indicators under the influence of the slow running program. Along with the volume and intensity increase of the running load, a decrease in RPE scale indicators was observed. The obtained data confirmed the advantages of the comprehensive use of mobile applications for normalizing the motor activity of esports athletes in the form of conditioning training. Both the remote format of planning and accounting and the game format of activities contributed to increasing the engagement of esports athletes in physical activity. The effectiveness of the slow running training program for esports athletes using mobile applications was established in terms of increasing physical activity (regular, organized physical activity), improving physical fitness (duration and volume of slow running), enhancing physical condition (VO2 max, HR), and interest in physical activity (adherence).

Estimating risk using the novel Particulate Matters years index (ePM-years index). A report from the nationwide EP-PARTICLES study

Abstract Background Air pollution is the largest environmental risk factor, especially for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we present an original concept of estimating the risk associated with exposure to air pollution: the Particulate Matters years index (ePM-years index). Objective To assess the predictive performance of the ePM-years index. Methods The ePM-years index is an indicator of hypothetical exposure to air pollution. It is estimated by multiplying the number of years spent in a given environment by the difference between the average annual PM2.5 concentration and the allowed level of pollution given by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (Figure 1). We collected data from 2011 to 2020 on mortality and hospitalizations from National Health Fund and the Central Statistical Office in Poland, respectively. For further analysis, we used an age-standardized rate (SR), established on the European Standard Population structure. The source of air pollution data was GEM-AQ air quality modeling system. All data were connected with TERYT codes, all analyses were conducted at the county level (LAU-1) and then aggregated to the voivodeship level (NUTS-2). Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations between CVD mortality, ePM-years, and population level social and health status. We also estimated the attributable fraction of CVD mortality due to air pollution using AirQ+ methodology from the WHO. Results We recorded 4,010,531 deaths including 1,669,464 (41.6%) deaths due to CVD with a median age of 78.16 (SD=12.54), and 53.4% of females (N=914,932). Current smokers amounted to 29.9% (23.4%-33.2%). The main causes of death were coronary artery disease [405,268 (24.3%)] and heart failure [376,592 (22.6%)]. The mean Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was 9644 EUR (7517-12,048), and the mean yearly PM2.5 concentration was 23.3 (SD=6.3) μg/m3, corresponding with the mean ePM-index 35.8 (21.5-66.6) in analysed time. The SR for CVD mortality was 500.3 (min. 461.9 – max. 604.5), the SR hospitalization rates were as follows: hypertension 312 (299-342), diabetes 90 (78.9-95.9), and HF 557.9 (310-728.4). There was an association of the ePM-years index with CVD mortality (shown as increase per 10 ePM-years): In Model 1 adjusted for GDP, risk ratio (RR) 1.023 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002-1.044); in Model 2 adjusted for comorbidities, RR=1.025 (95%CI: 1.004-1.046); in Model 3 adjusted for GDP, comorbidities and weather conditions RR=1.027 (95%CI: 1.005-1.049). We estimated that 16.2% (N=324,460) [95%CI: 12.54% -17.9%] of CVD deaths were attributable to PM2.5 exposure, using the WHO's air quality guideline as the reference. Conclusions The ePM-years index may be used as a tool for risk stratification for patients and incorporated into CVD outcomes prediction models. The index can help with planning of appropriate primary and secondary prevention schemes related to long-term pollution exposure.

Industrial Accident Prevention Training with Time Travel Prevention Games: Adaptive Personalized Story Experiences by Artificial Intelligence

Industrial accident prevention is a problem of societal relevance. It is worth the investment of contemporary education theory and up-to-date information and communication technologies including Artificial Intelligence (AI). Apparent deficiencies of AI that is based on Large Language Models (LLMs) und Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) bear abundant evidence for the need of going beyond the limits of sub-symbolic AI. Game based training is attractive to practitioners and advantageous over conventional educational methods. There is developed, implemented, and applied the original concept of time travel prevention games. The approach is generic and applies to other domains such as crime prevention and health care as well. The key idea is interactive story engagement that allows, if necessary, for virtual time travel to impact the fate. Trainees experience stories of success. Digital storyboarding is an AI design methodology derived from approaches to dynamic plan generation. Technically, a storyboard is a hierarchically structured family of graphs. Semantically, it determines a potentially infinite space of different stories. Single stories unfold at execution time, i.e. during game play, dynamically in response to human activities and environmental conditions. The game AI analyzes the history of game play represented as a string of actions and events. Operationally, string processing, counting letters in strings, finding properties of strings, and the like is key. The prepared alternatives of unfolding game play represent the interdisciplinary designer team's intelligence based on domain knowledge, education theory, learning psychology, game design principles, VR technology, and the like. The storyboard is the place where AI resides. Keywords: industrial accident prevention, prevention training, time travel prevention games, education theory, Artificial Intelligence, sub-symbolic AI, symbolic AI, adaptivity, play state, game state, storyboarding, storyboard interpretation technology

Roboterhunde & Künstliche Intelligenz

Till Bödeker presents his final project STEP ON NO PETS, which belongs to the wk-section of Artificial Intelligence and Art, with which he completed his studies at the Düsseldorf Art Academy as Meisterschüler (lit. master student) under Prof. Rita McBride in July 2024. In the first step, the individual elements of the work are described. Subsequently, an artificial intelligence (Claude 3.5 Sonnet) is fed with this information and given the task of designing an art historical classification and critique based on this. The resulting text should be considered as an extension of the original concept.

A cultural exposition model for interpreting architectural heritage: A study on Pingyao historical city

Architectural heritage, encompassing both its material and immaterial aspects, serves as a vital lens for understanding the historical, social, and esthetic values embedded in a society. As a reflection of cultural evolution, it offers insight into the architectural technologies, social structures, and collective memories of specific historical periods. This article investigates the architectural history of Pingyao historical city by employing theoretical perspectives that integrate material, social, and spiritual dimensions. The study demonstrates how the philosophy and cultural values of ancient Chinese society are reflected in the spatial and architectural forms of Pingyao. The material dimension considers how principles such as Feng Shui, numerology, and color symbolism shaped the city’s general layout and building designs. The social attribute addresses the influence of Confucianism on spatial organization, the use of culturally significant architectural elements, and the function of key structures in fostering social unity among the population. The spiritual aspect explores concepts of Eastern origin, such as Yin and Yang, the Five Elements theory, and the “Unity of Heaven and Humanity,” as these are incorporated into the city’s external architecture. Furthermore, it examines the influence of Buddhism and Daoism on Pyingyao’s architectural features. This comprehensive analysis reveals that Pingyao is far more than a collection of historic buildings; it is an intricate cultural artifact, offering a unique perspective on earlier stages of Chinese thought and society. Therefore, the preservation and study of Pingyao’s architecture offer a valuable opportunity to deepen our understanding of China’s architectural history.

Rudolf Eucken and the crisis of spiritual life

ABSTRACT The paper clarifies some prominent aspects of Rudolf Eucken’s Philosophy of Life that, despite its vast influence in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, is nowadays mostly forgotten. More specifically, I will reconstruct Eucken’s philosophical diagnosis of the spiritual crisis affecting European and Western civilization in relation to the concepts of culture, history, and worldview. First, I will offer an analysis of the spiritual crisis in its two core aspects: as a crisis of culture and as a crisis of the historical present stemming from the unprecedented polarization of vying worldviews. Second, I will identify the defining traits of Eucken’s original and systematic concept of Weltanschauung through a detailed comparison with Ernst Haeckel’s naturalistic worldview, an early version of scientific reductionism. Third, I will show how the problem of clashing worldviews both configures and responds to the present crisis and how such a problem hinges on a latent process of falsification of life. In doing so, I will shed light on Eucken’s belonging to Lebensphilosophie by elucidating the relation between philosophy and life as well as the task of philosophy vis-à-vis the present crisis.

ALTERNATIVE PROFIT-SHARING SYSTEM IN THE MUDHARABA SCHEME IN SHARIA BANKING PERSPECTIVE M. BAQIR AL-SADR

The profit-sharing system with a mudharaba scheme is an early concept of Islamic banking. However, mudharaba is starting to be abandoned by customers and sharia banks because it carries high risks. This research will discuss Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's thoughts on the profit-sharing system in the mudharaba scheme. The method used is descriptive qualitative by taking primary data sources in the form of a book written directly by al-Sadr entitled: Al-Bank al-Laribawi fi al-Islam. This research found several results, namely: (1) the profit-sharing system in al-Sadr's version of the mudharaba scheme is different from the mudharaba concept in general. This research further shows al-Sadr's prominence in the field of sharia economics, because al-Sadr also has an original concept about Islamic banking. (2) This research found that al-Sadr's thoughts have significance for efforts to develop sharia banking in the future, especially regarding strengthening moral values in the relationship between sharia banks and customers. (3) This research further shows al-Sadr's prominence in the field of sharia economics, because al-Sadr also has an original concept about Islamic banking.