Concept Of Elasticity Research Articles

Trends and Climate Elasticity of Streamflow in South-Eastern Brazil Basins

Trends in streamflow, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) time series, from 1970 to 2017, were assessed for five important hydrological basins in Southeastern Brazil. The concept of elasticity was also used to assess the streamflow sensitivity to changes in climate variables, for annual data and 5-, 10- and 20-year moving averages. Significant negative trends in streamflow and rainfall and significant increasing trend in PET were detected. For annual analysis, elasticity revealed that 1% decrease in rainfall resulted in 1.21–2.19% decrease in streamflow, while 1% increase in PET induced different reductions percentages in streamflow, ranging from 2.45% to 9.67%. When both PET and rainfall were computed to calculate the elasticity, results were positive for some basins. Elasticity analysis considering 20-year moving averages revealed that impacts on the streamflow were cumulative: 1% decrease in rainfall resulted in 1.83–4.75% decrease in streamflow, while 1% increase in PET induced 3.47–28.3% decrease in streamflow. This different temporal response may be associated with the hydrological memory of the basins. Streamflow appears to be more sensitive in less rainy basins. This study provides useful information to support strategic government decisions, especially when the security of water resources and drought mitigation are considered in face of climate change.

Applying the pricing mechanism to address imbalances in the dairy industry: Regional issues

Subject. This article discusses the issues of development of the raw milk market. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the impact of the process of linking capital and profit on the performance of agricultural organizations considering the Saratov Oblast as a case study. Methods. The harmonization of the provisions of the neoclassical concept of price elasticity of supply and the classical theory of reproduction forms the methodological basis of the study. Results. The article finds that a significant increase in the cost of a tonne of raw milk arises due to unequal exchange with the agro-industrial complex branches and the financial and credit sphere, the withdrawal of the producer's surplus as a result of the abuse of the dominant position by processors, and a decrease in the incentive to effective management. Conclusions. The scarce raw milk market generates a wide range between the estimated and actual price of milk, which makes it possible for the processor to vary the amount of production consumption to restrain the movement towards equilibrium in the market. A weak incentive to increase the volume of milk sales in all categories of farms does not allow considering the price as an adequate tool for solving the problem of shortage.

Learning plastic matching of robot dynamics in closed-loop central pattern generators

Animals achieve agile locomotion performance with reduced control effort and energy efficiency by leveraging compliance in their muscles and tendons. However, it is not known how biological locomotion controllers learn to leverage the intelligence embodied in their leg mechanics. Here we present a framework to match control patterns and mechanics based on the concept of short-term elasticity and long-term plasticity. Inspired by animals, we design a robot, Morti, with passive elastic legs. The quadruped robot Morti is controlled by a bioinspired closed-loop central pattern generator that is designed to elastically mitigate short-term perturbations using sparse contact feedback. By minimizing the amount of corrective feedback on the long term, Morti learns to match the controller to its mechanics and learns to walk within 1 h. By leveraging the advantages of its mechanics, Morti improves its energy efficiency by 42% without explicit minimization in the cost function.

THE INFLUENCE OF VIDEO-ASSISTED PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODELS ON LEARNING OUTCOMES ON THE CONCEPT OF ELASTICITY AND HOOKE'S LAW IN HIGH SCHOOL

This research aims to provide an overview of how the influence of learning using problem based learning models through blended learning assisted video on the concept of elasticity and hooke law to the learning outcomes of students in high school 2021/2022, in class XI IPA odd semester 2021/2022 with one class as an experimental class. The method used in this study was pre-experimental with the design of One Groups Pretest-Posttest. Data collection of learning results is done based on the assessment of test results. Analysis of research data using, hypothesis tests and n-gain tests. Based on hypothesis testing, the calculated price of class XI IPA 2, 9.68 where for the table price for the three classes is Class XI IPA 2,779, H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected. This shows that learning uses a problem based model assisted by video. Judging from the average pretest and posttest grades of students from experimental classes, it can be concluded that there is an influence on problem based learning models through blended learning assisted video on students' learning outcomes on the concept of elasticity and hooke law with n-gain high criteria.

Quantifying multi-year hydrological memory with Catchment Forgetting Curves

Abstract. A climatic anomaly can potentially affect the hydrological behaviour of a catchment for several years. This article presents a new approach to quantifying this multi-year hydrological memory, using exclusively streamflow and climate data. Rather than providing a single value of catchment memory, we aim to describe how this memory fades over time. The precipitation–runoff relationship is analyzed through the concept of elasticity. Elasticity quantifies the change in one quantity caused by the change in another quantity. We analyze the elasticity of the relation between the annual anomalies of runoff yield and humidity index. We identify Catchment Forgetting Curves (CFC) to quantify multi-year catchment memory, considering not only the current year's humidity anomaly but also the anomalies of the preceding years. The variability of CFCs is investigated on a set of 158 Swedish and 527 French catchments. As expected, French catchments overlying large aquifers exhibit a long memory, i.e., with the impact of climate anomalies detected over several years. In Sweden, the expected effect of the lakes is less clear. For both countries, a relatively strong relationship between the humidity index and memory is identified, with drier regions exhibiting longer memory. Taking into account the multi-year memory has significantly improved the elasticity analysis for 15 % of the catchments. Our work thus underlines the need to account for catchment memory in order to produce meaningful and geographically coherent elasticity indices.

Distribution system planning considering peak shaving of energy station

Energy stations (ESs) connected in a distribution system (DS) may lead to great impacts on the planning scheme of DS. In this context, this paper carries out a long-term DS planning model considering the peak shaving of ES, which is achieved by scheduling the input energy of ES. By regarding DS and ES as different stakeholders, a decentralized framework is devised to shave the electric peak loads in the DS planning, where the coupling relationship between the TOU price and exchanged power (e.g., the input power of ES) is clearly expressed. Specifically, an explicit adjustment formula is developed to represent the coupling relationship based on the concept of elasticity. In addition, an easily reformulated solution method is developed to address the probability distribution (PD) uncertainty of electric and cooling loads in the uncertainty-moment-based distributionally robust optimization (DRO) planning model. The chance-constrained power balance is expressed in a second order conic (SOC) format based on the conditional value at risk (CVaR) method and duality theory. Then, the SOC constraints are linearized according to the polyhedral linearization method. Furthermore, the bilinear terms of the planning model are respectively linearized by the McCormick and big-M methods. Finally, the proposed planning model is tested on a modified IEEE 33-node DS with an ES and a practical 99-node DS with an ES. Numerical results show that the proposed planning model is effective in managing PD uncertainties of loads as well as reducing costs of DS.

Theoretical analysis on stress distribution characteristics around a shallow buried spherical Karst cave containing fill materials in limestone strata

The chief objective of the article is to learn the spatial characteristics of stress distribution around a shallow buried spherical Karst cave containing fill materials in limestone strata. First, considering the effect of external load, stress field in the Earth’s crust, internal filling and Karst geomorphology characteristics in China, a spatial axisymmetrical model was established. Concurrently, combing available work and the concept of elasticity, the boundary conditions are determined. Subsequently, the Love displacement method was introduced, and stress component expressions were obtained. The diagram characteristics of each stress component are summarized, which are affected by various influencing factors. Finally, to prove the rationality of the general solution, a numerical simulation was carried out based on practical engineering, and the maximum error is less than 5%. Thus, the analytical solution could represent the spatial characteristics of stress distribution around a shallow buried spherical karst cave containing fill materials in limestone strata.

Impact of Time-of-Use Demand Response Program on Optimal Operation of Afghanistan Real Power System

Like most developing countries, Afghanistan still employs the traditional philosophy of supplying all its load demands whenever they happen. However, to have a reliable and cost-effective system, the new approach proposes to keep the variations of demand at the lowest possible level. The power system infrastructure requires massive capital investment; demand response (DR) is one of the economic options for running the system according to the new scheme. DR has become the intention of many researchers in developed countries. However, very limited works have investigated the employment of appropriate DR programs for developing nations, particularly considering renewable energy sources (RESs). In this paper, as two-stage programming, the effect of the time-of-use demand response (TOU-DR) program on optimal operation of Afghanistan real power system in the presence of RESs and pumped hydropower storage (PHS) system in the day-ahead power market is analyzed. Using the concept of price elasticity, first, an economic model indicating the behaviour of customers involved in TOU-DR program is developed. A genetic algorithm (GA) coded in MATLAB software is used accordingly to schedule energy and reserve so that the total operation cost of the system is minimized. Two simulation cases are considered to verify the effectiveness of the suggested scheme. The first stage programming approach leads case 2 with TOU-DR program to 35 MW (811 MW − 776 MW), $16,235 ($528,825 − $512,590), and 64 MW reductions in the peak load, customer bill and peak to valley distance, respectively compared to case 1 without TOU-DR program. Also, the simulation results for stage 2 show that by employing the TOU-DR program, the system’s total cost can be reduced from $317,880 to $302,750, which indicates a significant reduction in thermal units’ operation cost, import power tariffs and reserve cost.

CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN EXPORT, IMPORT, REMITTANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BANGLADESH

Given the importance of the economic indicators on the economic growth in Bangladesh, this paper examines the shortrun and long run causality between remittance, imports, exports and GDP growth of Bangladesh using the data over the liberalized period 1976-2016. Applying the Johansen cointegration and elasticity concept, this study finds that variables are cointegrated as well a long run nexus between exports, imports, remittances and GDP growth in Bangladesh. Besides, the Granger Causality test in a VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) framework, this study finds unidirectional causality from import to growth in Bangladesh. The hardly surprising result, remittance does not show any feedback effect/causality in both the short run and long run. The possible interpretation may be that remittances mainly benefit the individual receivers. The finding also explores that exports, imports and remittances endorse each other in the short run

Demand-Shifting Strategies to Optimize the Performance of the Wholesale Electricity Market: A Dominican Republic Study Case

The dimensions of the costs and incentives necessary for integrating demand response into the wholesale electricity market are subject to energy policies and bulk system operation. The electricity industry must gain operational flexibility to support the energy transition caused by renewable energy and decarbonization. Complementary services and technologies of demand response programs can be optimized by exploiting the variety of uses of this resource. The main objective of this work is to apply the concept of elasticity of substitution in a strategic demand shift program to promote the integration of renewable energies and the reduction of non-served power, considering an economical and safe generation dispatch. The methodology is analyzed through a case study applied in the Dominican Republic’s electricity market, in which the elasticity of substitution coefficients is used to adjust variations below 10.49% of the base demand in the peak period. These variations reduce the generation operating cost by 8.4%, marginal cost by 30.19%, and non-served power by 19.1% when renewable energy increases by 5%. The inclusion of the cost of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> emissions in the simulation of the operating cost function makes the objective function higher than the baseline function. For relative variations in operating cost ranging from 7.27% to 16.03%, the reduction in tons of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> equivalent varies from 2.77 to 28.02. This study contextualizes the economic effect of the CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> emissions control, giving new possibilities to optimize system operation and the wholesale electricity market based on demand response programs that encourage flexible consumption, with favorable economic and environmental results.

Lateral vibration of an axially moving thermoelastic nanobeam subjected to an external transverse excitation

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;This paper gives a mathematical formulation for the transverse resonance of thermoelastic nanobeams that are simply supported and compressed with an initial axial force. The nonlocal elasticity concept is used to analyze the influence of length scale with the dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat transfer theory. The nanobeam is due to a changing thermal load and moves in one direction at a constant speed. The governing motion equation for the nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli (EB) beam hypothesis can also be derived with the help of Hamilton's principle and then solved by means of the Laplace transform technique. The impacts of nonlocal nanoscale and axial velocity on the different responses of the moving beam are investigated. The results reveal that phase delays, as well as the nonlocal parameter and external excitation load, have a substantial impact on the system's behavior.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Cost assessment of elasticity for a 5G broadband network

AbstractIn the highly competitive telecommunications market, operators need to consider techniques that might lead to a more cost‐efficient use of the network resources. The recently proposed concept of resource elasticity focuses on the inherent cost reductions achieved by tailoring the resource utilization of network elements, such as radio and cloud elements, to the real network demand. However, no research has been conducted so far regarding the cost benefits that such schemes could bring to 5G networks, in terms of total cost of ownership. This article makes a novel contribution by analyzing the cost benefits of employing elasticity in a 5G network providing users with a broadband service in a hotspot area. The area exemplarily analyzed was the Port of Hamburg in Germany, which is a realistic scenario and which receives a considerable number of additional mobile users when a cruise ship arrives at the port. The results show that, for the different scenarios analyzed, the total radio access network cost reductions of using elasticity compared to a non‐elastic network range from 2.5% to 4.4%. Considering the edge cloud site‐related cost component alone, a 16.4% saving from elasticity was found. Further research is needed to understand the benefits of elasticity for other types of 5G use cases in different types of areas.

Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains

In this paper, we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things (IoT)-based ecosystems. Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices, edge devices, cloud computing software services, as well as people, who are decision makers in scenarios such as smart cities. Many decisions related to analytics can be based on data coming from IoT sensors, software services, and people. However, they are typically based on different levels of abstraction and granularity. This poses a number of challenges when multiple blockchains are used together with smart contracts. This work proposes to apply our concept of elasticity to smart contracts and thereby enabling analytics in and between multiple blockchains in the context of IoT. We propose a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts and evaluate the approach in a smart city scenario, discussing the benefits in terms of performance and self-adaptability of our solution.

Resilience of hydropower plants to flow variation through the concept of flow elasticity of power: Theoretical development

Fluctuation in hydro-electricity production is primarily attributed to natural and human-induced flow variations. Reduced electricity generation because of unavailability of flow inflicts significant upward pressure on the sources and prices. Despite studies on the impact of externalities on river flow variation, there is a distinct research gap on the responsiveness of hydropower plants to change in flow. This study has introduced a novel concept of flow elasticity of power (ε) to assess the resilience of hydropower projects to flow variation. The theoretical aspect has been established for run-of-river (ROR) and storage-type (ST) cases separately and validated at two projects, one of each type, located in the Budhigandaki Basin in central Nepal. Responsiveness of hydro-projects to the topographical parameters are also dealt with here. For ROR systems, wide-ranging values of ε indicate varying levels of resilience to power generation and loss of resources. For ST projects, the response differs according to emptying, filling and ROR-equivalent phases. Furthermore, strong topographical implications on power production and its elasticity are evident. This concept of ε sets out a significant research contribution in the hydropower sector and demonstrates its possibility of direct application in projects ‘inpriori’ as well as ‘posteriori’ while planning/designing and operating/updating stages, respectively. The ε coefficient scientifically informs the planners and developers on the sensitivity of the powerplants to hydrological variations and topography ultimately benefitting the existing global challenge to minimize the loss of precious resources for sustainable hydropower development.

Developing the Concepts of Homeostasis, Homeorhesis, Allostasis, Elasticity, Flexibility and Plasticity of Brain Function

I discuss some concepts advanced for the understanding of the complex dynamics of brain functions, and relate them to approaches in affective, cognitive and action neurosciences. These functions involve neuro-glial interactions in a dynamic system that receives sensory signals from the outside of the central nervous system, processes information in frequency, amplitude and phase-modulated electrochemical waves, and control muscles and glands to generate behavioral patterns. The astrocyte network is in charge of controlling global electrochemical homeostasis, and Hodgkin–Huxley dynamics drive the bioelectric homeostasis of single neurons. In elastic processes, perturbations cause instability, but the system returns to the basal equilibrium. In allostatic processes, perturbations elicit a response from the system, reacting to the deviation and driving the system to stable states far from the homeostatic equilibrium. When the system does not return to a fixed point or region of the state space, the process is called homeorhetic, and may present two types of evolution: (a) In flexible processes, there are previously existing “attractor” stable states that may be achieved after the perturbation, depending on context; (b) In plastic processes, the homeostatic set point(s) is(are) changed; the system is in a process of adaptation, in which the allostatic forces do not drive it back to the previous set point, but project to the new one. In the temporal phase from the deviant state to the recovery of stability, the system generates sensations that indicate if the recovery is successful (pleasure-like sensations) or if there is a failure (pain-like sensations).

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ЦЕНОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕОРИИ ЭЛАСТИЧНОСТИ В ПОСТКРИЗИСНЫЙ ПЕРИОД

The article is devoted to the study of the modern economic category price elasticity of goods and the analysis of the possibilities of its use in the practical activities of enterprises. The article discusses in detail two areas of this category: the price elasticity of demand and the price elasticity of supply. The calculation formulas of the corresponding coefficients are given, as well as the main quantitative criteria that establish the elasticity of supply and demand, as well as the level of this elasticity. The relevance and novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive approach to the concept of price elasticity on the part of both the consumer and the manufacturer, which the enterprise should take into account when developing a pricing policy. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the modern category of price elasticity of goods and services and their scientific use in the implementation of long-term development plans. The methodological basis of the research is modern scientific developments in the field of management, enterprise economics; marketing management. The analysis of cross-elasticity is carried out, calculation formulas, evaluation criteria and interpretation of the obtained results are given. The classification of goods from the point of view of cross-elasticity is considered. The importance of analyzing the elasticity of demand by income, which is particularly important in the crisis and post-crisis conditions of the economy, is also emphasized. A quantitative assessment of this elasticity is given. The practical significance of these calculations lies in the possibility of predicting the expansion or curtailment of production of certain types of products. The study of all types of price elasticity is an important information component for the development of a reasonable pricing policy by the enterprise, taking into account the prospective economic interests of the enterprise.

When is utilitarian welfare higher under insurance risk pooling?

This paper considers the effect of bans on insurance risk classification on utilitarian social welfare. We consider two regimes: full risk classification, where insurers charge the actuarially fair premium for each risk, and pooling, where risk classification is banned and for institutional or regulatory reasons, insurers do not attempt to separate risk classes, but charge a common premium for all risks. For iso-elastic insurance demand, we derive sufficient conditions on higher and lower risks' demand elasticities which ensure that utilitarian social welfare is higher under pooling than under full risk classification. Using the concept of arc elasticity of demand, we extend the results to a form applicable to more general demand functions. Empirical evidence suggests that the required elasticity conditions for social welfare to be increased by a ban may be realistic for some insurance markets.

Scope Elasticity of Willingness to pay in Discrete Choice Experiments

Sensitivity to scope in nonmarket valuation refers to the property that people are willing to pay more for a higher quality or quantity of a nonmarket public good. Establishing significant scope sensitivity has been an important check of validity and a point of contention for decades in stated preference research, primarily in contingent valuation. Recently, researchers have begun to differentiate between statistical and economic significance. This paper contributes to this line of research by studying the significance of scope effects in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) using the scope elasticity of willingness to pay concept. We first formalize scope elasticity in a DCE context and relate it to economic significance. Next, we review a selection of DCE studies from the environmental valuation literature and derive their implied scope elasticity estimates. We find that scope sensitivity analysis as validity diagnostics is uncommon in the DCE literature and many studies assume unitary elastic scope sensitivity by employing a restrictive functional form in estimation. When more flexible specifications are employed, the tendency is towards inelastic scope sensitivity. Then, we apply the scope elasticity concept to primary DCE data on people’s preferences for expanding the production of renewable energy in Norway. We find that the estimated scope elasticities vary between 0.13 and 0.58, depending on the attribute analyzed, model specification, geographic subsample, and the unit of measurement for a key attribute. While there is no strict and universally applicable benchmark for determining whether scope effects are economically significant, we deem these estimates to be of an adequate and plausible order of magnitude. Implications of the results for future DCE research are provided.

Global analysis of the hydrologic sensitivity to climate variability

Climate change is driving an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, with alterations to the functioning of the water cycle. Global-scale assessments of shifts in the hydrologic response to climatic perturbations (i.e. hydrologic sensitivity) are needed to identify regions where mitigation efforts will be necessary to avert detrimental changes on terrestrial water resources. In this work, we quantified the hydrologic sensitivity of the terrestrial planet by assessing year to year changes in hydrologic response to the interannual variability in climate forcing during the 2001–2016 period, while evaluating the role of major topoclimatic factors in modulating these responses. Using a metric derived from the inverse of the elasticity concept in Budyko’s space, we produce a Hydrologic Sensitivity Index (HSi) evaluating the hydrologic behavior of a location under variable climatic conditions by examining the extent of the changes in Evaporative Index (AET/P) against the interannual variation in the Dryness Index (PET/P) for consecutive years. This approach produces HSi > 1 for hydrologic sensitive regions and HSi ≤ 1 for hydrologically resilient locations while also allowing the detection of changes in water yields as well as wetting or drying conditions. Globally, the results indicate that hydrologic sensitive areas are clustered at high and low latitudes; at high latitudes, boreal and arctic zones show heightened hydrologic sensitivity accompanied by increasing water yields, while at low latitudes, tropical rainforests show the largest hydrologic sensitivity with the majority of their sensitive area leaning towards decreasing water yields. We found that hydrologic sensitivity is amplified at high elevations and steep-sloped terrain, outlining the importance of topography in modulating the impacts of varying climatic forcing on hydrologic response. We direct the attention towards climate warming resulting in rapid snowmelt and increasing precipitation in Arctic tundra and boreal forests and reduced tree cover in tropical forests, as probable mechanisms driving the observed patterns. Our study highlights the regions with greatest hydrologic sensitivity to interannual climatic variability, motivating further regional and basin-scale investigations on their cascading effects on ecosystems and water resources and their attribution.

Credit Loss Elasticity Model (Rule of Thumb)

Many banks are confronted with the problem of meeting the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) standard which requires the estimation of a Current Expected Credit Loss (ASC 326) which replaces the older well-established Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses. The new standard requires that management and preparers must make a forward-looking disclosure of expected loss based on characteristics of the loan portfolio. Moreover, the standard requires that the methodology be well supported for a specific institution and situation. The current analysis develops an explanatory variable for estimating credit loss based on an economic elasticity concept which has advantages of comparability and the facility of being enhanced by macro-economic and sector control variables. Comparability, simplicity and flexibility would be particularly useful to smaller institutions that lack the experience, modeling expertise, and the ability to afford complex applications.