Concept Of Layer Research Articles

Switching and photosensitive analysis of dopingless tunnel field effect transistor based on cladding layer concept

— In this paper, the switching and photo sensing analysis of cladding layer based dopingless Tunnel FET (CDL-TFET) has been examined under visible range of spectrum. Initially, the impact of cladding layer in DL-TFET on electrical parameter is observed by varying the source material and thickness of source region. Furthermore, CDL-TFET is used for photo sensing application under the light state at various wavelength of light incident. The various optical figure of merits (FoMs) like spectral sensitivity (Sn), Signal to noise ratio (SNR), Responsivity (R), and quantum efficiency (η) is extracted to realize the behavior of photosensor. The maximum value of Sn is 48, R of 0.74 (A/Watt), SNR of 68.8 dB, and η of 3 are obtained at λ = 300 nm. Further, impurity trap charge effects are also observed at the interface and bulk of TFET. Finally, a comparison table has been presented to signify the importance of cladding layer based DL-TFET photo sensor with existing literature.

Tracking Heterogeneous Interface Charge Reverse Separation in SrTiO3/NiO/NiS Nanofibers with In Situ Irradiation XPS

AbstractPhotocatalytic conversion of H2O and CO2 into solar fuels is considered to be a green and renewable technology while photocatalytic performance is hampered by the severe recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Drawing inspiration from the concepts of the electrons transfer layer (ETL) and the holes transfer layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells, a multicomponent photocatalyst SrTiO3/NiO/NiS that incorporates p–n heterojunction and Schottky junction is constructed for converting solar energy into easily storable solar fuels. The NiS and NiO play the roles analogy to the ETL and the HTL which accomplishes the reverse migration of electrons and holes, accordingly, SrTiO3/NiO/NiS exhibits a noticeable enhancement in photocatalytic performance. However, the lack of direct observation of charge transfer pathways in complex multicomponent photocatalysts makes it challenging to thoroughly investigate their catalytic mechanisms. Herein, the in situ irradiation X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ISI–XPS) is employed to track photogenerated charges migration pathways between microscopic heterogeneous interfaces, thereby providing a comprehensive elucidation of the catalytic mechanism and heterojunction formation process by integrating the photoelectrochemical tests. This study not only serves as compelling evidence for the capability of ISI–XPS in directly and accurately tracking charge transfer pathways but also as an intriguing highlight within the catalyst design strategy.

Postcritical Imperfection Sensitivity of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Cylindrical Nanoshells Using Boundary Layer Solution

The nonlocal (NL) and the strain gradient (SG) based equivalent continuum theories were proposed for nanomechanics by accommodating the long-range molecular interactions and to bypass the computationally expensive atomistic simulations. Nanostructures are often made of smart materials (e.g., piezoelectric, piezoceramic, and flexoelectric) for multifunctional properties. Applications of nanostructures in critical systems deserve accurate analysis. The buckling and postcritical behavior of an axially loaded, piezoelectric, nonlocal strain gradient (NLSG) thin cylindrical shells with functionally graded elastic properties were presented in earlier studies following Donnell’s approach, leading to a set of stiff, nonlinear, partial differential equations, accommodating the prebuckling nonlinearity and large postcritical deflection. This study extends the previous work by accommodating geometric imperfections in the formulation. Furthermore, a consistent thickness-wise distribution for the electric potential is also adopted following the Maxwell equation. The boundary layer (BL) concept is employed to solve the resulting nonlinear equations via asymptotic expansions of the regular and the BL fields. The solution is numerically illustrated on moderately short shells, illustrating the influence of the geometric imperfections. The critical load remains imperfection sensitive, yet the imperfections change an unstable postcritical path into a stable one. The influence of the functional gradation and the external electric fields on the imperfection sensitivity behavior are illustrated.

A unified phase-field approach for failure prediction in modulus graded adhesively bonded single-lap joints

This study investigates the effects of overlap length and material variation on the failure behavior of single-lap joints using phase-field analysis (PFA) which is highly robust and suitable for modeling interface problems and multiple crack patterns. In this regard, three different phase field constitutive models are employed within the framework of ABAQUS. The solution to the coupled system equations in the PFA is achieved by using a staggered scheme. The failure analysis of the PFA is addressed with the single-lap joint with a homogeneous adhesive against experimental and cohesive zone model (CZM) solutions. Later, a comprehensive PFA is conducted for the investigation of the influence of the overlap length, material variations in the adhesive layer, and constitutive models on the damage behavior of the adhesively bonded joints with/without modulus-graded adhesives. It is observed that the fracture load levels are highly dependent on the material properties of the adhesive layer and overlap length. The grading concept of the adhesive layer can be considered a good way of preventing possible delamination in the single-lap joint. Moreover, the strength of the single-lap joint may be enhanced by adjusting the overlap length. The PFA provides a promising prediction in dealing with damage onset and evolution in bi-material and adhesively bonded joints.

Epidemic spreading dynamics on two-layer complex networks

Recent studies have shown that many real-world systems can be described by multi-layer complex networks. In this paper, the concept of layers is introduced to construct a traffic-driven SIR epidemic spreading model on “logical-physical” layered network. Based on the peak density of infected nodes and the ultimate density of recovered nodes, we investigate the features of epidemic spreading on layered network. Through numerical simulations, it is shown that traffic flow greatly influences the intensity and scope of epidemic spreading. By comparing the effects of four kinds of two-layer networks generated by ER random network model and BA scale-free network model on epidemic spreading, we found that the homogeneity of logical or physical network structure can promote the spread of epidemic more than heterogeneous networks. This work may be of service to design traffic-driven epidemic prevention and control strategies.

Atomization of metal and alloy powders: Processes, parameters, and properties

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) has been intensively studied over this decade due to the increasing demand of functional and precise materials in various industries. AM process leverages on the concept of layer by layer deposition or joining of a material at micro‐ or nano‐scale to produce the final products. As such, AM technology is widely used to manufacture products of complex geometries with high precision in a short time. As the quality and the performance of AM manufactured functional products depend on the quality and the cost of the atomized metal or alloy powder used, the use of powders of high size uniformity, high purity, high sphericity, high flowability, low cost, and no trapped gas bubble porosity is necessary. To this end, various metal production technologies were investigated and one of the popular technologies is atomization. This article reviewed the working principles of the various atomization technologies for the production of fine metal and alloy powders. The key atomization conditions discussed in this article include atomization type, material feed rate and temperature, atomizing fluid flow rate, type and temperature, cooling rate, and atomization pressure. In addition, several outlooks on the prospect and the optimization of atomization technologies were also discussed in this article.

STRATA: The Research Process in the Making of a Performance-Based Film

Does a performance-based film as a creative artifact contribute new knowledge on the topics it adresses partly through its practice and outcomes? The focus of this article is on the performance-based film project STRATA. Under the direction of artist duo Verena Stenke and Andrea Pagnes (VestAndPage), STRATA brings together artists, performers, scholars, and researchers from the humanities and social sciences through collaborations and interdisciplinary processes. Locations featured in the film include the Swabian Jura caves in Germany, which were used for shelter by Ice Age humans forty thousand years ago. VestAndPage intend to open up a contemporary discourse on the past by engaging performing artists as they confront the concept of deep time and layers of memory in human history. They investigate the human body as a site that exists in continuity with the geological, rather than cut away from it, undertaking site-specific/site-responsive performances within caves and grottos. Working from the a priori assumption that everything in the world is interconnected and coexists with its environment, they take ecological thinking as an entry point to enliven an emerging corporeal epistemology to inform a more holistic and multicultural perspective. In the article, the authors attempt to trace continuities between their research activity on performance, filmmaking, sound and light design practices, and the methodological differences between practice-based research in moving images and academic research in film and image studies. They recount the evolution of their thinking, sensations experienced, practice-based artistic research, and working methods, which draw largely upon phenomenology and heuristic processes.

Bioconvection transport of upper convected Maxwell nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganism, nonlinear thermal radiation, and chemical reaction

Abstract The microorganisms’ concept has appealed substantial consideration of modern researchers because of its utilization in commercial and industrial products, for illustration, biofuel (prepared from the waste), drug delivery, and fertilizers. Keeping such utilizations of microorganisms in mind, an analysis based on gyrotactic microorganisms featuring the mixed convective nonlinear radiative Maxwell nanoliquid stagnation point flow configured by permeable stretching surface is presented. Boundary layer stretching flow subjected to transpiration effects is formulated. Modeling is based on Buongiorno’s nanoliquid model. This model captures Brownian diffusion along with thermophoresis aspects. Energy expression is formulated under nonlinear version of radiative heat-flux, heat source, thermal Robin conditions, and heat sink. Mass transport analysis is presented considering solutal Robin conditions and chemical reaction. In addition, the Robin conditions for motile microorganisms are also considered. The complex mathematical expressions of Maxwell liquid are simplified utilizing the Boundary layer concept and then suitable transformations assist to obtain the mathematical problems in ordinary differential forms. The analytical approach (that is homotopy analysis methodology) is utilized for computational analysis. The outcomes obtained are presented graphically and numerically. The detailed description of emerging physical non-dimensional parameters is included. Our findings indicate that the motile density field strongly boosted with the increment in Peclet number and microorganisms Biot number; however, they are suppressed with the increase in the values of bioconvection Schmidt number and motile microorganism concentration difference parameter.

A Practical Model for Gas–Water Two-Phase Flow and Fracture Parameter Estimation in Shale

The gas flow in shale reservoirs is controlled by gas desorption diffusion and multiple flow mechanisms in the shale matrix. The treatment of hydraulic fracturing injects a large amount of fracturing fluids into shale reservoirs, and the fracturing fluids can only be recovered by 30~70%. The remaining fracturing fluid invades the reservoir in the form of a water invasion layer. In this paper, by introducing the concept of a water invasion layer, the hydraulic fracture network is di-vided into three zones: major fracture, water invasion layer and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The mathematical model considering gas desorption, the water invasion layer and gas–water two-phase flow in a major fracture is established in the Laplace domain, and the semi-analytical solution method is developed. The new model is validated by a commercial simulator. A field case from WY shale gas reservoir in southwestern China is used to verify the utility of the model. Several key parameters of major fracture and SRV are interpreted. The gas–water two-phase flow model established in this paper provides theoretical guidance for fracturing effectiveness evaluation and an efficient development strategy of shale gas reservoirs.

Quadruple stacked-based concept: A novel approach for change detection

Developing a novel change-detection approach instead classic one is imperative for better assessment of the accuracy of evaluable results. Modern generations of optical satellites, which are characterized by their high to moderate spatial and temporal resolutions enable us to continuously develop the traditional approaches. Successive changes on land with different scales, and their environmental impact needs more accurate specific approaches, which reduce the noise in the data and increase the precision of the results. Integration between many developed methods may produce a new specific one, which solves this. The present work developed a novel approach based on time series results temporally at a very short time scale “Quadruple-stacked changes concept”. The higher weight of change probability indicates a certain change. The advantage of the developed methodology is decreasing the amount of data noise; by using the weight concept of GIS layers. The NDVI “Normalized Difference Vegetation Index” was calculated for each month all over the used two years (2016 and 2021) - using Sentinel-2 imagery data - then were subjected to reclassification and weighted sum to produce the accumulated NDVI. PlanetScope imagery data were used for Quadruple image difference (4 images/2 times). The Threshold of 1/3, ½ and 1 Standard deviation were tested - this step was essential for mapping the true changes which is considered as one of the inputs of the change detection - The resulted accuracy of the real changed areas detected by the newly developed concept was 0.9662, 0.9602, and 0.9579 respectively to the used SD.

A garment that measures brain activity: proof of concept of an EEG sensor layer fully implemented with smart textiles.

This paper presents the first garment capable of measuring brain activity with accuracy comparable to that of state-of-the art dry electroencephalogram (EEG) systems. The main innovation is an EEG sensor layer (i.e., the electrodes, the signal transmission, and the cap support) made entirely of threads, fabrics, and smart textiles, eliminating the need for metal or plastic materials. The garment is connected to a mobile EEG amplifier to complete the measurement system. As a first proof of concept, the new EEG system (Garment-EEG) was characterized with respect to a state-of-the-art Ag/AgCl dry-EEG system (Dry-EEG) over the forehead area of healthy participants in terms of: (1) skin-electrode impedance; (2) EEG activity; (3) artifacts; and (4) user ergonomics and comfort. The results show that the Garment-EEG system provides comparable recordings to Dry-EEG, but it is more susceptible to artifacts under adverse recording conditions due to poorer contact impedances. The textile-based sensor layer offers superior ergonomics and comfort compared to its metal-based counterpart. We provide the datasets recorded with Garment-EEG and Dry-EEG systems, making available the first open-access dataset of an EEG sensor layer built exclusively with textile materials. Achieving user acceptance is an obstacle in the field of neurotechnology. The introduction of EEG systems encapsulated in wearables has the potential to democratize neurotechnology and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces, as they are naturally accepted by people in their daily lives. Furthermore, supporting the EEG implementation in the textile industry may result in lower cost and less-polluting manufacturing processes compared to metal and plastic industries.

Constancy of the Half Value Layer of Cobalt-doped borate glasses with Lanthanum Oxide Additive at Extremely High Radiation Energy

Radiation shielding is essential for protecting workers, patients, and the environment from harmful effects of radiation. To achieve effective and non-toxic shielding, scientists are interested in developing lead-free materials with low thickness that can still attenuate radiation. This is where the concept of Half Value Layer (HVL) comes in. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of the HVL of Cobalt-doped borate glasses with five different concentrations of Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) additive at various energy levels. Phy-X/PSD software was used to simulate radiation exposure and determined the HVL values for energies within the order of 0-10 keV, 10 – 100 keV, 100 keV – 1 MeV, 1 – 10, 10 – 100, 100 – 1,000, 1,000 – 10,000, and 10,000 - 100,000 MeV. The results showed that the HVL values fluctuated depending on the energy range of the incident radiation, but they remained constant within a mean value at extremely high energies. These findings can help manufacturers to determine the appropriate thicknesses and the amounts of (La2O3) additive for different applications of this glass system.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Efficient Low-Frequency Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting with Swinging Boat Configuration

To reach ocean resources, sea activities and marine equipment variety are increasing, requiring offshore energy supply. Marine wave energy, the marine renewable energy with the most potential, offers massive energy storage and great energy density. This research proposes a swinging boat-type triboelectric nanogenerator concept for low-frequency wave energy collection. Triboelectric electronanogenerators with electrodes and a nylon roller make up the swinging boat-type triboelectric nanogenerator (ST-TENG). COMSOL electrostatic simulations and power generation concepts of independent layer and vertical contact separation modes of operation explain the device functionality. By rolling the drum at the bottom of the integrated boat-like device, it is possible to capture wave energy and convert it into electrical energy. Based on it, the ST load, TENG charging, and device stability are evaluated. According to the findings, the maximum instantaneous power of the TENG in the contact separation and independent layer modes reaches 246 W and 112.5 μW at matched loads of 40 MΩ and 200 MΩ, respectively. Additionally, the ST-TENG can retain the usual functioning of the electronic watch for 45 s while charging a 33 µF capacitor to 3 V in 320 s. Long-term low-frequency wave energy collection is possible with the device. The ST-TENG develops novel methods for large-scale blue energy collection and maritime equipment power.

Computational study of consequence of effect of velocity slip on nanofluids with suspended CNTs

In this article, we have discussed two-dimensional steady, incompressible, and laminar hydromagnetic flow along with the transfer of heat above a plane plate that contains water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids with multi- and single-wall CNTs. The velocity slip boundary condition is included in this research article to evaluate the nature of flow. The plate surface is subjected to variable wall temperature. The transfer of heat has been contemplated in the company of suspended CNTs above a flat plate. Navier–Stokes and the concept of the Prandtl boundary layer have been used to determine the governing equations of heat transfer and flow. Since the attained governing equations representing energy and flow are nonlinear PDEs, they are altered into nonlinear ODEs accompanied by analogous boundary limitations by applying some appropriate similarity transformations. Hence the "RK45" function is used to solve them numerically. The influence of governing parameters on the dimensionless flow and heat transfer profiles are studied and discussed thorough graphical plots .

Effective role of mineral oil and biological nanomaterial on thermal energy influenced by magnetic dipole and nanoparticle shape

This study of synovial fluid was conducted by considering two different nanofluid models over a two-dimensional stretched surface using nanoparticles of different shapes. We obtained remarkable results regarding the impact of nanoparticles on thermal performance. Through this study, we assessed heat and mass transfer and the involvement of magnetic dipole of chemically reactive species in two-dimensional steady incompressible flow. Heat generation was incorporated in the energy equation and a first-order chemical reaction was involved in the mass transport phenomenon. The concept of boundary layer was adopted to derive the physical problem in Cartesian coordinates, with results in the form of coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). The derived PDEs were highly non-linear, and exact solutions were not possible. Therefore, the PDEs were converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate similarity transformation and then solved numerically via the finite element method. The impact of numerous emerging parameters on the solutions are displayed graphically, and the physical significance is discussed. An increment in Sc,Kc, and γ decelerated the solute field, while the concentration gradient increased with enhancement in Sc. Maximum acceleration in velocity for model-I was produced compared to acceleration in the velocity field for model-II.

Design Insights Into Switching Performance of Germanium Source L-Shaped Gate Dopingless TFET Based on Cladding Layer Concept

In this article, a germanium source dopingless tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is presented, in which the cladding layer concept is employed to induce a hole layer in the intrinsic germanium source, instead of employing an inductive metal. Utilizing semiconductor–semiconductor junction eliminates the possibility of silicide formation in the source region, and gives us the freedom to modulate the energy bands at the source-channel tunneling junction similar to the conventional dopingless TFETs. The materials and the fabrication steps of our proposed device are CMOS compatible. The DC performance of our proposed device in the presence of quantum confinement effects is completely investigated using a calibrated TCAD simulator. Furthermore, device reliability in the presence of non-idealities such as trap assisted tunneling and ambipolar conduction is evaluated. The considerable achievements such as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\text {on}} = {7.57} \mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , SS <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\text {avg}} = {18.65}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mV/dec, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\text {on}}/{I}_{\text {AMB}} = {8.82} \times 10^{{9}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , which is close to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\text {on}}/{I}_{\text {off}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio, show that our device is a notable candidate for digital applications.

Dynamics features of biological rheology in mass species and thermal energy utilizing two viscosity models over heated disc

In this research, heat energy in the Synovial liquid model is discussed over a heated disk involving external heating source and thermal radiation incorporating two viscosity models with magneto-hydrodynamic inspiration. The concept of (BL) boundary layer is imposed to develop the conservation laws for Synovial liquid with thermal transportation in terms of coupled PDEs. The developed PDEs (partial differential equations) are highly nonlinear, complex and coupled, which are reduced into ODEs (ordinary differential equations) with the help of suitable transformation. The converted ODEs (ordinary equations) are solved numerically via finite element scheme (FES) and grid independent examination is established for three hundred elements. The involvement of numerous emerging parameters has been sketched for velocity and temperature fields. Moreover, heat and mass transfer coefficients are computed numerically and the impact of several involved parameters is discussed. The grid independent survey is established against three hundred elements, which is necessary for a convergent solution. Moreover, augmenting values of Weissenberg number retards the fluid velocity. Temperature field depreciates against escalating values of Prandtl number. Influences of parameters on friction among joints are studied which is utilized to investigate lubricant nature in fluids.

An innovative deep anomaly detection of building energy consumption using energy time-series images

Deep anomaly detection (DAD) is essential in optimizing building energy management. Nonetheless, most existing works concerning this field consider unsupervised learning and involve the analysis of sensor readings through a one-dimensional (1D) energy time series, which limits the options for detecting anomalies within the building’s energy consumption. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper presents the first study that explores using two-dimensional (2D) image representations as features of a supervised deep transfer learning (DTL) approach. Specifically, using 2D image representations allows taking advantage of any underlying data within the feature set, providing more possibilities to encode data and detect pertinent features which may not be considered in standard 1D time-series. Furthermore, the effects of using CNN activations as machine learning (ML) model features are also investigated to combine the advantages of both techniques. Additionally, the concept of layer and hyperparameter variation for the CNN model is also studied, with the objective of reducing the overall time computation and resource requirements of the proposed system. Hence, this makes our approach a candidate for edge-based applications. As per the conducted experiments, the top methodology rests at the F1-scores of 93.63% and 99.89% under simulated and real-world energy datasets, respectively. This involves using grayscale 2D image representations that combine CNN activations extracted from AlexNet and GoogleNet pre-trained models as features to a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Finally, the comparison analysis with the state-of-the-art has shown the superiority of the proposed method in various assessment criteria.

Effect of stabilization in expansive soil from materials have rich source of calcium

One of the common methods used to revise the concepts of road soil and black layer is soil improvement. This approach meets the nuances of development and involves improving the features of materials that are currently in the workplace. A final method of soil improvement is to replace loose dirt with more stable materials such as concrete, topsoil, geotextiles, and geo-grids to enhance the physical-mechanical qualities of such clays, conventional stabilizers, including hydrated lime, basic Portland concrete, sulphated oil, and dark top are frequently utilized. When used for soil improvement, substance stabilizers can reduce the negative ecological impact of the development industry and can be used as a soil stabilizer for kaolin clay soils. Due to the use of costly and sustainable ingredients like cement and lime, the expansion of kaolin is still difficult. The combination of SF and ESA stabilizes sensitive kaolin, as shown by the particle size distribution (PSD), specific gravity. Attberg limit, compression parameters, and pure shear strength (USS) properties are utilized in this work. In this study, the authors used materials like calcium-rich eggshells and lime to examine the stabilization effects of various soils. To establish hardness, ideal moisture content, maximum dry density, etc., several tests are carried out.

Improvement of information system of cargo transportation routing management

The architecture of the information system is proposed in this article, which consists of two subsystems: management of cargo transportation and information flows with centralized management. The tasks and requirements for modern information systems of transport logistics has been analyzed. The task is to find the optimal route plan according to a given criterion for vehicles planning on a directed graph with irregular edge weights, considering the implementation of the delivery concept “right on time”. To consider daily, weekly, and seasonal fluctuations in traffic intensity, the concept of a time layer of the model is introduced. An algorithm for solving the problem of transport routing with load capacity restrictions is developed based on modifying the algorithm of ant colonies.