Individual Concepts Research Articles

Videnie vremeni, predstavlennoe kul'turoj «Di», v poezii Tan i Han' Fu

“Di” culture has a history of nearly 9,000 years in China. As an important instrument of “rites and music” in past dynasties, it has become one of the symbols of civilization and culture. “Di”, as one of the carriers, embodied the social trend of thought, individual concept and humanistic spirit with the characteristics of the times in the poems and songs of the Han and Tang dynasties.

Objectivity in economics and the problem of the individual

ABSTRACT This paper addresses objectivity in economics. It criticizes a closed science, ‘view from nowhere’ conception of economics and defends an open science, ‘view from somewhere’ conception of objective science. It ascribes the first conception to mainstream economics, associates it with its principle practices – reductionist modeling, formalization, limited interdisciplinarity, and value neutrality – and argues their foundation is the Homo economicus individual conception. Two problematic consequences of adopting this stance are: (i) value blindness regarding the range and complexity of human values; (ii) fatalism regarding human behavior associated with employing a tenseless representation of time. The paper contrasts the principle practices of an open science, view from science conception – complexity modeling, mixed methods, strong relationships to other disciplines, and value diversity – and argues their foundation is a socially and historically embedded economics individual conception that avoids the value blindness and fatalism problems.

The principle of separation of powers in the United States of America and its impact on public liberties

The framers of the US Federal Constitution of 1787 wanted to adopt the principle of ensuring a balance between each of the three authorities (executive-legislative-judicial) on the one hand, and achieving coordination between the powers and authorities of the federal government and the state government on the other hand. In order to achieve public freedoms within society. The Founding Fathers also wanted to guarantee the rights and freedoms of the American people. Those rights that were taken away during the subjection of the American colonies to the British crown and during the reduction of the volume of these freedoms during the successive American administrations under the pretext of preserving national security and others. For this reason, the study was the subject of research Within two axes: the first dealt with the stages of formation of the US Constitution and its basic amendments. The second took it upon himself to discuss public freedoms under the authorities of the United States of America and separate them. To cover some concepts of justice, privacy, individuality, public freedoms and democracy in contemporary American history according to the political, social and security data that affected the functioning of this totalitarian system within society in America

Breast Cancer and Genetic BRCA1/2 Testing in Routine Clinical Practice: Why, When and For Whom?

Pathogenic variants of the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the majority of hereditary breast cancers; they are also becoming increasingly important to identify whether patients are suitable for targeted therapy with poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Patients with HER2-negative breast cancer and BRCA1/2 germline mutations can benefit significantly from PARPi therapy, and the findings of the OlympiAD and the EMBRACA phase III clinical trials for regulatory approval were recently expanded by the addition of the most recent OlympiA data on the treatment of patients with early disease and a high risk of recurrence. This means that BRCA1/2 germline testing to plan patient therapy is now also relevant for patients with early breast cancer and therefore has a direct impact on survival. Healthcare research data shows, however, that BRCA1/2 testing rates are strongly affected by familial history, cancer subtype (particularly triple-negative subtypes), and patient age at onset of disease (especially with regards to younger patients with breast cancer), despite the existing clear recommendations for BRCA1/2 germline testing to identify whether PARPi therapy is indicated. This article presents the clinical implications of identifying BRCA1/2 germline mutations in patients with breast cancer, the current recommendations on molecular diagnostics, and their implementation in practice. The treatment of patients with breast cancer has progressed greatly in recent years and now offers individual treatment concepts which can only be implemented after the targeted identification of individual parameters. As detection of a BRCA1/2 germline mutation is essential for planning individual therapy, where indicated, testing should be arranged as early as possible. It is the only way of identifying patients suitable for PARPi therapy and ensuring they receive the best possible treatment. This also applies to patients with a negative familial history, HR-positive disease, or who are older at onset of disease.

Development and validation of a conceptual survey instrument to evaluate senior high school students’ understanding of electrostatics

This study developed and validated an instrument to investigate senior school students’ understanding of electrostatics and provide a cognitive diagnostic assessment of their strengths and weaknesses on the related concepts (e.g., electric charge). The instrument included 20 four-tier multiple-choice items and the development process is organized around two activities: the development of the instrument and its validation. The development step defined the secondary concepts and designed the items using the misconceptions related to them. In the validation step, the instrument was applied to 1850 senior high school students from nine schools in two provinces in China, and the collected data were analyzed using the CDM package in R language. This step ensures that the diagnostic reports represent students’ conceptual understanding reliably and validly by selecting the best model, analyzing item quality, overall test reliability, and the instrument’s structure. The instrument can provide the percentage of students in the test population who possess certain combinations of concepts, the percentage of students in the test population possessing individual concepts, and the fine-grained size of concept proficiency information, which can be integrated as one completed report to issue to students, teachers, and parents to demonstrate students’ status of conceptual understanding related to electrostatics. In addition, the construct induced from the diagnostic results can also be aggregated to the classroom, schools for instruction planning or low-stakes decision making, or infer a learning sequence.16 MoreReceived 26 January 2022Revised 27 June 2022Accepted 14 December 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010114Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasAssessmentConcepts & principlesProfessional TopicsK-12 studentsPhysics Education Research

Against Intellectual Autonomy: Social Animals Need Social Virtues

ABSTRACT We are constantly called upon to evaluate the evidential weight of testimony, and to balance its deliverances against our own independent thinking. ‘Intellectual autonomy’ is the virtue that is supposed to be displayed by those who engage in cognition in this domain well. I argue that this is at best a misleading label for the virtue, because virtuous cognition in this domain consists in thinking with others, and intelligently responding to testimony. I argue that the existing label supports an excessively individualistic conception of good thinking, both within and outside philosophy. I propose replacing ‘intellectual autonomy’ with ‘intellectual interdependence’, which properly emphasises the depth of our reliance on one another, without suggesting we ought ever to be epistemically servile.

Translations of the Qurʼān into Chinese: Peculiarities of the Names of Suras

The paper discusses some peculiarities of translating the names of suras of the Qurʼān into Chinese based on the study of the most common Chinese translation made in the second half of the last century by the Muslim intellectual Muhammad Ma Jian. The work examines suras possessing the most significant discrepancies between the original Arabic names and the corresponding Chinese equivalents. The study is accompanied by commentary on the potential reasons for these variations while taking into account factors of an ethnocultural and linguistic nature. In a number of cases, comparisons with translations of the Qurʼān into Russian are also provided. The interdisciplinary nature of the work is manifested in the application of methods of source study, historical and philological, and comparative analysis. Having researched the main milestones in the history of translations of the Qurʼān into Chinese in the context of the spread of Islam in China, the authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarities of the translation of the names of suras into Chinese are largely due to the history of their occurrence and the variability of the original names since the written record of the Holy Text. At the same time, Muhammad Ma Jian’s belonging to the Hui community and Chinese traditions and customs also influenced the process of choosing equivalents. Obviously, the search for correspondences relied on the synthesis of methods based on the analysis of different variants of the names of suras and the need for ethnocultural adaptation of individual concepts in order to ensure the adequate perception of certain concepts by the inhabitants of the China. The problems of translating the Qurʼān into Chinese are largely related to the typological difference between the two linguistic systems. In this regard, the analysis of the translations of the names of suras of the Qurʼān into Chinese seems to be the most optimal starting point for the study of this topic.

A short-form of team mindset scale: Using psychometric properties of the items.

As the importance of a team function in educational and industrial settings has been emphasized, practical knowledge of team mindsets can be useful. Previous studies extended the mindset concept of individuals to the team context and developed a 48-item team mindset scale (TMS). However, the original TMS had an issue regarding the length of the survey when using it with many other scales. Therefore, the present study tested the psychometric properties of 48 items under a variety of perspectives to suggest a shorter version of TMS measuring the perception of the team mindset and having the desirable characteristics. We examined the construct validity of the TMS with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with target rotation in Study 1 and tested item-level psychometric properties of the TMS in Study 2 based on classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). Based on the result, we suggested the short-form of TMS, an 8-item TMS with adequate psychometric characteristics.

Celoživotní cesta k roli babičky. Počáteční faktory utvářející individuální pojetí role babičky

Several factors that influence playing the role of grandparent are described in the scientific literature. Basically, these factors contribute to forming the grandparent’s role at the time when the role is played. This article takes a different approach to the topic. It considers factors shaping the grandparent’s role in the past, not in the present. Consistent with this approach, the article deals with family factors that contribute to the shaping of the grandmother’s role. The aim of this article is to answer the question: among the interviewed women, what roles do the figures of grandmothers play in shaping conceptions of the role of grandmother? For this purpose, interviews conducted with eight women who had personal experience with the role of grandmother were analyzed. The article identifies two family factors mentioned in the grandmothers’ narratives: upbringing and grandmothers’ patterns. These factors were the first to shape individual conceptions of the future grandmother’s role. In the women’s lives, these factors affected the role of grandmother long before the women became grandmothers. The article points out specific aspects of the role of a grandmother that are influenced by these factors.

Companion Thinking in Improvised Musicking Practice

ABSTRACT We understand that our thinking and creating is always in company. By musicking with others, we situate ourselves amongst an entangled web of human, nonhuman, and more-than-human co-creators; to recognise these external and internal influences is to become a companion. Our concept of companion thinking stems from companion texts according to Sara Ahmed (2017. Living a Feminist Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press), which may ‘prompt you to hesitate or to question the direction in which you are going, or they might give you a sense that in going the way you are going, you are not alone’ (16). Companionship implies with: In this paper, we discuss how companions are vital to our improvisatory music practices by considering the co-creative relationships in which we operate. we analyse our artistic research from our perspectives as performers and improvisers and consider the processes of making music with beyond-human entities. Instead of the human-focused concept of collaboration, we posit companionship as an approach to thinking-with and sounding-with the more-than-human, other-than-human, and nonhuman. Our former selves, experiences, environments, and nonhuman critters and objects are always-already part of our musicking practices and communities. Performance is thus ecological, political, and personal; it is through this lens that we analyse the entanglements of our varied communities and explore how this concept can stretch beyond a music practice, to consider what it means to engage in creative practice as migrant-settlers on stolen Aboriginal land. This paper includes an investigation of what it means to be a companion and a discussion of a practice-based case study in which we implement—or practice—companion thinking. As friends, collaborators, and companions to one another, we each present our individual concepts of companionship through our own improvisation practices, addressing themes of situatedness, response-ability, surprise, stumbling, curiosity, and unmastery. We then analyse the entanglements of our work in performance. This process of thinking, making, and doing in-company offers the opportunity to consider an intersection of analysis and performance through an improvisatory musical practice.

Cycle-Consistent Weakly Supervised Visual Grounding With Individual and Contextual Representations.

Visual grounding, aiming to align image regions with textual queries, is a fundamental task for cross-modal learning. We study the weakly supervised visual grounding, where only image-text pairs at a coarse-grained level are available. Due to the lack of fine-grained correspondence information, existing approaches often encounter matching ambiguity. To overcome this challenge, we introduce the cycle consistency constraint into region-phrase pairs, which strengthens correlated pairs and weakens unrelated pairs. This cycle pairing makes use of the bidirectional association between image regions and text phrases to alleviate matching ambiguity. Furthermore, we propose a parallel grounding framework, where backbone networks and subsequent relation modules extract individual and contextual representations to calculate context-free and context-aware similarities between regions and phrases separately. Those two representations characterize visual/linguistic individual concepts and inter-relationships, respectively, and then complement each other to achieve cross-modal alignment. The whole framework is trained by minimizing an image-text contrastive loss and a cycle consistency loss. During inference, the above two similarities are fused to give the final region-phrase matching score. Experiments on five popular datasets about visual grounding demonstrate a noticeable improvement in our method. The source code is available at https://github.com/Evergrow/WSVG.

Adult Educators’ Approaches to the Educational Process and the Expected Results Introspection Reconstructed in the Phenomenographic Research

The paper’s topic refers to phenomenographic research with the participation of adult educators. The paper reflects educators’ concepts regarding expected learning outcomes or the learning process. These individual concepts were identified based on reconstructions of adult educators’ experiences. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the variety of approaches which educators apply in the educational process and the learning outcomes that adult learners are expected to achieve – according to the educators’ assumptions. Reference to selected theoretical models included in the paper allows looking at the theoretical context.

Panpsychism and the concept of causal significance in Gregg Rosenberg’s theory of liberal naturalism

The article highlights the main ideas of the original panpsychist concept of consciousness proposed by the contemporary American philosopher Gregg Rosenberg. The philosopher proposes to revise some of the provisions of the newest versions of panpsychism in order to solve the problem of mental causation and the combination problem. To do this, he puts forward the concept of natural individuals based on an original interpretation of causal relations. Within the framework of the theory presented by Rosenberg, it is assumed that a causal action consisting of two interrelated properties — effective and receptive — is a set of restrictions that some event imposes on what the world can be, and not on the effects that it produces in the world; this system of restrictions implies that the real world arises from space of potentialities. The theory proposed by the philosopher presents the world as individuals of different orders “layered” on top of each other, where deterministic macro-individuals can exist “on top” of micro-individuals in indeterminate states, making the latter, in turn, deterministic. Rosenberg’s concept is compatible with many achievements of modern empirical sciences, including assumptions about the role of information integration in the formation of phenomenal experiences, as well as relativistic ideas about the nature of space-time. For this reason, the concept under consideration seems very promising: it is likely that its further development contributes to solving the “hard problem” of consciousness known in modern analytical philosophy and will shed light on some fundamental issues that traditionally arise on the border between physics and metaphysics.

Museum and exhibition presentation of the works of Vitold K. Bialynitsky-Birulya in the context of the evolution of the landscape genre

The article provides an analytical review of the lyrical and poetic works of the artist, presented at the Vitold K. Bialynitsky-Birulya Memorial Museum (Mogilev). Using the permanent exposition “The Art of Vitold K. Bialynitsky-Birulya of the first half of the 20th century” as an example, the museum and exhibition presentation of the works of Vitold K. Bialynitsky-Birulya is examined in the context of the evolution of the landscape genre. The artistic value of the landscapes is considered in the organic unity of the master`s creative work and worldview against the backdrop of the general aesthetic tendencies of his era. The article pays special attention to the analysis of the content side of Vitold K. Bialynitsky-Birulya`s art, exploring his individual artistic concept.

Democratic governance: conceptualization of foreign experience, analysis of the key theories and concepts

The theoretical approaches of foreign scientists to the essence of the concept “governance” are highlighted in the article. The main theories of governance, which are applied in developed democratic countries, are identified and analysed. The methodology of the advanced foreign experience adaptation in the implementation of the state administration in the modern Ukrainian realities of public administration is conceptualized. The individual key concepts are defined. It is determined that the essence of the state administration is not the exercise of power, but rather the quality of the centre of activation of civil interaction for solving the widest range of social problems. The task of the governance process is not to provide, but to create conditions for the stimulation of interested parties. The stability and duration of the democratic political regime in the USA and developed European countries determined the traditional type of the state administration, which is characterized by high standards of administrative services provision, the growing influence of the private sector and adequate control by civil society. Effective state power gradually began to be associated not with a professional bureaucratic apparatus, although this factor is not excluded, but with adequate actions of the administration to implement the interests of citizens. Governance does not act as means of a need satisfaction, but rather as a process of implementing of understandable and expedient administrative decisions for the private sector, civil society and the state as a whole. The most important thing in the administrative process of governance is a decision-making stage in public format. The decision is a product of the active interaction of the administration (government and management bodies), the private sector and the developed instincts of civil society. A decision, which is made by collegially interested parties is simple and clear to implement and, as a result, is effective. Such a variety of the scope of application of governance principles in the developed countries of the world testifies not only to the theoretical understanding of the concept of “governance”, but also to its effective practical application as an administration principle.

Comparative study of sepia, pulsatilla, belladonna, cimicifuga for dysmenorrhoea

Dysmenorrhoea: Dys – painful; menorrhoea – menstrual flow. In general Dysmenorrhoea is referred as painful menses or periodic pain. Dysmenorrhoea is experienced by almost all the females at one or the other phase of their reproductive life. The type, location, intensity differs from each individual and also at different episodes in the same person.Hence, the management for such condition should be planned for each female seperately. Homoeopathic management is the better option for the treatment due to the concept of individualisation. The treatment can be planned with acute totality to relieve the pain or on constitutional basis for Dysmenorrhoea of long duration or with any pathological causes.

Making of the Science of Public Law in Europe

In contrast to the approaches widely accepted in historiography, in this article the author analyses the content of the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” developed by representatives of the “school of natural law” (Grotius, Pufendorf, Burlamaqui, Barbeyrac), as well as their followers (Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau). After Grotius, the individualistic concept of “natural law” emerges in the writings of Pufendorf, which led the representatives of the “school” to look for the form of the social contract in the private legal agreements of the people with the bearer of sovereign power. The author demonstrates that Rousseau, developing his criticism of these ideas, created a new concept of a public law contract in which the “sovereign” is not a party to the agreement, and the people do not alienate supreme power in his favour, remaining its bearer and its only source. At the same time, he did not raise the question of the real “origins of sovereignty”, which the representatives of the “school’ and their followers focused a lot of attention on, since Rousseau's social contract is not a historical fact. Thus, the formation of the science of public law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reflects the transition from the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” based on fact to the concepts based on law.

К ВОПРОСУ О СОДЕРЖАНИИ И ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯХ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ПЕДАГОГА

Introduction. The article focuses on the problematics of psychological well-being of a person as a complex construct. Theoretical and empirical works prove that the psychological well-being of teachers is interconnected with both the academic achievements of students and the educational environment. In the scientific literature, this phenomenon is considered, among other things, as a factor in the psychological safety of the educational environment. Materials and Methods. More than 400 educators from 21 preschool educational institutions of the Transbaikalia and Irkutsk region participated in the study. Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Carol D. Ryff), Subjective Wellbeing Scale (А. Perrudet-Badoux, G. Mendelssohn and J. Chiche), Satisfaction with Life Scale (E. Diener) were applied. Results. An analysis of approaches to the phenomenon of the well-being in psychology is presented: the special nature is determined; the content and correlation of the individual concepts within the problematic of well-being are defined; the conceptual sources of psychological studies of well-being are revealed; the key manifestations of teachers’ well-being are identified. The results of the empirical study of educators’ subjective well-being are summarized. Discussion and Conclusion. Due to the identified ambiguity of the concept and the lack of a sufficient number of studies on the consideration of the psychological well-being of a teacher as a factor, it seems relevant to identify the features of psychological well-being in the context of the problem of psychological safety of education and from the point of view of psychological support for teachers.

The History of Study of Aristotle's Ethics at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPhRAS), held in 2021. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of IPhRAS's contribution to the study of Aristotle's ethics within the framework of domestic Aristotelian studies, to note the main works of IPhRAS employees in this field. The material of the article is aimed not only at summing up the results to a significant date, but can be used as an auxiliary reference point in the domestic research literature by all those interested in the ethics of Aristotle. The article examines the articles and monographs of IPhRAS employees, makes brief descriptions of the most significant ideas expressed in them, analyzes the general process of development of Aristotle's ethics research in IPhRAS. The result of the conducted research is the identification of two directions in the study of Aristotle's ethics by IPhRAS employees – philosophical-theoretical and historical-philosophical. Within the framework of the first direction, two types are also distinguished: those aimed at the theoretical reconstruction of Aristotle's teaching on morality itself and those that turn to Aristotle's works in search of modern significant concepts. The second direction is represented by translation work, structural and comparative analysis of Aristotle's texts in order to reproduce them as accurately as possible and clarify individual concepts and statements. The main conclusion of the study is the statement that IPhRAS has not yet developed a holistic school in the approach to the study of Aristotle's ethics, and also that the two discovered areas of research are being implemented separately from each other. However, in both directions, researchers proceed largely from the analysis of the philosophical language of the Stagirite, which makes not only historical and philosophical works significant for philosophical and theoretical ones, but also vice versa. Also, despite a relatively short history, the study of Aristotle's ethics at IPhRAS has a systematic nature, all generations of employees are involved in it, which promises its further successful development.

ВИТОКИ ФІЛОСОФСЬКОГО ДИСКУРСУ В ЄВРЕЙСЬКІЙ ДУХОВНІЙ ТРАДИЦІЇ XII СТОЛІТТЯ

The article explores the nuances of interpreting Jewish philosophy, tracing its origins to the works of Saadiy Gaon. We drew attention to the reinterpretation of the female aspect of the Divine essence (Shehina) and highlighted the main characteristics of its philosophical treatment. It delves into the distinctive features of Jewish philosophy as presented in the writings of Maimonides, emphasizing the interconnectedness of theological and philosophical reflections in his work. The abstract also provides an overview of Maimonides' key approach to understanding Hagadic and Halachic literature. The nomination of some female images in Haggadic legends (King's daughter, bride, princess) is outlined. The given list will serve for further feminist studies, and in the 20th century it will be used within the framework of Reform Judaism to justify the right of women to be rabbis. One notable divergence between Jewish philosophy and Talmudic interpretations lies in the former's focus on specific thematic directions, aligning with the philosophy of falsafa (Arabic/Muslim Aristotelianism). The midrash method, an interpretive model of biblical texts, plays a pivotal role in this thematic distinction, influencing the interpretation of individual concepts. The article discusses how the application of philosophical school approaches to Jewish philosophy takes on a unique character, ushering in a fresh perspective on the normative aspects of religious practices. Special attention is devoted to the reconstruction of Rambam's views in his 'Guide of the Perplexed,' particularly in relation to the relationship between the Absolute Beginning and the fulfillment of spiritual tradition precepts, which carry a theurgical essence. Moreover, it is argued that a person's virtues are intimately tied to their spiritual, moral, and intellectual perfection, aligning with the sacred texts. Jewish philosophers unanimously affirm that personal virtues represent the pinnacle of a complete individual. As philosophical interpretations of biblical texts evolved, the need to elucidate the moral teachings of Judaism (Musar) gained prominence. Among the main thematic layers of Musar, the emphasis is on interpersonal relationships in the family and community. Coordinated roles of parents and subordinate responsibilities in the community ensure the process of Shchina's return to the world. The implementation of divine justice forms a just society with equally protected rights and equally fulfilled obligations of men and women. This goal was achieved through the works of Maimonides and his followers, as well as through polemics with representatives of multi confessional environments.